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Alternate Technologies Literature Review for the Remediation of Pcbs

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Alternate Technologies Literature Review for the Remediation of Pcbs USACE CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002 TASK ORDER NO. 017 TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT Suoerfund Records Center SITE: i\ ( f \ BREAK: - OlHbR : ).­ ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES LITERATURE REVIEW FOR THE REMEDI4TION OF PCBs FROM NEW BEDFORD HARBOR SUPERFUND SITE New Bedford, Massachusetts Mav 2001 Prepared for U S Army Corps of Engineers New England District Concord, Massachusetts 2001 017 0162 5 23 01 USACE CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002 TASK ORDER NO. 017 TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES LITERATURE REVIEW FOR THE REMEDIATION OF PCBs FROM NEW BEDFORD HARBOR SUPERFUND SITE New Bedford, Massachusetts May 2001 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers New England District Concord, Massachusetts Prepared by Clark Atlanta University 223 James P. Brawley Drive Atlanta, Georgia 30314 and Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation 133 Federal Street Boston, Massachusetts 02110 Revision Date Prepared By Approved By Pages Affected 0 5/23/01 E. Mintz(CAU) H.Douglas All 2001-017-0162 5'23'OI TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 2.0 BACKGROUND 2-1 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3-1 4.0 RESULTS 4-1 4.1 Biological Methods 4-1 4.1.1 Anaerobic Treatment 4-1 4.1.2 Aerobic Treatment 4-1 4.1.3 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment 4-3 4.2 Chemical Reductive and Base Catalytic Methods 4-4 4.2.1 Base-catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)" 4-4 4.2.2 Alkaline Polyethylene Glycol (APEG)12'13'M 4-5 4.2.3 Solvated Electron Technology (SET)/Active Metal Treatment 4-6 4.3 Chemical Oxidation Methods 4-7 4.3.1 Classic Fenton's Chemistry 4-7 4.3.2 Electrochemical Peroxidation 4-9 4.3.3 Ozonation 4-10 4.3.4 UV/Hydrogen Peroxide Process 4-10 4.3.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 4-11 4.4 Thermal Methods 4-12 4.4.1 Incineration and Combustion 4-12 4.4.1.1 Combustion Technology 4-12 4.4.1.2 Rotary Kiln Incinerator 4-13 4.4.1.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) 4-14 4.4.2 Thermal Treatment/Destruction 4-15 4.4.2.1 Flameless Thermal Oxidation (FTO) 4-15 4.4.2.2 In-situ Remediation by Thermal Blanket 4-16 4.4.2.3 Thermochemical Technique (Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid Process) 4-18 4.5 Other Treatment Technologies 4-19 4.5.T Plasma Arc Technology 4-19 4.5.2 High Energy Decomposition Processes 4-20 4.5.2.1 Radiolysis-Induced Decomposition of PCBs 4-20 4.5.2.2 In Situ Decomposition of PCBs in Soils Using Microwave Energy 4-21 4.5.2.3 High Energy Corona Destructio nof Volatile Organic Compounds 4-22 4.6 Solvent Extraction 4-23 4.6.1 The Ionics Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (BEST) Process 4-23 4.6.2 Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology 4-25 2001-017-0162 5/23/01 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued 4.7 Thermal Desorption 4-26 4.7.1 Low Temperature Thermal Desorption 4-27 4.7.2 ESMI Thermal Desorption Process 4-28 4.7.3 Ecotechniek Soil Treatment 4-29 4.7.4 In-situ thermal desorption (ISTD) 4-31 4.8 Adsorption' 4-32 4.8.1 Liquid Phase Carbon Adsorption/Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) 4-32 5.0 REFERENCES 5-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Background Documents Provided for Review 3-2 Table 2 Alternative Technologies 4-2 Appendix A Abstracts 2001-017-0162 5/23'01 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS APCS Air Pollution Control System APEG Alkaline polyethylene glycol ATTIC Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center BCD Base-catalyzed Decomposition BDAT Best Demonstrated Available Technology BTEX Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene and Xylene CAU Clark Atlanta Unnersity CB Chlorinated biphenyl CDFs Confined Disposal Facilities CFBC Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion cy Cubic Yard DCB Dichlorobenzene DE Destruction Efficiency DOE Department of Energy DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids DOTS Dredging Operations Technical Support Program (USACE) DRE Destruction and Removal Efficiency EC European Community ECP Electrochemical peroxidation EIMS Environmental Information Management System (EPA) EPA Environmental Protection Agency FF Fabric Filter Foster Wheeler Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation FS or FSs Feasibility Study or Feasibility Studies FTO Flameless Thermal Oxidation GAC Granular Activated Carbon HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air IRE Incmerability Research Facility ISTD In situ Thermal Desorption KPEG potassium polyethylene glycol LTTD Low Temperature Thermal Desorption mgd Million Gallons per Day MPa Mega Pascal NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NB New Bedford NBH New Bedford Harbor NCP National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan NE TERC New England Total Environmental Restoration Contract NEESC Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center 2001 017-0162 111 5 23 01 ng Nanogram NPL National Priorities List 03 Ozone ou Operable Unit PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PCB polychlonnated biphenyl PCBs polychlonnated biphenyls PCDD Polychlonnated dibenzodioxins PCDFs polychlonnated dibenzofurans PCE Perchloroethylene ppm parts per million ppmv parts per million volume RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RELISH Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid RIs Remedial Investigations RKS Rotary Kiln Incineration System ROD Records of Decisions SCFM Standard cubic foot per minute SCP Scientific Chemical Process SCWO Supercritical water oxidation SET Solvated Electron Technology STN The Scientific & Technical Information Network SVOC Semi-volatile Organic Compounds TCE Tnchloroethylene TEA Tnethylamme TEQ Toxicity Equivalent TPH Total petroleum hydrocarbons TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act USAGE U S Army Corps of Engineers US DOE U S Department of Energy USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency uv Ultra Violet Light voc Volatile organic compounds 2001 017 0162 IV 5/23/01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Clark Atlanta University (CAU) in collaboration with METRIC, Inc. working as a team subcontractor to Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (Foster Wheeler) prepared this Alternative Technology Literature Review for Operable Unit #1 (OU#1), Upper and Lower Harbor, New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site in Bristol County Massachusetts The study was conducted under Task Order No. 17 of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) New England Total Environmental Restoration Contract (NE TERC) No. DACW33-94-D-002 in accordance with the OU#1 Record of Decision (ROD) and the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site Community Forum agreement that "EPA will conduct an ongoing literature review of treatment alternatives for the dredged sediments until the confined disposal facilities (CDFs) are capped '' The review focused on alternative technologies to treat sediments from the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor contaminated with polychlormated biphenyls (PCBs). This report summarizes the results of the first periodic review and is expected to be the basis for subsequent monitoring of alternative treatment technologies The intent of this study was to review literature on ex-situ treatment technologies that may be acceptable, implementable alternatives or enhancements to the on-site isolation in the CDFs. Accordingly, the focus was on literature published between 1995 and 1999, especially on technologies or improvements to technologies documented since the Hot Spot Feasibility Study Addendum' that reviewed possible treatment alternatives to the incineration of sediments. A number of key computer databases were queried for relevant information on PCB removal/destruction. Chemical Abstracts and Pollution Abstracts databases, available through STN International, proved to be the most useful with over 550 citations for this time period in this database. Following the initial review of retrieved abstracts, the relevant ones were divided into five broad treatment categories (biological, chemical and base catalytic, chemical oxidative, thermal and other methods) encompassing nine treatment technologies that could be used independently or subsequent to one of three separation technologies. The treatment technologies were bioremediation, base-catalyzed decomposition, solvated electron technology/active metal treatment, peroxide /ozone/Fenton's chemistry/UV oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, incineration and combustion, thermal treatment, plasma, and high-energy decomposition processes. The separation methods reviewed were solvent extraction, thermal desorption and adsorption. For each treatment or separation technology considered in this limited review, the available information about the processes were summarized under the subheadings summary description, owner of technology, level of implementabihty, cost range of implementation, list of projects where the technology has been implemented, advantages, disadvantages, data gaps/outstanding issues and conclusions and recommendations. The following broad conclusions may be drawn from the literature reviewed. Treatment Technologies - To be used independently or in conjunction to a separation technology (see below): • Bioremediation may have some potential for treatment of sediment at New Bedford Harbor but is not ready for full-scale implementation. Significant further study, including bench and pilot scale testing is needed to evaluate the applicability to marine sediments and other site specific conditions. Specific concerns include the potential toxicity of salt, heavy metals, and specific environmental conditions on the microbial population and the potential for the formation of undesirable secondary products that may require subsequent treatment • Th chemicae l reductive and base catalytic methods are either in the research or pilot stage. Solvated Electron Technology (chemical reduction) was previously rejected following
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