USACE CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002 TASK ORDER NO. 017 TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT
Suoerfund Records Center SITE: i\ ( f \ BREAK: - OlHbR: ).
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES LITERATURE REVIEW FOR THE REMEDI4TION OF PCBs FROM NEW BEDFORD HARBOR SUPERFUND SITE New Bedford, Massachusetts
Mav 2001
Prepared for
U S Army Corps of Engineers New England District Concord, Massachusetts
2001 017 0162 5 23 01 USACE CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002 TASK ORDER NO. 017 TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES LITERATURE REVIEW FOR THE REMEDIATION OF PCBs FROM NEW BEDFORD HARBOR SUPERFUND SITE New Bedford, Massachusetts
May 2001
Prepared for
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers New England District Concord, Massachusetts
Prepared by
Clark Atlanta University 223 James P. Brawley Drive Atlanta, Georgia 30314
and
Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation 133 Federal Street Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Revision Date Prepared By Approved By Pages Affected 0 5/23/01 E. Mintz(CAU) H.Douglas All
2001-017-0162 5'23'OI TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 2.0 BACKGROUND 2-1 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3-1 4.0 RESULTS 4-1 4.1 Biological Methods 4-1 4.1.1 Anaerobic Treatment 4-1 4.1.2 Aerobic Treatment 4-1 4.1.3 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment 4-3 4.2 Chemical Reductive and Base Catalytic Methods 4-4 4.2.1 Base-catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)" 4-4 4.2.2 Alkaline Polyethylene Glycol (APEG)12'13'M 4-5 4.2.3 Solvated Electron Technology (SET)/Active Metal Treatment 4-6 4.3 Chemical Oxidation Methods 4-7 4.3.1 Classic Fenton's Chemistry 4-7 4.3.2 Electrochemical Peroxidation 4-9 4.3.3 Ozonation 4-10 4.3.4 UV/Hydrogen Peroxide Process 4-10 4.3.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 4-11 4.4 Thermal Methods 4-12 4.4.1 Incineration and Combustion 4-12 4.4.1.1 Combustion Technology 4-12 4.4.1.2 Rotary Kiln Incinerator 4-13 4.4.1.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) 4-14 4.4.2 Thermal Treatment/Destruction 4-15 4.4.2.1 Flameless Thermal Oxidation (FTO) 4-15 4.4.2.2 In-situ Remediation by Thermal Blanket 4-16 4.4.2.3 Thermochemical Technique (Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid Process) 4-18 4.5 Other Treatment Technologies 4-19 4.5.T Plasma Arc Technology 4-19 4.5.2 High Energy Decomposition Processes 4-20 4.5.2.1 Radiolysis-Induced Decomposition of PCBs 4-20 4.5.2.2 In Situ Decomposition of PCBs in Soils Using Microwave Energy 4-21 4.5.2.3 High Energy Corona Destructio nof Volatile Organic Compounds 4-22 4.6 Solvent Extraction 4-23 4.6.1 The Ionics Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (BEST) Process 4-23 4.6.2 Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology 4-25
2001-017-0162 5/23/01 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued
4.7 Thermal Desorption 4-26 4.7.1 Low Temperature Thermal Desorption 4-27 4.7.2 ESMI Thermal Desorption Process 4-28 4.7.3 Ecotechniek Soil Treatment 4-29 4.7.4 In-situ thermal desorption (ISTD) 4-31 4.8 Adsorption' 4-32 4.8.1 Liquid Phase Carbon Adsorption/Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) 4-32 5.0 REFERENCES 5-1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Background Documents Provided for Review 3-2 Table 2 Alternative Technologies 4-2
Appendix A Abstracts
2001-017-0162 5/23'01 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
APCS Air Pollution Control System APEG Alkaline polyethylene glycol ATTIC Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center BCD Base-catalyzed Decomposition BDAT Best Demonstrated Available Technology BTEX Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene and Xylene CAU Clark Atlanta Unnersity CB Chlorinated biphenyl CDFs Confined Disposal Facilities CFBC Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion cy Cubic Yard DCB Dichlorobenzene DE Destruction Efficiency DOE Department of Energy DNAPL Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids DOTS Dredging Operations Technical Support Program (USACE) DRE Destruction and Removal Efficiency EC European Community ECP Electrochemical peroxidation EIMS Environmental Information Management System (EPA) EPA Environmental Protection Agency FF Fabric Filter Foster Wheeler Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation FS or FSs Feasibility Study or Feasibility Studies FTO Flameless Thermal Oxidation GAC Granular Activated Carbon HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air IRE Incmerability Research Facility ISTD In situ Thermal Desorption KPEG potassium polyethylene glycol LTTD Low Temperature Thermal Desorption mgd Million Gallons per Day MPa Mega Pascal NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NB New Bedford NBH New Bedford Harbor NCP National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan NE TERC New England Total Environmental Restoration Contract NEESC Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center
2001 017-0162 111 5 23 01 ng Nanogram NPL National Priorities List
03 Ozone ou Operable Unit PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PCB polychlonnated biphenyl PCBs polychlonnated biphenyls PCDD Polychlonnated dibenzodioxins PCDFs polychlonnated dibenzofurans PCE Perchloroethylene ppm parts per million ppmv parts per million volume RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RELISH Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid RIs Remedial Investigations RKS Rotary Kiln Incineration System ROD Records of Decisions SCFM Standard cubic foot per minute SCP Scientific Chemical Process SCWO Supercritical water oxidation SET Solvated Electron Technology STN The Scientific & Technical Information Network SVOC Semi-volatile Organic Compounds TCE Tnchloroethylene TEA Tnethylamme TEQ Toxicity Equivalent TPH Total petroleum hydrocarbons TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act USAGE U S Army Corps of Engineers US DOE U S Department of Energy USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency uv Ultra Violet Light voc Volatile organic compounds
2001 017 0162 IV 5/23/01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Clark Atlanta University (CAU) in collaboration with METRIC, Inc. working as a team subcontractor to Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (Foster Wheeler) prepared this Alternative Technology Literature Review for Operable Unit #1 (OU#1), Upper and Lower Harbor, New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site in Bristol County Massachusetts The study was conducted under Task Order No. 17 of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) New England Total Environmental Restoration Contract (NE TERC) No. DACW33-94-D-002 in accordance with the OU#1 Record of Decision (ROD) and the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site Community Forum agreement that "EPA will conduct an ongoing literature review of treatment alternatives for the dredged sediments until the confined disposal facilities (CDFs) are capped '' The review focused on alternative technologies to treat sediments from the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor contaminated with polychlormated biphenyls (PCBs). This report summarizes the results of the first periodic review and is expected to be the basis for subsequent monitoring of alternative treatment technologies
The intent of this study was to review literature on ex-situ treatment technologies that may be acceptable, implementable alternatives or enhancements to the on-site isolation in the CDFs. Accordingly, the focus was on literature published between 1995 and 1999, especially on technologies or improvements to technologies documented since the Hot Spot Feasibility Study Addendum' that reviewed possible treatment alternatives to the incineration of sediments. A number of key computer databases were queried for relevant information on PCB removal/destruction. Chemical Abstracts and Pollution Abstracts databases, available through STN International, proved to be the most useful with over 550 citations for this time period in this database. Following the initial review of retrieved abstracts, the relevant ones were divided into five broad treatment categories (biological, chemical and base catalytic, chemical oxidative, thermal and other methods) encompassing nine treatment technologies that could be used independently or subsequent to one of three separation technologies. The treatment technologies were bioremediation, base-catalyzed decomposition, solvated electron technology/active metal treatment, peroxide /ozone/Fenton's chemistry/UV oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, incineration and combustion, thermal treatment, plasma, and high-energy decomposition processes. The separation methods reviewed were solvent extraction, thermal desorption and adsorption.
For each treatment or separation technology considered in this limited review, the available information about the processes were summarized under the subheadings summary description, owner of technology, level of implementabihty, cost range of implementation, list of projects where the technology has been implemented, advantages, disadvantages, data gaps/outstanding issues and conclusions and recommendations. The following broad conclusions may be drawn from the literature reviewed.
Treatment Technologies - To be used independently or in conjunction to a separation technology (see below):
• Bioremediation may have some potential for treatment of sediment at New Bedford Harbor but is not ready for full-scale implementation. Significant further study, including bench and pilot scale testing is needed to evaluate the applicability to marine sediments and other site specific conditions. Specific concerns include the potential toxicity of salt, heavy metals, and specific environmental conditions on the microbial population and the potential for the formation of undesirable secondary products that may require subsequent treatment
• Th chemicae l reductive and base catalytic methods are either in the research or pilot stage. Solvated Electron Technology (chemical reduction) was previously rejected following the Hot Spot Feasibility Studies because of public concerns for the highly dangerous nature of the reagents used in the
2001 017-0162 ES-1 5/23/01 process. Each of the processes identified in this study are likely to have similar concerns. No significant improvements in these technologies were noted since the Hot Spot Feasibility Study Addendum
• Th echemical oxidation methods are more suitable for aqueous media and are not likely to be applicable to marine soils and sediments.
• Thermal treatment/destruction methods such as incineration/combustion continue to be viewed as mature technologies for remediation of PCBs and other hazardous waste. However, these technologies were previously rejected because of public concern over the potential formation of dioxms and furans during the thermal process. These technologies, especially when operated with a flameless thermal oxidizer (a non-incineration technology) and activated carbon for emission control, yield extremely high removal efficiencies of PCBs and dioxms/furans Thermal and secondary treatment methods do not appear significantly improved over those previously rejected.
• Other thermal treatment methods such as the use of plasma and high-energy decomposition processes are at the research or pilot stage. The effects of high PCB, water and chloride contents from marine environments on these processes are still not clear. Further studies to evaluate the performance and cost of these processes on a large-scale need to be conducted. Available information suggests these are not likely to offer significant advantages over other thermal processes.
Separation Technologies - can be used to reduce the volume of contaminated material or as an initial step prior to one of the treatment processes described above:
• Th esolvent extraction methods are either in the pilot or commercial stage and were previously rejected because of public concern over the hazardous nature of the solvents used. No advancement in the technology was identified since its pilot scale demonstration at the NBH site
• Thermal desorption methods have been tested at the bench, pilot and commercial levels. Some of the thermal desorption processes when coupled with emission control methods that include a thermal oxidizer and carbon adsorber result in dioxin and furan levels well below regulatory and target levels. These do not appear to offer significant improvement over other thermal processes that have been rejected
• Adsorption methods generally use granulated activated carbon. While adsorption is effective for gaseous and water discharges from other remediation technologies, the technology is not applicable for the direct treatment of sediments from NBH.
In summary, this review of recent literature regarding potential treatment alternatives for NBH sediments found that those technologies that are likely to successfully treat PCB contaminated sediments from New Bedford Harbor were not significantly modified or advanced since they were previously rejected because of public concern. The only technology not previously rejected that may offer future potential applicability for NBH sediment is bioremediation. However, its current state of development, significant testing is needed to determine the specific applicability to NBH sediment and to ensure that the process does not create additional environmental concerns such as secondary product formation or increased mobility of contaminants. By their nature, biological processes are slow and at its present state of development, the testing that would be necessary for NBH could take years without the promise of a definitive solution. It is recommended that bioremediation continue to be reviewed periodically in addition to continuing to look for new treatment technologies and/or improvements to existing technologies that may be applicable to NBH sediments.
2001 0170162 ES-2 5/23/01 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Clark Atlanta University (CAU) in collaboration with METRIC, Inc. working as a team subcontractor with Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (Foster Wheeler) have prepared this Alternative Technology Literature Review for Operable Unit #1 (OU#1), Upper and Lower Harbor, New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site in Bristol County Massachusetts. This review was conducted under Task Order No. 17 of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) New England Total Environmental Restoration Contract (NE TERC) No. DACW33-94-D-002. This literature review focused on alternative technologies to treat polychlonnated biphenyls (PCBs) contaminated sediments from the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor.
This review was conducted at the request of USACE and EPA and in accordance with the OU#1 Record of Decision (ROD) stipulation and the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site Community Forum agreement that "EPA will conduct an ongoing literature review of treatment alternatives for the dredged sediments until the confined disposal facilities (CDFs) are capped " This report summarizes the results of the first periodic review and is expected to be the basis for subsequent monitoring of alternative treatment technologies.
2001 017 0162 1 1 5/23/01 2.0 BACKGROUND
From the 1940s into approximately the 1970s, two electrical capacitor manufacturing plants in the New Bedford area discharged PCB waste either directly into the harbor or indirectly through discharges to the city's sewerage system. In the mid 1970s, as a result of EPA sampling, PCBs were identified in the sediments and the seafood in the New Bedford Harbor area In 1979, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health issued regulations prohibiting fishing and lobstermg throughout the site due to high levels of PCB contamination ranging from below detection limits to higher than 100,000 parts per million (ppm) in various parts of the harbor The site was included on the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) in September 1983 EPA's site-specific investigations were initiated in 1983-1984. Site investigations continued throughout the rest of the 1980s and early 1990s and included engineering feasibility studies of alternative dredging methods and disposal of contaminated sediments, pilot dredging and disposal studies to field test different dredging and disposal technologies for the contaminated sediments, and extensive physical and chemical computer modeling of the site. These studies are summarized in more detail in EPA's Administrative Record of the site
In September 1998, after years of study, public debate, and consensus building, EPA selected a cleanup remedy for the entire Upper and Lower Harbor areas as a solution to the widespread PCB contamination in and around New Bedford Harbor. The remedy involves the dredging and containment of approximately 450,000 cy of PCB contaminated sediment in CDFs. In the Upper Harbor north of Coggeshall Street, sediments with PCB concentrations above 10 ppm will be dredged, and in the Lower Harbor and in salt marshes, sediments above 50 ppm will be dredged. Intertidal sediments in specific areas adjacent to homes and in areas prone to beachcombing will be removed if PCB levels are above 1 and 25 ppm, respectively. The overall goals of the remedy are
• to reduce health risks due to consumption of PCB contaminated local seafood; • to reduce health risks due to contact with PCB contaminated shoreline sediments; and • to improve water quality of the harbor's highly distressed marine ecosystem
Dredged sediments will be removed from the harbor and pumped to CDFs to be constructed along the New Bedford Harbor shoreline. The CDFs will be used to permanently isolate the sediments from the public and the marine environment. Each of the CDFs will be capped following the completion of dredging operations and sediment consolidation.
In support of the remedy, the scope includes construction and operation of water treatment facilities to treat the water generated during the dredging and sediment dewatenng processes. The water treatment systems will be designed to treat the supernatant from the CDFs. Treatment of water will be accomplished through a combination of physical and chemical treatment processes.
In addition to the OU#1 remedial design/action, remediation of the Hot Spot sediments (OU#2) was completed in May 2000 by removal and transportation to an off-site Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) approved landfill. The Hot Spot sediments were dredged from the Upper Harbor in 1994-1995 based on a ROD issued in 1990 and were contaminated with levels greater than 4,000 ppm PCBs. The OU#2 ROD called for dredging and on-site incineration of these highly contaminated PCB sediments. However, due to reversal in local support for on-site incineration, EPA suspended the incineration component of the Hot Spot remedy and conducted a supplemental feasibility study (FS) to determine the best non-incmeration alternative for remediation of these sediments. As a part of this supplemental FS, several pilot and bench scale treatabihty studies were conducted on the Hot Spot sediments
2001 017 0162 2-1 5'23/01 Hot Spot treatabihty studies included combinations of solvent extraction, thermal desorption, vitrification, solvated electron/metal treatment, high temperature reduction, and solidification/ stabilization. The results of these studies are detailed in the Draft Final New Bedford Harbor Hot Spot Feasibility Study Addendum 1997 prepared by Foster Wheeler and discussed in context in this report In summary, the treatment processes were successful to varying degrees at removing PCBs from the sediments. However, each process had disadvantages significant to the point that none of the non incmeration treatment technologies achieved community acceptance. Community concerns included the storage and use of hazardous materials such as hydrogen, ammonia, elemental sodium, and highly reactive, caustic solvents (dnsopropylamme or similar) and/or thermal processes and the resulting production of toxic by-products, especially dioxins and furans. Ultimately transportation and off-site landfill disposal was chosen as the most desirable remediation solution based on the nine National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) criteria
Because the EPA had already done extensive work and research in evaluating and selecting remedial actions for the clean up of New Bedford Harbor, it was decided that the CAU team would first review the key existing documents to gain a better understanding of what technologies and alternatives had already been evaluated for use on the project The results of the earlier effort were included in two RODs and various Remedial Investigations (RIs)/Feasibihty Studies (FSs). Once the documents were received, the CAU team reviewed the key existing documents identified by Foster Wheeler, including the RODs and RIs/FSs. Those documents are listed in Table 1. This information was used to not only understand what technologies and alternatives had been evaluated for use on the project, but also to focus the literature review so as to not cover materials that had already been reviewed and to gain insight into the community concerns associated with the site clean up activities. In addition, the project focus and other concerns were addressed and discussed in a kick-off meeting held with CAU, Mr. James Brown of EPA, and Foster Wheeler on April 7, 2000.
2001 017 0162 2-2 5/23/01 3.0 METHODOLOGY
The primary goal of this study was to identify and review alternative technologies that could potentially be applied to the PCB contaminated sediments from the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor. The first step in the identification and screening of alternative remedial technologies was to review the background documents provided by Foster Wheeler (Table 1). The focus of this Alternative Technology Literature Review was primarily on those treatment technologies that were not previously reviewed by the EPA for the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor cleanup effort as evidenced by the documents listed in Table 1. In addition, emphasis was placed upon technologies that were previously evaluated by the EPA to determine if the treatment process had significantly changed, been more extensively studied and tested, or has become more proven commercially since it was last evaluated.
A number of key computer databases were queried to locate information relevant to the removal and/or destruction of PCBs. Publicly available sources from the EPA and USAGE were queried for information relevant to this review. These sources included the Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC) and REACH IT, Environmental Information Management System (ELMS) [EPA], Dredging Operations Technical Support (DOTS) Program [USAGE] and Chemical Abstracts and Pollution Abstracts databases available through STN International. Chemical Abstracts and Pollution Abstracts databases available through STN International proved to be the most extensive databases for accessing relevant information. Following the initial review of the abstracts retrieved from these databases the abstracts were divided into five (5) broad treatment categories encompassing nine (9) treatment technologies and three (3) separation technology categories as detailed in Table 2. In the initial step of the review, extraneous abstracts (for example abstracts that were retrieved based upon search terms with multiple definitions such as PCBs which is also used for printed circuit boards) were discarded. Copies of the abstracts that passed the first level of screening are provided in Appendix A and are segmented by treatment or separation technology. The sorted abstracts were distributed to reviewers in the appropriate disciplines, based upon a match of subject area and reviewers expertise. Based upon the review of the abstracts retrieved from the Chemical Abstracts and Pollution Abstracts databases and the public databases relevant literature were selected for further review. Reviewers with experience in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and biology were selected for review of the state of the technology and applicability to the PCB contaminated sediments and water derived from them from the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor.
Prior to the initiation of this literature review it was determined that the Chemical Abstracts database of STN International, alone, contained in excess of 1,600 citations on the treatment or remediation of PCBs; including 989 citations over the time period 1/1/90 to 11/28/99. In an effort to minimize the cost of research for this review, a decision was made to only review literature from 1995 to the present. Even with this modification, there were still over 550 citations in this database alone. It is believed that the reduction in years covered in the review did not significantly impact the level of information on environmental technologies of interest to the study. This determination is based on a number of reasons. The most important reason is that technologies that were discovered or developed in the five year interval 1990-1994 and that were determined to be effective are likely to appear in the literature on technologies during the five year time frame 1995-1999 in a more developed form. Furthermore, it was presumed that the most applicable studies from the 1990-1995 time frame were incorporated in the study document entitled "New Bedford Harbor Hot Spot Treatability Study", Volume I, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation, December 1997.
Abstracts retrieved through the database searches were reviewed by the project team to determine the degree of development of the technology (e.g., laboratory studies, feasibility studies, field
2001-017-0162 3_1 5/23/01 implementation), potential effectiveness and implementabihty. For those technologies that appeared most promising, particularly those that had been developed beyond the bench scale, the documents were retrieved and the literature reviewed by the appropriate scientists and/or engineers on the CAU team.
Table 1 Background Documents Provided For Review
Record of Decision, New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, Upper and Lower Harbor Operable Unit, New Bedford Massachusetts, USEPA, September 1998
New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site, Hot Spot Operable Unit, Final Draft Amended Record of Decision, USEPA April 1999
New Bedford Harbor Hot Spot Treatabihty Study, Volume I, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation, September 1997
Draft Final Feasibility Study of Remedial Alternatives for the Estuary and Lower Harbor/Bay, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Volumes I, II, and III, August 1990
Three of the 12 Reports in the New Bedford Harbor Superfund Project, Acushnet River Estuary Engineering Feasibility Study Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal Alternatives, USAGE, Waterways Experiment Station, 1989
• Report 1 Study Overview • Report 9 Laboratory-Scale Application of Solidification/Stabilization Technology • Report 11 Evaluation of Conceptual Dredging and Disposal Alternatives
2001 017 0162 3-2 5/23 01 4.0 RESULTS
Table 2 gives an overview of the technologies reviewed in this study and the challenges associated with them. This literature review identified five (5) broad treatment categories encompassing nine (9) treatment technologies and three (3) separation technology categories. These are discussed in more detail in the Subsections referenced in Table 2
CATEGORY A: DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
4.1 Biological Methods2
Background: Microbial bioremediation uses naturally occurring or genetically engineered microbes, to metabolize specific contaminants in soil, sediments or water to less toxic or non-toxic products This microbial treatment can be anaerobic (without air), aerobic (with air) or sequential anaerobic-aerobic in which an anaerobic step is followed by an aerobic step. For maximum effectiveness, a consortium or co- culture of microorganisms is grown to enhance chemical degradation in a site specific environment. In the case of New Bedford, the consortium would be required to chemically destroy PCBs under expected temperature and moisture conditions and to withstand the high salt and heavy metals content of the sediments
Studies have shown that stimulation of indigenous microbial populations to dechlormate PCBs can be achieved by the addition of nutrients. Available literature indicates that, at a minimum, surfactants would need to be added to, and mixed with, the sediments to improve bioavailabihty of the PCBs. The possible addition of carbon supplements, and/or oxygen, in the case of aerobic treatment, may further maximize the effectiveness of the microbial consortium. The addition of surfactants and nutrients are relatively easy to carry out under controlled laboratory or even under pilot scale conditions, but it is much more difficult to evenly distribute nutrients throughout the contaminated material at a large remediation site. High clay content in the sediments can create additional logistical difficulty for the bacteria to access the PCB molecules. The presence of oil and grease can also inhibit dechlonnation of PCBs.4
4.1.1 Anaerobic Treatment
Descnption: Anaerobic treatment utilizes a consortium of anaerobic bacteria and requires that strict anaerobic conditions be maintained. Chang et al have observed that under anaerobic conditions PCBs in the sewage sludge samples tested were fully dechlormated within 40 days. These experiments were carried out under strict laboratory controlled conditions. However, Khmm et al.3 has shown that semi anaerobic digestion of PCBs, which can occur under less well controlled conditions can result in formation of dioxms. Thus, anaerobic treatment requires that the site must be tightly capped to exclude air.
4.1.2 Aerobic Treatment
Description: Aerobic treatment utilizes a consortium of aerobic bacteria and requires that aerobic conditions be maintained. Addition of oxygen is required to maintain aerobic conditions, which is often accomplished by air sparging in which air is pumped in to the soil Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with foul odors can be released during this process Vapor recovery in general is required to capture the VOCs and to maintain odor control, which can be difficult in a large site.
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TEGORYA : H u 4.1.3 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment
Description: Sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment appears to be the most successful bioremediation strategy explored to date for the remediation of PCB contaminated soils. In the anaerobic step, anaerobic bacteria reductively dechlormates PCBs to give less chlorinated biphenyls. In a subsequent step aerobic bacteria oxidizes the partially dechlonnated PCB metabolites The destruction process can be completed by aerobic microbial ring cleavage and mineralization. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment has been used in the remediation of moist sediments in small holding areas, treatment of sludges in tanks or columns or treatment of sediments with added composting material.
Anaerobic Microbial Granules4 containing self-immobilized anaerobic microorganisms have been used to dechlormate PCBs to metabolites which were subsequently further degraded by ring cleavage and complete mineralization Oxygen has been added to assist aerobic digestion using either the addition of OCR, a patented formulation of magnesium peroxide sold by Regenesis,6 which gives a slow sustained release of molecular oxygen, for up to a year, when in contact with soil moisture, or air sparging with vapor recovery.
Micro-Bac International offers M-1000PCB for the bioremediation of PCBs. In addition, Micro-Bac provides specially formulated nutrients that augment the activity of their product.7 Other variations of the sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment, such as composting, have not been commercialized for PCBs at this point but have been tested at lab and pilot scale.
Owner of Treatment Alternative: Microbial based bioremediation in general is in the public domain However, a number of proprietary variations have been developed. Anaerobic Microbial Granules is a product of the Natarajan Laboratory at the University of Michigan. Micro-Bac International provides bioremediation technology for PCBs utilizing their M-1000PCB product. ORC is a patented product from Regenesis.6 Caldwell Environmental provides a microbial treatment of PCB contaminated o materials. Other vendors offer bioremediation products.
Level of Implementabihry: Sequential anaerobic-aerobic PCB treatment has been earned out at both the laboratory and pilot scale.
Cost Range of Implementation: $32-50/m3 (1996)9
List of Projects Where It has Been Implemented:
1. Remediation of oil samples from oil refineries in the cities of Tao-Yuan and Kao-Shiung, Taiwan.5 2. Remediation of a high (500 mg TEQ/kg dry weight) content sewage sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany.3 3. Bench scale dechlonnation of PCBs in Raisin River sediments using Anaerobic Microbial Granules.4 4 Micro-Bac International successfully utilized their M-1000H product to treat 5,000 gallons of PCB-contammated water collected from an excavation site.7 5. Tiedje et al10 have carried out m-situ bioremediation of PCBs and are currently developing a field ready technology for sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment. This work utilizes recombmant organisms. 6. PCB contaminated soils (100 cubic yards) in Michigan have been treated by composting."
2001-017-0162 4.3 5/23/01 Advantages:
1. Has the potential to destroy the PCBs m the CDFs 2. Does not require expensive hardware
Disadvantages:
1. Requires two steps. 2 Potential for the generation of toxic metabolites if strict anaerobic conditions are not maintained in the anaerobic step 3. A high clay content in the sediment can make it difficult for the bacteria to access the PCBs. 4. It ca nprove very difficult to monitor the degree of dechlonnation and degradation over a large treatment volume 5. Feasibility had not been established in a high salt environment. 6 Time required to carry out remediation.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: The effectiveness of sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment has not been established in high salt, high heavy metal, sediments as are found in marine environments. The ability to capture and treat the VOCs occurring during the aerobic step at a large site has not been established
Conclusions and Recommendations Most studies have been carried out on sewage sludge or samples from river/lake regions and the effect of high salt and high heavy metal concentrations such as those found in the NBH marine environment has not been established It may be necessary to utilize microorganisms native to marine environments, which are tolerant to the high salt concentrations, to carry out the biodegradation of PCBs Future work may also utilize constructed strains of microorganisms for maximal PCB degradation More studies are required to evaluate the performance of the technology on marine sediments. The development of this technology should be followed in subsequent literature reviews.
4.2 Chemical Reductive and Base Catalytic Methods
4.2.1 Base-catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)12 n 14
Background: The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process was developed by the USEPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory m conjunction with the Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center (NFESC). BCD is used to remediate soils and sediments contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds, especially PCBs Contaminated soil is screened, crushed, and mixed with sodium bicarbonate. The mixture is heated to 300-350° C to decompose and volatilize the contaminants. The volatilized contaminants are captured and treated separately. A number of variations of the BCD process have been developed utilizing other bases such as calcium hydroxide. Base-catalyzed Decomposition is a destruction method. However, some volatiles can be produced m the process that may need to be captured and treated separately
Commercial Technology: There appear to be no commercial applications of BCD as developed by the EPA/NFESC, however a number of companies have patented technologies that appear to be a variation on the basic method
2001-017-0162 4.4 5/23/01 Owner of Treatment Alternative" Base-catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) has been developed and patented by the USEPA. Related patents were issued to Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd, and Elson K K.
Level of Implementabihty A successful run with 15 tons of PCB contaminated soil was conducted in 1994 at the Guam site 15
Cost Range of Implementation The cost has been estimated to be $220-550/ton not including the cost of excavation.15
List of Projects Where It has Been Implemented'
1. Koppers Superfund site in North Carolina (results were inconclusive due to analytical difficulties encountered). 2. Acontaminated site in Guam (Pilot scale)
Advantages:
1. Destruction method which works well on halogenated semi volatile organic compounds. 2. Short treatment time and relatively low operational and maintenance costs.
Disadvantages:
1. Requires expensive equipment 2 High clay and/or high moisture contents increase costs. 3. By-products may require further treatment.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: The impact of a high salt content m the soil from a marine environment on destruction efficiency is unknown.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Several researchers are continuing to work in the area of base- catalyzed decomposition (BCD) of PCBs. The area of research needs to be monitored in the future as it develops.
4.2.2 Alkaline Polyethylene Glycol (APEG)12'13'14
Background: Alkaline polyethylene glycol (APEG) treatment, also known as glycolate dehalogenation, is a process in which alkaline polyethylene glycol is used to dehalogenate halogenated aromatic compounds in a batch reactor to give a glycol ether and/or a hydroxylated compound and an alkali metal salt. The most commonly used APEG system is based upon potassium polyethylene glycol (KPEG). Contaminated soils and the reagent are mixed and heated in a treatment vessel to destroy the PCBs. APEG/KPEG dehalogenation is generally considered a stand-alone technology; however, in some cases it is used in combination with other technologies. The wastewater generated by the process may be treated by chemical oxidation, carbon adsorption, biodegradation, precipitation, or some combination of these methods. A number of variations of APEG process have been developed utilizing other bases such as calcium hydroxide and sodium ethoxide Alkaline Polyethylene Glycol (APEG) is a destruction method. However, some volatiles can be produced in the process that may need to be captured and treated separately.
2001-0170162 4.5 5/23/01 Commercial Technology: APEG and KPEG have been implemented by several vendors.
Owner of Treatment Alternative: APEG and KPEG technologies are in the public domain, however a number of proprietary variants have been developed such as the DeChlor/KGME process of Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Level of Implementabihty: APEG had been utilized for full-scale remediation projects.
Cost Range of Implementation: The cost has been estimated to be $200-500/ton not including the cost of excavation.15
List of Projects Where It has Been Implemented:
1 Wide Beach Development Superfund Site, Brant, N.Y. in conjunction with thermal desorption.16
Advantages:
1. Destruction method which works well on halogenated semi volatile organic compounds.
Disadvantages:
1. Process generates washwater, which will require oxidative treatment prior to discharge. 2. Process generates air emissions, which will need to be captured by condensation or adsorbed on granulated activated carbon (GAC). 3 High clay and/or high moisture contents will increase costs.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: The impact of a high salt content in the soil from a marine environment on destruction efficiency is unknown.
Conclusions and Recommendations: APEG and KPEG are variants on the base catalyzed decomposition of PCBs. APEG and KPEG lead to a reduction in toxicity but are unlikely to meet treatment goals in a cost effective manner at NBH, because of additional separation, drying and off-gas treatments needed.
4.2.3 Solvated Electron Technology (SET)/Active Metal Treatment'7>'8
Background: The Solvated Electron Technology (SET) utilizes solvated electrons to neutralize halogenated compounds such as PCBs. Solutions of solvated electrons are produced when an active metal such as sodium, lithium or calcium is dissolved in anhydrous liquid ammonia. The SET process often strips chlorine from the PCB, exchanging it with hydrogen, without further degrading the hydrocarbon skeleton. Thus, while the PCB is destroyed the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil typically increase during the SET treatment. The SET process achieves high levels of contaminant destruction No air emissions are generated if all of the ammonia used in the process is recycled. Other active metal treatments with solvents other than ammonia have been examined at the laboratory scale. These destruction technologies can be utilized after another technology has been utilized to separate the PCB from the sediments. In some cases they can also be utilized to treat soils and sediments directly.
2001 017 0162 5/23/01 Owner of Treatment Alternative: Several technologies have been reported in the open literature and in patents. However, the technology does not appear to have reached the stage for the treatment of soils and sediments on a large scale
Level of Implementability: Solvated Electron Technology (SET), an active metal treatment of PCBs, has been widely studied at the bench scale and to a lesser extent at the pilot scale for the destruction of PCBs. However, SET has not yet achieved acceptance for full scale implementation.
Advantages:
1. Technology achieves high destruction efficiency (99.9+ %) for PCBs.
Disadvantages:
1. Ammonia emissions can be a problem. 2 Destruction of the PCBs leads to the formations of petroleum hydrocarbons. 3. Active metals utilized in the process can be difficult to handle.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: Effect of high moisture and salt found in marine sediments is unknown
Conclusions and Recommendations' When SET is applied to soils and sediments PCBs can be destroyed with high efficiency, however this treatment converts the PCBs to hydrocarbons which results in the soils or sediments increasing in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contamination, which then needs to be treated with another technology. The formation of TPH is less of a problem when these technologies are used on PCBs that have been separated from the soil or sediments using a technology such as solvent extraction of thermal desorption. More studies are required to evaluate the performance of these technologies on marine sediments. This technology has previously been rejected at the NBH site by the public because of the highly dangerous nature of the reagents used in the process.
4.3 Chemical Oxidation Methods19
Background: Oxidation chemically converts hazardous contaminants to non-hazardous or less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, and/or inert. The oxidizing agents most commonly used are ozone, hydrogen peroxide (with or without metal salts), hypochlontes, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide. This is a destructive technology that has the potential to be implemented either in situ (in this case in situ would be applied to soils or sediments that have already been dredged, it does not apply to sediments that are still in place in the harbor etc.) or ex situ. Chemical Oxidation is reviewed in categories as follows: 1) Classic Fenton Chemistry, 2) Electrochemical peroxidation (ECP), 3) Ozonation, 4) UV/Hydrogen Peroxide, and 5) Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). These technologies have generally been applied to contaminants such as PCB after they have been separated from soils by some type of separation technology Chemical Oxidation Technologies are reviewed below.
4.3.1 Classic Fenton's Chemistry
Summary Description: The Enviro-ScienceEnviro s system20 uses hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst to destroy contaminants either in situ or ex situ. Ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide are used to form
2001 017 0162 4_y 5/23/01 free radicals that degrade organic contaminants including PCBs, BTEX, chlorinated solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOC) The process has been applied both ex situ and in situ.
Ex Situ The target contaminants are VOCs, PCBs, and other organic contaminants. The technology appears to be effective in reducing most of the target molecules in an aqueous stream. Some of the factors to consider in this approach are pH adjustment (pH 3-5 is the optimum range), adding the iron catalyst in an aqueous solution, and adding the peroxide slowly to control the reaction.
In Situ Fenton chemistry has been used to chemically destroy contaminants dissolved in groundwater and sorbed onto soil particles in an aquifer matrix The sorbed phase must be remediated or it will be a continual source of groundwater contamination In the context of the New Bedford Harbor site in situ would correspond to treating material that had already been placed in a CDF.
Owner of Treatment Technology: Classic Fenton chemistry is in the public domain, however many vendors have developed systems for application to groundwater and aquifer matrix.
Level of Implementabiliry: The classic Fenton's chemistry process was employed in situ to destroy 600 pounds of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) of unknown composition The period of time involved was 6 days with a 94 % destruction efficiency being achieved.
Cost Range of Implementation. The cost of implementing classic Fenton's chemistry varies widely depending on the site's contamination depth and the amount of contamination.
List of Projects Where It has Been Implemented: Pilot Scale Demonstration at M-Area of the Savannah River Site by the U.S Department of Energy and the Westinghouse Savannah River Company In 1997, the process treated 600 pounds DNAPL in a 6-day operating period, achieving 94 % destruction efficiency
Advantages
Ex Situ 1. Better control over the reaction, which is very important with an exothermic reaction. The reaction rate increases with increasing temperature and is most pronounced between 5 and 20° C At temperatures above 40° C hydrogen peroxide decomposes leading to waste of active reagents 2. Better control over the chemicals added with respect to mixing and minimizing wasted chemicals. 3. Th eability to recycle the iron catalyst by redissolving and filtering the iron hydroxide sludge after neutralization. 4. Th abilite y to use the effluent of the reaction vessel to preheat the feed.
In Situ 1. No clear advantages at the present time. This technology is not applicable in situ (i.e. underwater) at the NBH site. It has not been studied in this context.
2001-017-0162 4_fi 5 23/01 Disadvantages:
Ex Situ: 1 The ability to use identical units at different sites is limited due to different contaminants and stream flow rates. 2. Asharp and sudden increase in pressure and/or temperature can occur particularly in a closed vessel. Constant monitoring of temperature and pressure are required for safety purposes.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The Classic Fenton's chemistry does not appear to be applicable for the remediation of the New Bedford Site sediments. The technology is restricted by its inability to treat solid samples, which tend to adsorb PCBs and minimize the effects of the technologies. The technologies can be applied as either an in situ or as an ex situ process on the aqueous media. However, the sediments must first be removed from the harbor The number of treatment cycles required to clean PCBs-containmg sediments is not known and further studies are required in this area. More studies are also required to evaluate the performance of the technology on marine sediments.
4.3.2 Electrochemical Peroxidation
Summary Description: In waters which have pH < 5, steel electrodes and an oscillating electric current are used to generate hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide. The hydroxyl radicals are then used to destroy PCBs and VOCs in groundwater and slurries. The process is known as Electrochemical Peroxidation Process (ECP) and no iron salts are added. Results from water samples contaminated with PCBs and VOCs ranged from good to impressive. Incremental treatments led to successive destructions of all components, with most eventually going to below detection limits after three treatments. Destruction of PCBs and VOCs from slurries which came from a subsurface storage tank had poor performance relative to the water samples from the same site Results from the pilot scale (400 times larger scale than lab scale experiments) showed some loss in efficiency (> 96% for lab scale vs 88% for pilot scale) This is probably more of an engineering issue than a chemistry issue, with variables such as electrode size and distance of separation needing to be optimized.
Owner of Treatment Alternative: Electrochemical Peroxidation was developed by researchers at State University of New York at Oswego and currently a patent is pending on this technology. It is not known whether the other technologies mentioned here are owned and/or protected by patents for individual companies.
Level of Implementabihry: A pilot study (200 L of subsurface storage tank) utilizing ECP technology resulted in the destruction of 88 % of contaminants. The system was not optimized for this size system.
List of Projects Where It has Been Implemented: Pilot Scale Demonstration at a New York State Superfund Site m Oswego, NY by the State University of New York at Oswego.
Advantages:
1. Short treatment periods, on the order of minutes. 2 No violent or exothermic reactions. 3. Reagent, energy and capital requirements are minimal. 4. Chemical degradation efficiencies are good to excellent
2001-017-0162 4.9 5/23/01 Disadvantages:
1. Medium to be treated must be acidic. 2. Scale up appears results in a loss in efficiency
Conclusions and Recommendations: The electrochemical peroxidation has limited potential for application for the remediation of the New Bedford Site sediments. The technology is restricted by its inability to treat solid samples, which tend to adsorb PCBs and minimize the effects of the technologies. The number of treatment cycles required to clean PCBs-containmg sediments is not known and further studies are required m this area. More studies are also required to evaluate the performance of the technology on marine sediments.
4.3.3 Ozonation
Summary Description: This technology uses three methods of water treatment. They are 1) Ozonation followed by filtration through quartz sand, 2) Adsorption on a newly developed powdered sorbent, and 3) Adsorption on a newly developed granular sorbent. The three were compared with respect to cost and speed of contaminant removal. The cheapest/most efficient is in use currently in Ufa, Russia in the removal of polychlormated dioxms and dibenzofurans. Solutions for these tests were prepared, which contained 6 to 12 organic contaminants (hydrocarbons, aromatic substances and their chlorinated analogs) at concentrations 10 to 300 times the maximum allowable concentration for each pollutant.
Results: Three different test solutions were prepared. The first solution was tap water spiked with polychlormated dioxms. The second solution was factory wastewater and contained polychlormated dioxms and dibenzofurans. The third solution contained higher amounts of polychlormated dioxms. In all cases, ozonation alone was not successful in treating the sample solutions. The powdered sorbents worked fairly well and the granular sorbent worked the best. Ozonation and the powdered sorbent worked equally well on di- through penta-substituted polychlormated dioxms, effectively removing most of the contaminants However, they only removed 30 - 60 % of the higher substituted analogs. The granular sorbent removed 90 - 95 % of all polychlorinated dioxins The same pattern is observed for polychlormated dibenzofurans. This technology appears to be effective in reducing most of the target molecules in an aqueous stream when the granulated sorbents are used
Applicability: Some of the factors to consider in this approach are the life of the sorbent, the sorbent regenerabihty, disposal of the spent sorbent, and the cost of the sorbent. Regenerabihty is an issue to keep cost down, as well as disposal of the sorbent. Although this technology is mature for water treatment, there is little data on the removal of PCBs from soils and sediments using ozonation.
4.3 4 UV/Hydrogen Peroxide Process
Some researchers have investigated the use of light and hydrogen peroxide to produce similar results to those reported above. Limitations include the fact that the wavelengths needed to make the process efficient are low. Turbid waters and UV absorbers require higher amounts of light, increasing the costs. Although this technology is mature for water treatment, there is no data on the removal of PCBs from soils and sediments using UV/hydrogen peroxide.
2001-017-0162 4-10 5/2301 4.3 5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 24
Summary Description This is a promising thermal treatment method that has been under development since 1980. It involves the oxidation of orgamcs, with air or oxygen, in the presence of a high concentration of water under temperatures and pressures above the critical points of water (374° C and 22 MPa; 705° F and 218 atm). Organic substances are completely soluble/miscible in water under some supercritical conditions while salts are almost insoluble under others. As an oxidation process, the efficiency of SCWO can be measured as the destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of organic feed materials or as the degree of conversion of organic carbon to carbon dioxide (i.e. destruction efficiency, DE). The DEs and DREs of SCWO range from 99 9 % to 99 9999 %. During SCWO heteroatoms such as chlorine are oxidized to acids, which are precipitated out as salts by adding a base to the feed. The SCWO process generally produces aqueous, solid, and gaseous effluents The aqueous effluent is primarily water with dissolved alkali salts. The gas is primarily CO2 and the solid is primarily oxides and insoluble salts of metals (if present in the feed).
Ten abstracts were reviewed The full papers that were requested, were unfortunately review papers or pilot scale studies in either Japanese or Slovak that could not be translated and reviewed within the scope of this project. Although there are various applications of the SCWO process under research and development in the U S. no significant and mature recent literature information or data in English was found during this review.
To date, there does not appear to be any commercial SCWO units that have been built.
Potential advantages:
1. Potentially less expensive than incineration for treating aqueous wastes. 2. The process can be rapidly bottled up by emergency shutdown procedures so as to avoid discharge of contaminated effluents during an upset or off-specification operation. 3 Gaseous effluents can be virtually eliminated through condensation of the carbon dioxide off
Potential disadvantages:
1. Mainly applicable to aqueous or pumpable streams 2. High temperature and pressure operation.
Conclusions and recommendations: SCWO is mainly applicable to aqueous organic wastes and any pumpable streams including slurries of biomass or soil that can be fed into the reactor Bench scale applicability to New Bedford Harbor (NBH) sediments cannot be determined at this time. It is recommended that ongoing developments in this area be monitored and evaluated in the future. Future reviews should focus on possible vendors in the U.S., applications to PCBs and any potential formation of dioxms.
2001 017-0162 5/23/01 4.4 Thermal Methods
4.4.1 Incineration and Combustion25
Background: Incineration/combustion is a mature technology for remediation of hazardous waste. Although the technology is mature and efficient, most communities such as New Bedford Harbor (NBH) are vehemently opposed to it. This stems mainly from the potential formation of dioxms/furans during the incineration process In spite of the vehement opposition at NBH to combustion/incineration, the few technologies briefly described below are provided because they either include stack control and/or result in extremely high removal efficiencies of dioxms/furans. These are the technologies that should be evaluated if incineration should ever be considered in the future.
4.4.1.1 Combustion Technology
Summary Description* In a paper by Tejima et al the method for polychlormated dibenzodioxms (PCDDs) and polychlormated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) reduction in exhaust gases from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants is discussed and two plants are compared. Both plants use fabric filters for stack gas treatment. The efficiency of fabric filter (FF, glass fiber type) for PCDDs and PCDFs removal was evaluated. It was reported that a fabric filter removes not only particles and acid gases but also heavy metals The concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs was reduced to 0.1 ng/m3-TEQ Two different plants were chosen because of the differences in the characteristics of their exhaust gases, particularly with decreasing temperature. Slaked lime and additives were injected into the duct upstream to the fabric filter so that the acid gases would be removed. Those additives (minerals obtained by grinding natural ore) were used to protect the filter cloth and minimize the pressure drop. For the adsorbent they used activated carbon powder. To achieve a high efficiency, exhaust gases from an incinerator must be cooled down and be processed by injecting slake lime, additives and activated carbons.
The test results indicted that the lower the processing or raw exhaust gas temperature in the FF step, the higher the removal efficiency of PCDDs/PCDFs. Thus, the FF inlet temperature was suggested to be maintained at 190° C or less At this temperature or less, the injection of a small amount of activated carbon into the duct allowed removal efficiency of 97-99% of PCDDs/PCDFs to be obtained. Provided the gas temperature is no higher than 190° C and the PCDD/PCDF concentration in the inlet is less than 5 ng/m3-TEQ, the injection of activated carbon enabled the concentration at the FF outlet to be maintained at less than 0.1 ng/m'-TEQ.
Owner of Treatment Alternative: Takuma Co., LTD, Japan
Level of Implementabihty: Plant Test
List of Projects Where It Has Been Implemented:
1. Tested at two plants with gas flow rates of 14,000 and 440,000 m3/hr.
Advantages:
1. PCDD/PCDF <0.1 ng/m3 obtained. 2. Heavy metals removal capability (sediments in estuary and harbor are also contaminated with heavy metals i.e., cadmium, copper, lead, and chromium from past industrial plating and textile dyeing discharges).
200! 017 0162 4_]2 5/23/01 Disadvantages:
1. Incineration method and despite improvement in overall removal of PCDD/PCDF, it does not completely eliminate formation and emission of PCDD/PCDF 2. Incineration is not expected to meet significantly different reception from local community. 3. Disposal of waste adsorbents and filters is an environmental impact problem and the pre treatment of exhaust gases from incinerator is required.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The FF process in its current stage of development is not expected to offer sufficient improvements in incineration to overcome previous concerns with technology within the NBH community.
4.4.1 2 Rotary Kiln Incinerator
Summary Description: Measurements of chlorinated dioxms and furans were previously performed as part of three test programs at EPA's Incineration Research Facility (IRF).27 All three tests were performed in a rotary kiln incineration system (RKS). Two of the programs were evaluations of the implementabihty of incineration for PCB contaminated materials from Superfund sites (New Bedford Harbor and Scientific Chemical Process) The IRF RKS consists of a primary combustion chamber, a transition section, and a fired afterburner chamber. After exiting the afterburner, flue gas flows through a quench section followed by a primary air pollution control system (APCS) consisting of a ventun scrubber followed by a packed-column scrubber. Downstream of the primary APCS, a backup secondary APCS, comprised of a demister, an activated-carbon adsorber, and a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, was in place.
PCB-contammated marine sediments from the hot spot of the New Bedford Harbor (NBH) Superfund site in New Bedford, Massachusetts, were incinerated in the first of the three-test programs performed. The hot spot of the harbor contained about 9,000 m3 of sediments contaminated with PCBs at levels from 4,000 to over 200,000 mg/kg. PCB-contammated soil from the Scientific Chemical Processing (SCP) Superfund site in Carlstadt, New Jersey, were incinerated m the second test program. The soil excavated for testing at the IRF contained 1,300 mg/kg PCBs. The third test program incinerated a simulated waste representing typical low-level mixed waste at the Department of Energy's Savannah Plant. All tests resulted m effective organic contaminant destruction Destruction and removal efficiency for PCB ranged from 99.999938 % to greater than 99.99999% PCDD/PCDF emissions levels measured m all tests reported were substantially less than the EPA guidance level, and were just at or below the European Community (EC) directive.
Advantages:
1. Efficiency >99.9999%
Disadvantages'
1 Incineration method and hence vehement public debate and opposition expected.
Conclusions and Recommendations. Although the test results indicated that PCBs, dioxms, and furans were successfully removed from soils/sediments from the Superfund sites, public/community objection to the use of incineration effectively still makes this technique not appropriate at New Bedford Harbor.
2001-0170162 4-13 5/23/01 4.4.1.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC)
Summary Description: Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) is an alternative incineration technology that offers a solution to remediate PCB contaminated soils in an environmentally acceptable way. It provides good mixing and gas-solid contact, and long solid residence times necessary for effective incineration In addition, its low temperature combustion reduces emissions of other pollutants like NOx. Incineration tests were conducted in CANMET's 0.8 MWt CFBC pilot plant m Canada. 28 The combustor was 0.405 m in diameter and 6.6 m high. Normal process required a steady state where combustor temperature was maintained at about 870° C. The combustor temperature was controlled by using up to four water-cooled bayonet tubes. An 1,800 MJ/h startup burner fired with natural gas or propane preheated the combustor to the ignition temperature of the test fuel. The combustor and return leg were charged with sand at the beginning of each test. Sufficient air was supplied to mildly fluidize the solids in the combustor. After contaminated soils were fed into the combustion chamber, a circulating process occurred by using a forced draft fan. The exhaust gas exiting the cyclone was cooled to about 190°C and then passed to the baghouse and fine ash particles were collected. The flue gas from the baghouse was then fed into a dry scrubber using hydrated lime where acid compounds were removed. The natural gas ignition burner was fired at a low rate and the refractory and solids in the combustor were heated gradually by increasing the firing rate. When the temperature reached about 600° C, No. 2 fuel oil was fed at a low flow rate. The sand feed was started and gradually increased to about 300 kg/h. The combustor was maintained at about 871°C.
Results showed that the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of dichlorobenzene (DBC, the test surrogate material) ranged from 99.99994% to 9999999%. With a CaCCyHCl ratio of 3:1 and combustion efficiency of 99 92%, the CO levels dropped significantly to about 21 ppm, whereas NOx emission was reduced to 29-38 ppm and the SO2 was 43 ppm. It was shown that proper operation include the use of appropriate liquid waste feed pumps and interlock system to stop waste incineration occurring under undesirable process conditions. CFBC will not require supplemental limestone for CO emission control if the waste contains enough Ca components such as wastes treated m the Quebec project.
Advantages:
1. High efficiency for removal of high concentrations of PCB surrogates. 2 Low CO, NOx and SOx emission with good combustion efficiency 3. Good mixing, gas-solid contact, long solid residence time. 4. lo wtemperature combustion, and high heat transfer rate achievable.
Disadvantages:
1. Incineration method and hence anticipated public debate and objection/opposition; Lower treatment capacity (~300 kg/h)
Conclusions and Recommendations: When 1,3 dichlorobenzene (DCB) was used as a PCB surrogate, a DRE in excess of 99.9999 % was achieved and dioxm/furan emissions were lower than the Quebec regulatory limit of 1 ng/g when a dry scrubbing system was utilized. The unit was not tested on PCBs and the emission of dioxm/furans, although within regulatory limits with a scrubbing system, makes that process inappropriate at NBH based upon the previous community concerns/objections.
2001-017-0162 4-14 5/23/01 4.4.2 Thermal Treatment/Destruction29
Background: This is an ex-situ process that thermally destroys organic contaminants. It is a mature technology that employs a variety of combustion chambers but in waste-site remediation rotary kilns are most common. Many of the thermal-based innovations have been developed for purposes other than destruction. Those classified as removal are referred to as desorption processes (see Section 4.7) and those classified as immunization are referred to as vitrification processes. While some destruction of organic contaminants does occur with such systems, destruction is not their primary goal except m thermal treatment/destruction processes. Thermal destruction technologies judged to be sufficiently developed include catalytic oxidation, rotary cascading bed incineration system, and the ECO LOGIC process.
The challenge in the thermal treatment area is to systematically evaluate the various methods in order to select the right technically and economically viable process. Actual field testing and evaluation of the selected thermal treatment method would then need to be undertaken on the New Bedford Harbor soil matrix. The evaluation has to consider the waste matrix, soil carry-over, volatile metal emissions, materials handling and the potential formation of dioxins. The relevant commercial operations employing thermal destruction technologies are summarized below.
4 4 2.1 Flameless Thermal Oxidation (FTO)
Summary Description" Thermatrix's flameless thermal oxidation (FTO) process is a patented technology that carries out oxidation of organic vapors without flame. The core design is the flameless thermal oxidizer where a high temperature (lower than flame limit of fuel) reaction zone provides a bed for oxidizing hazardous compounds into H2O, CO2 and acid gases. The treatment processes include pre treatment, oxidation, wet scrub and filtration. In FTO process, organic compounds are oxidized in an inert ceramic bed, without a flame or catalyst, into carbon dioxide and water vapor Although the process uses a fixed bed, it is non-catalytic and problems associated with deactivation or poisoning of catalysts are avoided. A pre-treatment step is required where contaminants are vaporized and mixed with air before feeding into the oxidizer so that gases containing organic vapors can be processed in the oxidizer unit and in further treatment steps. Very low concentrations of thermal NOx are produced (i.e., typically less than 2 ppmv). During the startup of the unit, the matrix or bed is pre-heated until it reaches a minimum temperature of approximately 760° C, which is necessary for reliable oxidation of natural gas. Once the bed is preheated, a fuel-air mixture is introduced into the reactor and a stable reaction zone is established. When the temperature profile in the bed is satisfactory for complete oxidation, the fume stream is introduced.
A commercial size 5,100 m3/hr (3,000 scfm) oxidizer was constructed and tested at the Thermatrix fabrication facility in Knoxville, TN. The unit was operated for over 1,000 hours. Performance tests with gas treatment capacity of from 850 m3/hr to 5,575 m3/hr and on halogenated and non-halogenated organic liquids demonstrated >99.99% destruction and removal efficiencies, CO concentrations of less than 10 ppmv, and NOx concentrations of less than 10 ppmv. The acid gas removal system achieved a removal efficiency of 99.99%. Coupled with a steam reformer on the front end, the FTO technology was extended into the thermal treatment of hazardous liquids, sludges, solids, and mixed wastes with a destruction and removal efficiency of 99.99% guarantee
2001 0170162 4_J5 5/23/01 Owner of Treatment Alternative: Thermatnx Inc.
Level of Implementabihty: Commercial Demonstration
Advantages:
1. Classified by worldwide regulatory agencies as a non-incineration technology for treating hazardous and toxic organic compounds. 2. No nflame-base technology. 3. Cost effective; high performance. 4. May b eused for liquid, solid, sludge; Low combustibles (hydrocarbons), CO, and NOx emissions. 5. Commercialized with over 70 applications in North America, Europe and Asia. 6. Lower treatment temperature with high efficiency. 7. Coupling with steam reforming extends application into the treatment of hazardous sludges, solids and mixed waste.
Disadvantages:
1. Mainly demonstrated for the treatment of soils contaminated with low to middle distillated organic compounds; the paper of DeCicco30 however mentions successful use of this technology to treat gas phase contaminants including benzene, toluene, acetone, PCBs, carbon tetrachlonde, phosgene, methylene chloride, dimethyl sulfide, freon and formaldehyde.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Flameless thermal oxidation is a non-incineration technology with wide commercial application. While it has the potential for the treatment of PCBs, extensive bench or pilot testing and evaluation would be needed as part of any consideration for its use at NBH. These studies will have to address issues relating to applicability to PCBs and sludges/solids (with a steam reformer on the front end), emissions (especially of dioxins and furans) and cost.
4.4.2.2 In-situ Remediation by Thermal Blanket
Summary Description: The thermal blanket is a cost-effective in-situ technology for remediation of soils with surficial organic contamination. Pilot thermal blanket systems include heater, thermal oxidizer, and HC1 scrubber containing f3-sodmm alummate following a granular activated carbon (GAC) drum. The ground is heated using a 3.1 m x 3 1 m thermal blanket consisting of a 1-cm-thick steel furnace belt containing 39 resistive tubular heaters (chromalox) spaced at 8-cm intervals. Power is supplied by a 480 V/30 120 kVA power supply (Cooperheat). Thermal insulation measuring 3.7 m x 3.7 m is placed on top of the heater. A 9.1 m x 9.1 m impermeable sheet of fiberglass reinforced silicon rubber is placed on top of the insulation. The sheet serves to trap effluent gases emanating from the heated soil. The heaters are operated at 800-900° C, and heat diffuses down into the soil, heating and mobilizing contaminants. The blower draws air and vaporized contaminants through the system. The contaminants are oxidized in the thermal oxidizer and are further trapped by GAC heated slightly above 100° C so produced water vapor will not condense.
2001 017-0162 4-\6 5'23/01 The post heating soil sampling of contaminated areas showed PCBs thoroughly removed at all depth and no evident migration of PCBs was observed after sampling around the thermal blanket. It was reported that downward migration of PCBs was not significant In the heated region, all the soil hydrocarbons were oxidized and removed to a depth of 7 5 cm. All but one of 18 test runs achieved post-heating PCB concentrations well below the cleanup target of 2 mg/kg. Initial PCB concentration on some of the more contaminated areas averaged 700 mg/kg from 0 to 7.5 cm deep and 100 mg/kg from 7 5 to 15 cm, with maximum concentrations as high as 2,000 mg/kg at the surface. PCB concentrations were reduced from up to 2,000 ppm to less than 2 ppm in 24 h of heating. The full-scale system based on remediating a total area of approximately 6 ha (15 acres) would remediate 297 m2 of soil/day and would require a total power input of 1.8 MW for a 20-blanket assembly. Agreement between model and measurement was good Water content and water table level is of primary concern when using thermal blanket remediation due to the major power consumption of water evaporation and the limit of heater temperature. A properly sized flameless thermal oxidizer used with the thermal blanket commercial system guarantees 99.99% destruction and removal efficiency. The pilot test clearly showed that PCBs could be removed to less than 2 mg/kg
Owners of Treatment Alternative" GE and Shell31
Level of Implementabiliry: Pilot Test by GE Corporate Research and Development31
Cost Range of Implementation" Commercial soil treatment at a large (> 6 ha) site to a depth of 15 cm is estimated to cost from approximately $45 to $60/m2 ($150-200/t of soil), excluding profit and royalties.
Advantages:
1. Commercialized technique that is effective for PCB contaminated soil treatment. 2. In-situ cost effective method 3. High efficiency removal from 2,000 ppm to 2 ppm. 4. Offers complete on-site destruction of contaminants. 5 Eliminates the need for transporting waste.
Disadvantages'
1. Needs thermal oxidizer for destroying emission from blanket. 2. High power requirement (1.8 MW). 3. Th eability of the heaters in the blanket to deliver energy to the soil is limited by the maximum allowed heater temperature. 4 Suitable only for shallow depth soil treatment and preferably drier soil.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The technology, as reported, appears attractive especially when operated with a flameless thermal oxidizer to remove organic emissions from the blanket. However, extensive testing and evaluation would need to be undertaken before serious consideration can be given to its application at NBH, given the disadvantages described above
2001-0170162 4-17 5/23/01 4.4.2.3 Thermochemical Technique (Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid Process)
Summary Description: The paper of Bhat32 discusses the efficacy of a patented thermochemical technique of PCB destruction, the Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid (RELISH) process. The tests have shown that PCBs are not volatized but destroyed and hazardous heavy metals are converted to stable, non-leaching, non-hazardous materials In the RELISH process, exothermic or self- generated reaction heat that gives rise to temperatures up to 750° F is utilized for breaking down PCBs. According to Bhat32, the process does not produce harmful derivatives of PCBs such as furans or dioxins, nor does it change PCBs to short-chained or substituted chlorinated compounds or phenols. The process reagents of water and alkasol (a solid mixture comprising at least 70 wt % quicklime, 0.1-10 wt % of products of reaction between an aliphatic acids, 0.1-10 wt % NaOH and or sodium alkoxide, and 0-25 wt % sulfonated alkali phosphates and sulfites) need to be prepared in size of-60 mesh to -325 mesh. The thermochemical treatment process includes: 1) PCB contaminated waste that is thoroughly mixed with alkasol; 2) the ratio of alkasol and water is controlled above 3.2 1 in order to achieve PCB destruction efficiency greater than 87.9%; 3) wet scrubbing and activated carbon adsorption systems were employed to control emissions; and 4) the pH of processed sludge was adjusted to an accepted level by using acid reagents. The final products are clay, limestone and sand.
Pilot tests indicated that the higher the alkasol-to-sludge moisture ratios, the better the efficiency of PCB destruction. Ratios above 3.9:1 are suggested for efficiency of greater than 97.7%. Analysis of phenohcs indicated that the degradation products of the process were not simple or substituted phenol compounds Test results also indicated that VOCs, dibenzofurans and dioxins analyzed were below detection limits. In this process the organophihc component of the reagents plays the distinctive role of absorbing and trapping PCBs before exothermic reaction starts, thus precluding the possibility of PCB volatilization. PCB contaminated waste such as soil, sludge, or sediment is thoroughly mixed with alkasol on-site in a mixing unit such as a muller, a continuous mixing screw, or a pugmill fitted with an air scrubbing system consisting of a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) organic filter, a wet scrubbing system, an activated carbon adsorption system and a blower. An exothermic reaction initiates within a few minutes of mixing, resulting in a sudden volume expansion of reaction product. The product temperature begins to rise and optimally within 15 mm it reaches 400° F and within 90 mm it climbs to 600° F. Then the temperatures begin to drop over the next 4-6 h until the ambient temperature is reached. The thermal milling that occurs during exothermic reaction converts the reaction product into an extremely fine, off-white, water-impermeable powder. The final powder product, which is essentially clay, limestone and sand, can be used as a cement additive or as a roadbed material; it can also be pelletized and/or used for backfill. The sludge PCB concentrations ranged from 35 to 3,000 ppm. PCB destruction in the sludge ranged from 83.6 % to greater than 99.9%. There was no apparent relationship between the level of PCB destruction and the amount of PCB materials in the sludge.
Level of Implementabihry: On-site tests on approximately 300 Ib foundry wastewater sludge pilot unit (20 Ib/batch) were conducted.
Advantages:
1. Organophihc component of the reagents coats the quicklime and plays the distinctive role of absorbing and trapping PCBs before exothermic reaction starts that breaks down the trapped PCB. 2. Self-generated reaction heat for the waste treatment process.
2001 017 0162 4-18 5/23/01 Disadvantages:
1 No pilot study on soil or sediment was undertaken, all tests were conducted on sludge. 2 Massive reagents were induced into the system. 3 Requires high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and a scrubbing/adsorption system to control emissions.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The claims summarized above are reported in a single paper by the inventor in the open literature. Independent evaluation of the technology needs to be undertaken and/or future developments on the technology should be monitored and reviewed.
4.5 Other Treatment Technologies
4.5.1 Plasma Arc Technology33
Background: Plasma heating systems were developed by NASA in the mid 1990s for use in testing spacecraft heat shields. Plasma torches convert electrical energy into thermal energy, generating plasma that is a highly ionized gas. The typical plasma torch generates a "flame" with temperatures ranging from 4,000 to 12,000° C. Due to the extremely high operating temperatures, a plasma heated furnace breaks down most complex organic waste into simple gases Both in situ and ex situ plasma remediation technologies have been demonstrated at a pilot scale.34 In ex situ plasma remediation the soil or sediment is placed in a large furnace with a plasma torch and the vitrified soil can be periodically drained off. An off-gas system is needed to treat gases generated during the processes. In pilot studies of in situ plasma remediation a 8-10 inch hole is boarded in to the ground and the plasma torch is lowered into the hole and ignited. The torch is then slowly raised to leave a vitrified column leaving the material between the columns untreated. The off-gases need to be captured and treated. As the plasma torch requires a constant gas flow to maintain the plasma, the gas treatment system needs to be large enough to treat both the plasma gas and any VOC or acid gases generated during processing
Level of Implementabihty: Bench and small pilot scale studies have been carried out
Advantages:
1. Destruction efficiencies up to 99.9999 % have been reported for organic and chlorinated organic compounds. 2. Less off gases generated than from conventional incineration.
Disadvantages:
1. Has not been demonstrated on a large scale 2. High moisture content soil would require drying prior to treatment. 3. Soil would be in a vitrified form after treatment. 4. Off-gasses would be produced that would need to be captured and treated.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution. Effects of high water content and high chloride content from a marine environment are unknown.
2001 0170162 4-19 5/23/01 Conclusions and Recommendations: At present, the process has been tested at pilot scale with some promise in low moisture soils. Pilot test would need to be carried out on marine sediments. Gases capturing and treatment systems are not currently sufficiently advanced for in situ field level application.
4.5.2 High Energy Decomposition Processes35
4.5.2.1 Radiolysis-Induced Decomposition of PCBs
Background: The degradation of PCBs by radiolysis is commonly induced using either direct e"-beam injection of electrons from an accelerator, or using y-radiation from a source such as spent nuclear fuel as an indirect electron source. This is a treatment technology and needs to be used in conjunction with a separation technology.
No known commercial operations employ radiolysis for the destruction of PCBs, although a patent for the destruction of PCBs in transformer oils using this technology has been issued. Simulations using spiked soil samples, involving solubilization of the PCBs, followed by flotation of the PCB-containing solvent, followed by radiolysis, have been carried out, and show effective and complete decomposition of the PCBs.
Summary Description: An extensive body of work by Sawai and others in the 1970s showed that the radiolytic decomposition of PCBs proceeds via a stepwise dechlorination process that involves a solvated electron in the sequential removal of chlorine atoms from the PCBs, ultimately resulting in the formation of inorganic chlorine compounds and biphenyl. The process can be used for the dechlorination of any of TO a variety of organochlorine compounds. A 1999 review gives a good description of the process, its possible applications and shortcomings.
Radiolytic decomposition of PCBs has been shown to be effective for the decomposition of PCBs in transformer oils, in organic solvents, and even in aqueous solution and suspensions, destroying the PCBs to the point that the solutions are no longer considered PCB-contaminated (less than 50 ppb PCB concentrations). 41 The process, however, is much less efficient (a factor of 40) for in situ decomposition of PCBs in soils, evidently because the soil does not provide the necessary solution chemistry or act as an appropriate medium for the electron scavenging processes that have been shown to be important in the decomposition mechanism.38 Simulations using spiked soil samples, involving solubilization of the PCBs, followed by flotation of the PCB-containing solvent, followed by radiolysis, have been carried out, and show effective and complete decomposition of the PCBs.38
Owner of Treatment Alternative: Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company, Idaho Falls, ID, has a patent for the removal of PCBs in transformer oil using radiolysis.
Level of Implementability: It is suggested in the literature that the technology can be applied effectively in a cost-effective manner (less than one-third the cost of incineration) but no firm cost estimates are available.38
Advantages:
1. The process is a reductive rather than oxidative method for the decomposition of PCBs. 2. Th eprocess produces inorganic chlorine and biphenyl as byproducts of the decomposition, both relatively benign.
2001-017-0162 4-20 5/23/01 3. The system is transportable. 4. Waste reduction can be accomplished on sites where combustion is not permissible
Disadvantages:
1. Requires the use of a portable accelerator or a source of y-rays such as spent nuclear fuel. 2. Cannot be used as an in situ technique. The PCBs must first be extracted from the soil into an appropriate solvent 3 Th technologe y has not yet been shown to be applicable to a large-scale application.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The technique of radiolytic decomposition of PCBs has not been applied to a large-scale effort. Significant scale-up work is necessary to demonstrate its effectiveness and whether or not it is possible to be used for such a large application. Serious logistical issues with necessary reagents exist.
4.5.2.2 In Situ Decomposition of PCBs in Soils Using Microwave Energy
Background" The degradation of PCBs in soil using microwave energy can be carried out in situ.4 The soil is mixed with either graphite fibers or powder, and irradiated with microwave energy. Alternatively, graphite rods (e g., pencil leads) can be used to conduct the microwave energy into the soil.
The PCBs are decomposed by being heated to high temperature in the neighborhood of the carbon fibers or graphite rods, which are themselves heated by direct interaction with the microwave energy, and the fragments apparently permanently bind to soil species such as clay. Some provision should be made for volatilizing a small fraction of the polychlonnated species, but the yield of these species is typically small.42 Simulations using spiked soil samples, have been carried out, and show effective and complete decomposition of the PCBs. This is an in situ technology and does not need to be used with another separation or treatment technology
Summary Descnption: While this technology is promising, in that it uses radiation that is non-ionizing, it suffers from the limitation that it can only be used effectively in dry soils. Water in the soil absorbs the microwave energy and converts it to heat of vaporization. So, if this technique were to be used on wet soils, energy input during the initial stages would go into evaporation of water, and only after the water had been evaporated would decomposition occur. If this technology is to be applied to the New Bedford Harbor problem, it would require first drying the soils This requirement makes the technology impractical as a truly in situ remediation technology, but nonetheless offers treatment without the use of chemical solvents. The technology can be thought of as a limited vitrification of the soil using microwaves.
Owner of Treatment Alternative: As far as can be determined, no patent exists on this technology.
Advantages' 1. The technology is an in situ technique and does not need to be used with another separation or treatment technology 2. Th procese s uses relatively low-technology devices for implementation. 3. The process uses no chemical solvents. 4. Th systee m is transportable.
2001 017 0162 4_21 5/23/01 Disadvantages:
1. The process is not effective in wet soils. 2. The technology has not been demonstrated on a large scale.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution- Data on the performance of the technology in commercial scale applications is not known The capability of the technology to clean up high concentration samples needs to be evaluated.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The decomposition of PCBs using microwave energy is promising and has potential for application to New Bedford Harbor sediments, but the technology is still in the research stage and has not been applied to any large-scale efforts
4.5.2.3 High Energy Corona Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds
A significant effort has been funded by the US DOE for the development of this and other technologies for the destruction of volatile organic compounds. It is only applicable for the destruction of gas-phase species, and thus could only be used as a treatment step after volatilization of the PCBs in the New Bedford Harbor soils.
Summary Description: This technique is not an in situ technique, and can only be used to destroy gases that have been purged from soils, for example. It is, however, very effective for this use, and has been shown to destroy 99.9% of trichloroethylene (TCE), with one reactor processing up to five cubic feet per minute (5 scfm) of soil off-gas. Several reactors can be run in parallel to treat more off-gas (up to 105 scfm), and the energy requirements are modest, using up to about 50 mA of current at 30 kV (=1.5 kW) per reactor.
Owner of Patent: Pacific Northwest Laboratories has applied for a patent on the technology.
Level of Implementabihty: It is suggested that the technology is easy to implement, and the whole package, including reactor and analytical support equipment, can be housed in a trailer to make the process easy to transport from site to site.
Cost Range of Implementation: It is estimated that the initial cost for the 105 scfm system would be $50,000.
Advantages:
1. The process has been shown to be 99.9% effective in destroying trichloroethylene and 90 95% effective in destroying tetrachloroethylene. 2. The process is available in a field prototype system. 3. The system is mobile.
2001-0170162 4-22 5/23/01 Disadvantages:
1. Application to higher molecular weight polychlormated organic species has not been demonstrated, and probably will not be quite as effective. 2. Ca nonly be used to treat gas-phase species. The PCBs must first be volatilized from the soil.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: The technique may have limited applicability to the destruction of PCBs found in the New Bedford Harbor sediments, but may be applicable to clean up of volatile organic carbon in off-gases from other treatment processes, should they be chosen for these sediments.
Conclusions and Recommendations' The technology is potentially very useful for VOC cleanup of the sediments, but probably of limited applicability for the removal or destruction of the PCBs.
CATEGORY B: SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY
4.6 Solvent Extraction
Background: Solvent extraction is a common form of chemical extraction using organic solvent as the extractant. It is commonly used in combination with other technologies, such as solidification/ stabilization, incineration, or soil washing, depending upon site-specific conditions. Solvent extraction also can be used, as a stand-alone technology in some instances. Organically bound metals can be extracted along with the target organic contaminants, thereby creating residuals with special handling requirements Traces of solvent may remain within the treated soil matrix, so the toxicity of the solvent is an important consideration. The treated media are usually returned to the site after having met Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) and other standards. Commercial operations employing the Solvent Extraction Technology are reviewed below
4 6 1 The Ionics Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (BEST) Process
Summary Description: The BEST process uses organic solvents, usually triethylamme (TEA), to extract organic contaminants from soil, sludge and sediments. Triethylamme is preferred because it has a high vapor pressure and because it exhibits inverse miscibihty with respect to water. At temperatures above 55° C, TEA is miscible with water, and immisible below this temperature. The process is nondestructive, functioning as a separation technology, segregating materials into three fractions: oil, water and solids. The BEST system is a batch process consisting of four basic operations: extraction, solvent recovery, solids drying, and water stripping. Extraction is carried out in two separate vessels, a premix tank and an extractor/dryer. Cold extractions are carried out on high water content materials in a premix tank. The solids to be treated are batch-fed to the tank and chilled. TEA is then added to the tank with mechanical agitation for five minutes Both water and organic contaminants are removed in this process. The solvent is decanted and pumped to a solvent recovery system and the solid is moved to the Extractor Dryer. The solid is extracted at 77° C in the agitated Extractor/Dryer with additional TEA. No water is removed in this phase. The solvent is recovered from the solvent/oil/water mixture in the solvent recovery evaporator. The solvent is condensed and stored in a solvent storage tank. The solid is dried under agitation in the Extractor/Dryer by steam at 77° C, after which it is discharged through a port at the bottom of the vessel. The number of extraction cycles necessary to decrease the concentration of a specific organic contaminant to a given clean up level varies and is determined by treatabihty test.
2001 017 0162 4_23 5/23/01 Owner of Treatment Alternative: Ionics Resource Conservation Company (RCC)
Level of Implementability: The process was employed in pilot scale operation to treat river sediments in ten 68 kg batches at RCC. The system is transportable. Full scale operation is mentioned but not referenced.
Cost Range of Implementation: Cost of implementation was $617/ton. This cost includes the BEST process coupled with the CRTI post extraction, PCB dechlonnation process.
List of Projects Where It has Been Implemented:
1. Pilot Scale Demonstration at Resources Conservation Company. The process treated ten 68 Kg batches of PCB and other semivolatile organics sediments. PCB concentrations in the sediments ranged from 10 to 427 mg/Kg. Removal efficiency was greater than 99%. 2. Pilot Scale Demonstration on New Bedford Harbor Hot Spot Sediments. The process treated high concentration PCBs containing sediments (average 5,667 mg/Kg) to less than 50 ppm in five to six extraction cycles. With additional extraction cycles (eight to nine), the process appears capable of treating the sediments to concentrations below 10 ppm.
Advantages:
1. The BEST process is effective in removing PCBs or other semivolatile organic contaminants from high moisture content containing sediments with 99.2% efficiency. Removal efficiency is dependent on sample type. 2. The process reduces toxicity and mobility with removal of soil contaminants. 3. Th eprocess is effective in volume reduction. 4. Th systee m is transportable. 5. Waste reduction can be accomplished on-sites where combustion is not permissible. 6. Th procese s is a non-thermal process and does not produce undesirable organic by- products, or an extensive off gas system.
Disadvantages:
1. The process does not eliminate the need to dispose of PCBs, but only concentrates it. 2. Lengthy implementation time for fullscale operation (3 years). 3. Th technologe y suffers from poor community acceptance due to the hazardous nature of the solvent.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: Data on the performance of the technology in commercial scale applications is not known. The fate of residual TEA in the soil needs to be studied The capability of the technology to clean up high concentration samples needs to be evaluated.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The BEST process has potential for application for remediation of the New Bedford Harbor sediments since the process is effective on high moisture content samples. The technology is an ex-situ process, and therefore requires that sediments be first removed from the harbor.
2001 017-0162 4_24 5/23'01 The number of extraction cycles required to clean PCBs-contaimng samples to defined target levels is not known and further studies are required in this area The technology shows great potential to remove PCBs from NBH sediment samples but its implementation is limited by poor community acceptance due to the hazardous nature of the solvent. There appears to be no advancement in the technology or its community acceptance since its pilot scale demonstration at the NBH site
4.6.2 Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology
Summary Description. The Terra Kleen System is a batch process that operates at ambient temperatures and removes semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from soils using proprietary solvents The system was largely developed to remove polychlonnated biphenyls (PCBs). After soils are washed with solvent, the contaminated solvent passes through a recovery unit, where contaminants are separated from the solvent and concentrated, reducing the contaminant volume for disposal. The reclaimed solvent is then reused in the process. The PCB-contammated purification media is transported off site for incineration at a permitted facility. The system consists of multiple extraction tanks, a sedimentation tank, a microfiltration unit, a solvent purification station, a clean solvent storage tank, a vacuum extraction system and a pneumatic and spark- proof pumping system to circulate the flammable extraction solvent. Excavated soil is loaded into the extraction tanks and clean solvent from the solvent storage tank is pumped into the extraction vessels. Soil and solvent are held in the tank, allowing organic contaminants to dissolve in the solvent, separating them from the soil The retention time in the extraction tanks is based on the site characteristics and the results of treatability tests Solvent washing continues until a site-specific soil cleanup level is attained.
The PCB-laden solvent is then transferred from the extraction tanks to the sedimentation tank. Suspended solids are settled and the solvent is regenerated Residual solvent in the soil is removed using vacuum extraction and biological treatment.
Owner of Treatment Alternative: The Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Process is owned by Terra Response Group, Inc
Level of Implementabihty: The process was employed in commercial operation to treat 250 tons of soil using 19 extraction tanks (each 16- to 17-yd3 capacity). The system is transportable and can be configured to treat both small and large quantities of soil
Cost Range of Implementation Cost of implementation range from $165 to $600 per ton of soil and is site specific.
List of Proiects Where It has Been Implemented:
1. Pilot Scale Demonstration at Naval Air Station, North Island (NASNI) in June 1994 under Naval Environmental Leadership Program.46 The process treated 5 tons of PCB contaminated soil with concentration ranging from 17 to 640 mg/Kg. Removal efficiency ranged from 95 % to 99% and treated soil was below targeted TSCA incineration equivalency performance guidance level of 2 mg/Kg of PCBs in the soil. 2. Commercial Operation at Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida.46 The Terra Kleen process was used to process 10,000 tons of PCB and TCE contaminated soil at this site. PCBs were reduced from levels as high as 500 mg/Kg to less than 1 mg/Kg. Processing cost was reported to be $120/ton.
2001 017 0162 5/23/01 Fernald Uranium Feed Plant, Ohio: Teera Kleen processed three types of mixed waste at the Femald, Ohio DOE site, soils, sludges, and debris. Complete performance report was not accessible but significant reduction in PCBs removal rates, in some cases, bringing concentration to below method detection limit was reported. Sparrevohn Long Range Radar System, Sparrevohn Alaska: The solvent extraction system was reported to effectively treat 288 cubic yards of PCB contaminated soil.
Advantages:
1. The process can achieve TSCA incineration equivalency limits on selected sample types. 2. The process reduces toxicity and mobility with removal of soil contaminants. 3. The process is effective in volume reduction. 4. Th esystem is transportable. 5. Waste reduction can be accomplished on sites where combustion is not permissible.
Disadvantages:
1. Contaminated soils with greater than 15 % clays or fines are difficult to treat due to strongly sorbed contaminants and difficult to penetrate soil aggregates. 2. High moisture content soil (>20 %) requires drying prior to treatment. The drying process introduces significant cost for energy and for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission control and treatment if present Solvent distillation to reduce water accumulation in the solvent is also costly. 3. The system is designed to operate at ambient temperatures above freezing. Cold solvent reduces solvent mobility 4. The process does not eliminate the need to dispose of PCBs, but only concentrates it.
Data Gaps/Outstanding Issues and Possible Steps for Resolution: Community acceptance of this technology is unknown, however based upon the lack of acceptance of similar technologies, the community is unlikely to accept this technology.
Conclusions and Recommendations. The Terra Kleen Technology has limited potential for application for remediation of the New Bedford Site sediments. The technology is restricted by its inability to treat samples of high moisture content, which will be the case for NBH sediments. The technology is an ex- situ process, and therefore requires that sediments be first removed from the harbor. The number of extraction cycles required to clean PCBs-contaimng samples defined target levels is not known and further studies are required in this area. More studies are also required to evaluate the performance of the technology on marine sediments. Due to the low tolerance of this process for high percentage moisture in sediments, it is anticipated to be less effective than the BEST process reviewed above. Like the BEST process, the implementation of the technology is expected to be limited by poor community acceptance due to the hazardous nature of the extraction solvent.
4.7 Thermal Desorption47
Background: Thermal desorption is an ex-situ physical separation process to separate contaminants (organics, mercury, cyanide, etc.) from a waste matrix which is typically made of soils, sludges, sediments or filter cakes. The contaminants are typically volatized in a thermal desorber and swept into
2001-0170162 4-26 5/23/01 an off gas The off gas is then treated in an emission control system either by collection of the contaminant for subsequent recovery or off-site treatment/disposal or by destroying the contaminant on- site in an afterburner. Thermal desorbers may be characterized by:
1. Method of heating (direct or indirect). 2. Operating pressure (slight vacuum or high vacuum) 3. Maximum solids treatment temperature (low: 149-315° C; medium: 315-538° C, and high: 538-649° C).
The emission control system may be characterized as a recovery-type or a destructive-type. The selection of the type of emission control system depends on the concentration of the contaminants in the feed, air emission regulations, community relation's considerations, and economic factors. Contaminants for which bench, pilot, and full-scale treatment data are available in the literature include volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, polychlonnated biphenyls, chlorinated phenols, pesticides, herbicides, dioxms/furans, mercury, and cyanide Thermal desorption has also been extensively applied to soils and sludges contaminated with petroleum products.
Thermal desorption has been in commercial use since the late 1980s. Properly designed and operated, thermal desorption with pre- and post-processing offers a viable means for remediation of contaminated soils, sludges and sediments. Experience has revealed a number of factors that need to be considered in evaluating potential thermal desorption applications. Some of these features include organic material characterization, particulate carryover into downstream emission control devices, fugitive emissions during excavation, screening, crushing, and storage before treatment, materials handling, chlorine and sulfur content of feed material, contaminant treatment criteria, maximum bed temperature effected in the soil media, and selection of appropriate emission control system. From the point of view of cost, it is mainly a function of the solid moisture content, solid characteristics, contaminants volatility, contaminants concentration, vendor equipment limitations, and clean up standards. Regulatory requirements may also be a key contributor to the cost of treatment
Based on the review of the bench, pilot and full scale studies of thermal desorption for remediation of PCBs, it is concluded that thermal desorption will remove PCBs and other organics from New Bedford Harbor sediment. Pilot scale testing did not provide data that met the criteria for community acceptance. In particular, scaling of the process to a full-scale system, including the use of hazardous materials (hydrogen and/or flammable gas) in the process, the fate of metals and the potential formation of dioxins need to be thoroughly evaluated. The relevant mature operations employing Thermal Treatment technology are summarized below.
4.7.1 Low Temperature Thermal Desorption
Summary Description: The PCB contaminated soil discussed in Noms et ai arose from a 20 ha (49.4 acres) telecommunications manufacturing facility (capacitor manufacture). Potential remedial alternatives investigated included the use of landfill, soil washing, solvent washing, bioremediation, high temperature incineration and low temperature thermal desorption (LTTD). Following technology evaluation studies, including a number of treatment trials, LTTD was selected. Treatment was undertaken by British Aerospace Royal Ordnance Environmental Services Group (ESG) using a 20 t/h mobile unit. Low temperature thermal desorption at around 400° C is a remediation technology suitable for the treatment of soils contaminated with low and middle distillate organic compounds such as solvent, gasoline, diesel and lubricating oils, and some pesticides
2001 017-0162 4_27 5/23/01 The soil contaminated by PCB with average concentration of 120 mg/kg and a peak of 1,300 mg/kg was treated by using low temperature thermal desorption technology. Thermal treatment was shown to remove PCBs from a difficult matrix sufficiently to pass stringent residual contamination values, without unacceptable impacts on the environment and at a cost per ton significantly lower than that of high temperature incmeration-a saving of 75% The process of the technology consists of two steps: 1) feeding contaminated material continuously to evaporate the contaminants through a rotary kiln where the temperature is around 400° C; and 2) the exhaust gas from the 1st stage is then passed through dust filters into a thermal oxidizer unit where controlled oxidation at a minimum temperature of 850° C ensures extremely high destruction efficiencies of the contaminant vapors. The treatment resulted in output soil PCB concentrations of 0.1 ± 0.1 mg/m3 relative to a consent target value of 1 ng/m3 and dioxins of 0.01 ng/m3-TEQ compared to a consent value of 1 ng/m3-TEQ
Owner of Treatment Alternative" Nortel Ltd , Colder Associates (UK) Ltd.
Level of Implementabihty Bench Scale (20 t/h)
Cost Range of Implementation: Remediation using low temperature desorption presented a saving of 75 % compared to incineration cost of about £770 per ton of soil in 1998 (Equivalent to $ 1,270 at a 1998 conversion rate of $ 1 00 = £ 0.6098).
List of Projects Where It Has Been Implemented: British Aerospace Royal Ordnance Environmental Service Group (ESG) using a 20t/h mobile unit.
Advantages:
1. Good for low and middle distillate contaminants; Low cost (saving 75%). 2. Ca nremove PCBs from a difficult soil matrix. 3. Lower treatment temperature with high efficiency. 4. High destruction efficiencies and very low dioxins emissions.
Disadvantages
1. Logistical issues in handling of high moisture content sediments. 2. Requires thermal oxidizer or secondary treatment of emissions for high destruction efficiencies and extremely low levels of dioxins.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Thermal desorption was tested at a pilot scale at NBH and found to be effective at removing PCBs from solid matrix. Some logistical issues were identified; in particular, the handling of high moisture content sediments. These would require resolution prior to implementation at full scale but were not considered insurmountable. The process was not accepted by the community, primarily because it did not resolve previously identified issues associated with thermal processes and because disposal/treatment of resulting PCB oil remained a significant concern.
4.7.2 ESMI Thermal Desorption Process
Summary Description: R&D pilot scale treatment was conducted from 1994 to 1997 at Environmental Soil Management Inc (ESMI) in Loudon, New Hampshire, to demonstrate both pilot and full scale thermal desorption of soils contaminated with various compounds such as manufactured gas plant (MGP)
2001 017 0162 4-28 5/23'01 waste, low level PCBs and chlorinated solvents. Upon demonstration of contaminant treatabihty in the pilot scale, soils were then treated in full scale thermal desorption units.49 Full-scale soil treatment was completed at ESMI facilities located in both New Hampshire and New York. Ultimately, the full-scale technology was applied to remediate soils contaminated with chlorinated solvents at the sites. Plant scale remediation entailed heating contaminated soils in a rotary dryer at temperatures between 450 and 900°F. The contaminant was driven from the soil and destroyed in a thermal oxidizer with a hydrocarbon destruction efficiency of greater than 99.6%. Solids were stored and pre-processed in an enclosed storage building. Pre-processing included blending, screening, crushing, and removal of unbeatable debris (wood, plastic, metal). Pre-processed soils were fed via conveyors to the thermal desorption plant Soils were fed to the rotary dryer and tumbled through for a designated residence time. The burner was fired to achieve a desired soil exit temperature. Treated soils exited the burner end of the dryer and were dehydrated in a pugmill. Treated soils were stockpiled, sampled and segregated before post-treatment analytical results were retrieved. Soil contaminants volatized from the soil in the dryer and exited with the flue gas stream at the feed end of the dryer Flue gases passed from the dryer to a cyclone where initial particulate removal took place. Particulate matter collected in the cyclone was returned to the burner end of the dryer for treatment and exited the dryer discharge soils. Flue gases exited the cyclone and were treated for contaminants
The removal efficiencies of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ranged from 98 97% to 99.99% and 95.44% to 99.99%, respectively. All soil contaminated with low level PCBs (<50 ppm) were remediated to below 1 ppm Under existing regulations, only soils with less than 50 ppm PCB were eligible to be remediated at the ESMI fixed facilities. Thermal desorption of PCB contaminated soils required temperatures in excess of 825° F. Soils contaminated with chlorinated solvents were successfully treated with removal efficiencies of 95.8 to 99 98% for tnchloroethylene (TCE) and 93 5% to 99.98% for perchloroethylene (PCE).
Level of Implementabihry: Bench-scale, pilot, and full scale
Advantages' Good efficiency for hydrocarbon destruction.
Disadvantages: Used for low level (<50 ppm) PCB removal only (under existing regulations at the fixed facilities) This method requires temperature in excess of 825° F
Conclusions and Recommendations: Plant scale tests showed that the overall process was efficient for destruction of TPH and PAH without a wet scrubber. With a wet scrubber, TCE and PCE were removed from soils at high efficiency Under existing regulations, only soils with <50 ppm PCB were eligible to be remediated at the existing fixed facilities. It is likely to have the same concerns as other thermal processes and will require post treatment of the gases to ensure high efficiency and low dioxm emissions.
4.7.3 Ecotechniek Soil Treatment
Summary Description: Soil contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons like pesticides, PCDD/PCDF and PCB can be treated in an environmentally responsible way with the thermal treatment plant of Ecotechniek BV, The Netherlands. They can be cleaned to values lower than the laboratory detection limit for pesticides and to below the target levels for PCDD/PCDF and PCB. The process includes- 1) removing any iron particles from contaminated soil using a magnetic separator; 2) reducing the coarse rubble into smaller parts when the soil passes through a crusher; 3) preheating the soil to approximately 300° C by the hot exhaust gases and then heating the soil to a maximum of 600° C by a gas burner in a rotary kiln (after evaporating the volatile compounds, the treated soil is discharged and the process gas
2001-0170162 4-29 5/23/01 further treated); 4) removing dust in the process gas through a series of multi-cyclones and dust filters prior to being fed to an afterburner where contaminants are destructed into CO2, H2O, and HC1; and 5) removing acid gases and organic components by passing the gas through an adsorbent unit filled with lime and carbon.
The results of soil treatment with rotary kiln temperature of 600° C, afterburner temperature of 1050° C and treatment capacity of 25 tons/hr showed that soil contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons can be cleaned to values lower than the laboratory detection limit for pesticides and to extremely low end concentrations for PCB and PCDD/PCDF even for heavily contaminated soils. In addition, the emission of dioxins and furans was considerably lower than the target value of 0.1 ng /m3-TEQ (recorded values were about 0.01 ng/m3-TEQ). Lower values were also measured for other components m the gas flow (CO, SO2, HC1, HF, organic carbon and dust)
The destruction efficiency of the afterburner was higher than 99.99% for all tested chlorinated compounds and the removal efficiency for the adsorber unit was at least 95% for any dioxins and furans formed after the afterburner. In total, Ecotechmek has already treated more than 3,000,000 tons of contaminated soils over the past 17 years with one mobile and two stationary thermal treatment plants. (Treatment capacity = 25 tons/hour)
Owner of Treatment Alternative: Ecotechmek , The Netherlands
Level of Implementability: Commercial plant
Cost Range of Implementation: Cost of implementation is £580 (equivalent to $ 950 using a 1998 conversion rate of $ 1 00 = £ 0.6098) per ton of soil.
Advantages:
1. Efficiency 99.99%; Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons can be cleaned to values lower than the lab detection limit. 2. 6500 tons of heavily contaminated soils were treated. 3. High efficiency for removal of pesticides, PCB and PCDD/PCDF. 4. Low CO HC1, , and SOx emission; High treatment capacity. 5. 17 years operation experience.
Disadvantages:
1. System is complex and potentially costly. 2 Produces products of combustion including PCDD/PCDF. 3. Off-gases require secondary treatment.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Proven technology with the same limitations as other thermal treatment technologies, including production of by-products of incineration that require secondary treatment. Nothing new in this implementation that is likely to mitigate the community's concern for thermal processes at NBH.
2001 017-0162 4-30 5/23/01 4.7.4 In-situ thermal desorption (ISTD)
Summary Description- In m-situ thermal desorption (ISTD) heat and vacuum are applied simultaneously to subsurface soils For shallow contamination (less than 2-ft depth) heat and vacuum are applied by thermal blankets and for deeper contamination thermal wells are used.51 In the ISTD Thermal Blankets heat is supplied to the soil by downward conduction from a surface heater and vaporized products are collected under an impermeable sheet into a vacuum system The ISTD-Thermal Blanket is an 8-ft by 20-ft stainless steel box covering 160 square feet. The near surface soil is raised to about 1,600° F by the radiant energy and the heat front then propagates downward into the soil by thermal conduction. As the contaminants in the soil are drawn upwards, the high temperatures in the soil near the heating elements convert the majority of contaminants (98-99%) to CO2 and H2O.
For ISTD-Thermal Wells, an array of heater/vacuum wells is placed vertically in the ground in triangular patterns The wells are equipped with high temperature electric heaters (1,700°F) and connected to a vacuum blower. As heat is injected and soil temperatures rise, the vaporized products are drawn into the wells by the applied vacuum. Contaminants are converted in the soil near the heater well to CO2 and H2O. For both ISTD-Thermal Blankets and Thermal wells, vapors produced are treated further in a mobile vapor treatment system consisting of a flameless thermal oxidizer with > 99.99 % DRE followed by two carbon beds in series. Both ISTD-Thermal Blanket and Thermal Well technologies were effective in achieving the site remediation goals of <2 ppm at all locations sampled within the treatment zone The discharge of PCBs and combustion by-products detected during stack testing activities conducted on the mobile vapor treatment system confirmed that the ISTD process did not adversely impact ambient air quality
The ISTD Thermal Blanket and Wells were shown to remediate high concentration PCB contaminants from shallow and deep clay soils The demonstrations were conducted at the Missouri Electric Works Superfund site in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The area chosen had PCB contamination as high as 19,900 ppm near surface and still above 2 ppm at the target depth of 10 ft. The soil was successfully remediated to a depth of 18 inches. The upper one foot of soil was non-detect for PCB (i.e. <33 ppb) and averages at all depths met the remedial objective of < 2 ppm Sampling after 42 days showed complete clean up of all contaminants to levels below 1 ppm to a depth of 10 ft below ground surface. Sampling down to 15 ft in the center of the treated zone showed that no vertical migration of contamination had occurred. Stack testing of emissions indicated 99.9999998% destruction removal efficiency of PCBs. Post-treatment of soil samples analyzed for PCDD/PCDF exhibited TEQ levels from non-detect to 0 00684 ppb, with an average of 0 003 ppb. This is below the background level of 8 ppt for uncontammated soil in North America.
Level of Implementability: Full-scale Demonstration
Advantages:
1. ISTD process has a high degree of social acceptance because it is a clean, closed system that is reliable and fast 2. Th operatione s are low profile, quiet, and cause little disruption of adjoining neighborhoods. 3. There is no odor. 4. High removal efficiency; removal of high concentration PCBs (both methods are highly effective). 5. Commercial remediation services are available, achieves <2 ppm PCB.
2001 017 0162 4_3J 5/23/01 6. Th edischarge of PCBs and combustion by-products conducted on the mobile vapor treatment system showed minimum exposure to the public and caused little disruption of neighborhoods.
Disadvantages'
1. The ISTD process takes a long time to remediate contaminated soils; for example, the test described above took 42 days 2. Vapors produced need to be treated further with a flameless thermal oxidation followed by carbon bed in order to achieve 99 99 % DRE.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The ISTD technologies volatilized, extracted, and effectively treated high concentrations of the highest boiling point PCBs from dense clay overburden soils without excavation The discharge of PCBs and combustion byproducts detected during stack testing activities conducted on the mobile vapor treatment system indicted that the ISTD process did not adversely impact ambient air quality. The ISTD wells thermal technique is suitable for remediation of highly contaminated soils in deep ground, preferably small size sites without disturbing the soil. This technology has the same concerns previously identified for thermal processes and offers no new secondary treatment that is likely to meet community acceptance.
4.8 Adsorption52'53
Background: In liquid adsorption, solutes concentrate at the surface of a sorbent, thereby reducing their concentration in the bulk liquid phase Adsorption mechanisms are generally categorized as physical adsorption, chemisorption, or electrostatic adsorption Weak molecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces, provide the driving force for physical adsorption, while a chemical reaction forms a chemical bond between the compound and the surface of the solid in chemisorption. Electrostatic adsorption involves the adsorption of ions through Coulombic forces, and is normally referred to as ion exchange, which is addressed separately in the ion exchange modules. In liquids, interactions between the solute and the solvent also play an important role in establishing the degree of adsorption
The most common adsorbent is granulated activated carbon (GAC). Other natural and synthetic adsorbents including activated alumina, forage sponge, hgnm adsorption, sorption clays, and synthetic resins are of limited application and were therefore not reviewed.
4.8.1 Liquid Phase Carbon Adsorption/Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC)
Description: Ground water is pumped through a series of canisters or columns containing activated carbon to which dissolved organic contaminants adsorb. Periodic replacement or regeneration of saturated carbon is required. When the concentration of contaminants in the effluent from the bed exceeds a certain level, the carbon can be regenerated in place; removed and regenerated at an off-site facility; or removed and disposed. Modification of GAC, such as sihcone impregnated carbon, could increase removal efficiency and extend the length of operation It may also be safer to regenerate. The concepts, theory, and engineering aspects of the technology are well developed. It is a proven technology with documented performance data
The two most common reactor configurations for carbon adsorption systems are the fixed bed and the pulsed or moving bed. The fixed-bed configuration is the most widely used for adsorption from liquids.
2001-0170162 5'23/01 Pretreatment for removal of suspended solids from streams to be treated is an important design consideration. If not removed, suspended solids in a liquid stream may accumulate in the column, causing an increase in pressure drop. When the pressure drop becomes too high, the accumulated solids must be removed, for example, by backwashmg. The solids removal process necessitates adsorber downtime and may result in carbon loss and disruption of the mass transfer zone.
Owner of Treatment Technology: Adsorption process using activated carbon is a commonplace technology which is available for general use.
Level of Implementability: Liquid phase carbon adsorption is a full-scale technology. Adsorption by activated carbon has a long history of use in treating municipal, industrial, and hazardous wastes.
Cost Range of Implementation: Estimates on the use of carbon in removal of PCBs from wastestreams are not definitive However costs associated with GAC are dependent on wastestream flow rates, concentration of contaminant, mass loading, required effluent concentration, and site and timing requirements. Costs are lower with lower concentration levels of a contaminant of a given type. Costs are also lower at higher flow rates At flow rates of 0.4 million liters per day (0.1 million gallon per day), costs increase from $0.32 to $1 70 per 1,000 liters ($1 20 to $6.30 per 1,000 gallons) treated
Advantages:
1. Applicable for the adsorption of PCBs as member of the group of semivolatile organics. 2. Liquid phase carbon adsorption is effective for removing contaminants at low concentrations (less than 10 mg/L) from water at nearly any flow rate, and for removing higher concentrations of contaminants from water at low flow rates (typically 2 to 4 liters per minute or 0 5 to 1 gpm) 3 Carbon adsorption is particularly effective for polishing water discharges from other remedial technologies to attain regulatory compliance.
Disadvantages
1. Not applicable for the treatment of sediments. 2. Th duratioe n of GAC is usually short-term for high concentration wastestreams. 3. Th presence e of multiple contaminants can impact process performance. 4. Disadvantages arise from the need to transport and decontaminate spent carbon. 5. Costs are high if used as the primary treatment on waste streams with high contaminant concentration levels.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Carbon adsorption is particularly effective for polishing water discharges from other remedial technologies to attain regulatory compliance. However, this technology is not applicable for the direct treatment of sediments from New Bedford Harbor.
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2001-017-0162 5.4 5/23/01 Appendix A
Abstracts
2001-017-0162 5/23/01 Bioremediation
L3 ANSWER 37 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:74636 CA TI Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by extracellular enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium produced in a perforated plate bioreactor AU Krcmar, Pavel; Kubatova, Alena; Votruba, Jaroslav; Erbanova, Pavla; Novotny, Cenek; Sasek, Vaclav CS Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 32, Czech Rep. SO World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1999), 15(2), 237-242 CODEN: WJMBEY; ISSN: 0959-3993 PB Kluwer Academic Publishers DT Journal LA English AB The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was cultivated in a perforated plate bioreactor and the expression of activities of manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) was measured. Peak activities of the two enzymes were reached close to day 11 and therefore the cultivation was terminated on that day. Extracellular proteins were coned, and both peroxidases sepd. by isoelec. focusing. Degrdn. of tech. PCB mixts. contg. low and highly chlorinated congeners (Delor 103 and Delor 106 as equiv. of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1260, resp.) was performed using intact mycelium, crude extracellular liq. and enriched MnP and LiP. A decrease in PCB concn. caused by a 44-h treatment with mycelium (74% wt./wt. for Delor 103 and 73% for Delor 106) or crude extracellular liq. (62% for Delor 103 and 58% for Delor 106) was obsd. The degrdn. was not substrate-specific, because no significant differences between the resp. degrdn. rates were obsd. with di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorinated congeners. In contrast, MnP and LiP isolated from the above-mentioned extracellular liq. did not catalyze any degrdn.
L3 ANSWER 51 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:39781 CA TI Degradation of environmental pollutants by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium AU Itoh, Hiromichi; Kuwahara, Masaaki CS Mokushitsu Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan SO Kankyo Horumon no Saishin Doko (1999), 175-185 Publisher: Shi Emu Shi, Tokyo, Japan. CODEN: 68NEA5 DT Conference; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with 23 refs. covers degrdn. of pesticides, chloro dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins), PCB, PAH, and polychloro phenols by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium in environmental bioremediation.
L3 ANSWER 73 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:11656 CA TI Correlation of PCB transformation by plant tissue cultures with their morphology and peroxidase activity changes AU Kucerova, Petra; Mackova, Martina; Polachova, Ludmila; Burkhard, Jiri, Demnerova, Katerina; Pazlarova, Jarmila; Macek, Tomas CS Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Prague Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Rep. SO Collect. Czech. Chem. Conunun. (1999), 64(9), 1497-1509 CODEN: CCCCAK; ISSN: 0010-0765 PB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic DT Journal LA English AB The ability of plant cells cultivated in vitro to metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was correlated with the morphol. of the cultures tested as models for phytoremediation studies. More differentiated cultures showed generally higher transformation capacity. The ability of plant cells to transform PCBs is connected to their viability in the presence of PCBs and their behavior can be pos. correlated with the prodn. of intracellular and extracellular peroxidases. The cultures with high PCB-transforming activity proved to exhibit high peroxidase activity in the presence of PCBs while those with low ability to metabolize PCB showed a decrease of the enzyme activity in the presence of PCBs. Expts. with propylgallate were used to distinguish the ratio of involvement of peroxidases in PCB metab.
L3 ANSWER 103 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:276296 CA TI Influence of the exogenous carbon source on the ex-situ bioremediation of a chronically PCB-contaminated soil AU Fava, Fabio; Bertin, Lorenzo; Marchetti, Leonardo CS Department of Applied Chemistry and Science of Materials, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40136, Italy SO Ann. Chim. (Rome) (1999), 89(9-10), 111-116 CODEN: ANCRAI; ISSN: 0003-4592 PB Societa Chimica Italiana DT Journal LA English AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic xenobiotics largely distributed in soils and sediments. These chems. can be degraded by consortia of aerobic bacteria consisting of both biphenyl-utilizing bacteria, capable of bioconverting PCBs into chlorobenzoic acids (CBAs), and CBA mineralizing bacteria. Several studies have shown that the aerobic biodegrdn. of PCBs in soils spiked with tech. mixts. of PCBs or chronically contaminated by industrial PCBs, can be significantly enhanced by the addn. of biphenyl, which supports the growth of PCB -degrading microflora in the soil, thus enhancing the biodegrdn. rates and/or extents of the soil PCBs. Biphenyl is generally added to the contaminated soil at the initial concn. of 4 g/kg. As it has been shown that higher biodegrdn. yields of PCBs in Aroclor 1242 spiked soil can be attained through repeated addns. of biphenyl, the extendibility of this approach into the aerobic biol. decontamination of a chronically PCB-contaminated soil was studied in this work. As it is known that biphenyl is a fairly insol., toxic and costly compd., the possibility of replacing biphenyl with a more common carbon source, such as acetate, in the same treatment conditions was also explored.
L3 ANSWER 105 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:276201 CA TI Degradation of biphenyl by methanogenic microbial consortium AU Natarajan, M. R.; Wu, W.-M.; Sanford, R.; Jain, M. K. CS MBI International, Lansing, MI, 48909-0609, USA SO Biotechnol. Lett. (1999), 21(9), 741-745 CODEN: BILED3; ISSN: 0141-5492 PB Kluwer Academic Publishers DT Journal LA English AB Biphenyl was readily degraded and mineralized to CO2 and CH4 by a PCB-dechlorinating anaerobic microbial consortium. Degrdn. occurred when biphenyl was supplied as a sole source of C or as a co-metabolic substrate together with glucose and methanol. P-Cresol was detected and confirmed by mass spectroscopy as a transient intermediate. Prodn. of 14C-CO2 and 14C-CH4 from 14C-biphenyl was obsd. in the approx. ratio of 1:2. The results indicated the existence of novel pathways for biphenyl degrdn. in a natural anaerobic microbial community.
L3 ANSWER 112 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:247956 CA TI Sorption of polychlorobiphenyls by the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium AU Trstenjak, B.; Perdih, A. CS Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SI-1001, Slovenia SO Acta Chim. Slov. (1999), 46(3), 307-313 CODEN: ACSLE7; ISSN: 1318-0207 PB Slovenian Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB The pellets of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium remove the majority of polychlorobiphenyls from contaminated tap water, esp. those that are less ortho substituted and contain .gtoreq.3 Cl atoms. A fluid bed process seems to be promising in this respect.
L3 ANSWER 128 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:174446 CA TI Strain of Alcaligenes latus bacteria used for the decomposition of polychlorinated biphenyls IN Kapranov, Vladimir Vladimirovich; Zharikov, Gennadii Alexeevich; Borovik, Roman Vladimirovich PA Gosudarstvennoe Uchrezhdenie Nits Toksikologii i Gigienicheskoi Reglamentats, Russia SO PCT Int. Appl., 13 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA Russian FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9941356 Al 19990819 WO 1998-RU36 19980213 W: JP, RU, US RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE AB The present invention relates to a strain of Alcaligenes latus bacteria TKhD-13 VKPM V 75-05 (Russian classification of industrial micro-organisms) used for the decompn. of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB). This invention can be used for the decontamination of objects in the environment or industrial waste which contain PCB In order to produce a biomass, the strain is cultivated in media contg. carbon and nitrogen sources as well as mineral salts. The strain is cultivated according to a submerged process until a titer of between 6.0.108 and 2.0.109 kL/cm3 is reached. The biomass obtained in concns. of between 107 and 108 kL/cm3 is then used for the decompn. of PCB. The strain of the invention is capable of reducing the PCB -content in soil and water by 35 to 50 %.
L3 ANSWER 134 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:161023 CA TI Microbial degradation of PCBs - from lab to field AU Kimbara, Kazuhide CS Zaidan Hojin Railway General Research Center, Tokyo-to, Kokubunji-shi, Hikari-cho, 185-8540, Japan SO Kagaku Kogaku (1999), 63(8), 450-453 CODEN: KKGKA4; ISSN: 0375-9253 PB Kagaku Kogakkai DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with 12 refs. covers PCB degrdn. by combined UV irradn. and biodegrdn., PCB degrading bacteria isolation, and total systems for waste PCB treatment and pollution control.
L3 ANSWER 144 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:106089 CA TI Degradation of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) using microorganisms AU Koana, Takao; Kinbara, Kazuhide; Sakai, Kozo; Kagawa, Seiji; Hamada, Takayoshi CS Railway Tech. Res. Inst., Japan SO Kagaku Sochi (1999), 41(7), 58-62 CODEN: KASOB7; ISSN: 0368-4849 PB Kogyo Chosakai DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review, with 8 refs., on the title method using a combination of UV radiation and 2-step biol. treatment with Comamonas testosteroni and Rhodococcus opacus.
L3 ANSWER 166 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:35254 CA TI Microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in anaerobic sewage sludge AU Chang, B. V.; Chou, S. W.; Yuan, S. Y. CS Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan SO Chemosphere (1999), 39(1), 45-54 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB The potential of a chlorophenol (CP)-adapted consortium to dechlorinate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in wastewater sludge was examd. Results showed that dechlorination rates differed significantly depending on sludge source and PCB congener. Higher total solid concns. in wastewater sludge and higher Cl concns. in PCB resulted in slower dechlorination rates. No significant difference was obsd. for 2, 3, 4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl dechlorination from pH 6.0-8.0; however, dechlorination did not occur at pH 9.0 during a 41-day incubation period. Results showed that at 1 to 10 mg/L concns., the higher the PCB concn., the faster the dechlorination rate. In addn., dechlorination rates were in the following order: methanogenic conditions > sulfate-reducing conditions > denitrifying conditions. Adding acetate, lactate, pyruvate, and ferric chloride decreased lag times and enhanced dechlorination; however, adding MnO2 had an inhibitory effect. Dechlorination rates were also enhanced by the adding PCB congeners, including 2,3,4-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl in mixt. Overall results showed the chlorophenol-adapted consortium has the potential to enhance PCB dechlorination. Optimal dechlorination conditions presented may be used as a ref. for feasibility studies of PCB removal from sludge.
L3 ANSWER 167 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:35120 CA TI Improvement of microbial PCB degradation activity AU Fukuda, Masao CS Dep. Bioeng., Nagaoka Univ. Technol., Nagaoka, 940-2188, Japan SO Baiosaiensu to Indasutori (1999), 57(4), 239-242 CODEN: BIDSE6; ISSN: 0914-8981 PB Baioindasutori Kyokai DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with 14 refs. on polyvinylphenol (PCB) pollution in soil, (bio)remediation of the polluted soil, and various approaches for promotion of PCB-degrdn. in cell and enzyme levels.
L3 ANSWER 169 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:22792 CA TI Biological treatment of leachate from special waste landfills with batch-mode charged, flooded fixed-bed reactors AU Dollerer, Josef CS Technische Univ. Munchen, Garching, D-85748, Germany SO Ber. Wasserguete- Abfallwirtsch., Tech. Univ. Muenchen (1998), 142, 1-121 pp. CODEN: BWAME3; ISSN: 0942-914X PB Gesellschaft zur Foerderung des Lehrstuhls fuer Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen DT Journal LA German AB Lab.-scale studies concerning the treatment of leachate from hazardous waste landfills with a combination of a biol. pretreatment in a sequencing-batch-biofilm-reactor (SBBR), a wet chem. oxidn. treatment, and a biol. after-treatment in SBBR were carried out. The aim of the oxidn. stage was the degrdn. of nitrification inhibiting and toxic org. substances to optimize the nitrification in the second biol. stage. The first stage showed TOC and DOC decompn. rates of 52% and 61%, resp., and very stabile operation conditions. The second biol. stage showed without an oxidn. stage insufficient nitrification rates. Therefore a oxidn. stage using H202/UV and Fentons reagent was implemented before the second biol. stage for the elimination of inhibiting substances. The influence of the oxidn. stage was investigated with the help of a differential biofilm reactor. In the second biol. stage, DOC degrdn. of addnl. 23% was achieved, the overall DOC degrdn. was >93%. The options of TOC degrdn., nitrification, and denitrification were achieved by the combined leachate treatment. Hazardous and toxic pollutants can be eliminated by oxidative treatment. Post-treatment by adsorption in activated-C filters removes heavy metals and org. compds. nondegraded.
L3 ANSWER 213 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:143635 CA TI Biological treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl with immobilized bacteria IN Kanehara, Kazuhide; Mukagi, Gouri; Hayakawa, Toshio; Shimura, Minoru PA Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11019247 A2 19990126 JP 1997-176197 19970701 AB Hazardous wastes contg. PCB are treated by biodegrdn. with immobilized bacteria (esp , Rhodococcus opacus TSP-203) on porous polymeric supports made fiom alginate salts.
L3 ANSWER 215 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:129434 CA TI Apparatus and method for treating wastewater with high COD IN Tanaka, Eiji; Miyake, Akira PA Kuraray Chemical K. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 4 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT I PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11028488 A2 19990202 JP 1997-205309 19970714 AB This app. comprises a 1st and a 2nd layers filled with activated C particles bearing microorganism and a connection pipe having an air duct and connecting the bottom parts of the 1st and 2nd layers. Wastewater treatment is carried out by introducing org. wastewater into the 1st layer and then into the 2nd layer, stopping wastewater introduction when the wastewater level reaches the upper parts of these layers, and discharging treated wastewater. Due to the periodic wastewater introduction and discharge, dissolved 0 is kept sufficient in those layers and aerobic wastewater treatment is efficiently carried out. The app. is durable and useful for treating wastewater with high COD, such as wastewater contg. PCB, various kinds of dyes, org. Cl compds., etc.
L3 ANSWER 216 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:129433 CA TI Apparatus and method for treating wastewater with high COD IN Tanaka, Eiji; Miyake, Akira PA Kuraray Chemical K. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 4 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11028487 A2 19990202 JP 1997-205308 19970714 AB This app. comprises parts filled with activated C particles bearing microorganism and empty spaces equipped with air or O supplying means: and the parts and spaces are reciprocally formed. Org. matter in wastewater is decompd. by microorganism immobilized in the activated C particles in aerobic conditions by supplying air or 0 to the spaces. The app. is durable and useful for treating wastewater with high COD, such as wastewater contg. PCB, various kinds of dyes, org. Cl compds., and so on.
L3 ANSWER 217 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:129262 CA TI (Bio)remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): problems, perspective and solutions AU Robinson, G. K. CS Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK SO Biochem. Soc. Trans. (1998), 26(4), 686-690 CODEN: BCSTB5; ISSN: 0300-5127 PB Portland Press Ltd. DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with 22 refs. concerning the problems, perspectives, and solns. for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), specifically an ex-situ method for historically polluted soil, is given. Topics discussed include: PCB biochem.; process considerations (incompatibility in hydraulic retention times, bioavailability effect, presence of metabolic intermediates, incomplete mass balance); and hybrid chem.-biol. process.
L3 ANSWER 237 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:78526 CA TI Isolation of a Pseudomonas strain resistant to organic solvents and capable of degrading coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls AU Souta, Ikuo; Sakurai, Toshiro; Hayashi, Michio CS Environmental Engineering Division, Kanagawa Prefecture Environmental Research Center, Kanagawa, 254-0072, Japan SO Biocontrol Sci. (1998), 3(2), 57-62 CODEN: BISCFY; ISSN: 1342-4815 PB Society for Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Japan DT Journal LA English AB Biol. treatment of waste polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) mixed with org. solvents (OSs) requires bacteria that have both OS tolerance and PCB-degrading capacity. Therefore, the authors tried to find such bacteria strongly capable of both tolerating OS and degrading PCBs. They screened eleven bacteria capable of degrading more than 70% (w/v) of KC-300 contg. 10 ppm PCB from 200 samples of soil and sea water taken from the mouth of Sagami river and elsewhere. The authors selected six of the 11 strains that could degrade more than 50 % (w/v) of KC-500 (10 ppm). The six strains were subjected to expts. using high concns. of PCBs (HC-PCBs) and OS tolerance tests. Of these six, a strain that could degrade HC-PCBs was selected and identified by physiol., biol. and electron microscopic examns. as Pseudomonas putida. The isolate was then named SN-4992. SN-4992 degraded more than 60% of PCBs at 100 ppm (KC-400) over 15 d, and 86.8 % of very toxic coplanar PCBs (c-PCBs) in KC-400 (100 ppm) .
L3 ANSWER 241 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:65891 CA TI Anaerobic / aerobic bioremediation of PCB-contaminated soil and sediment AU Vogel, Timothy M.; Schlegel, Thomas CS Rhodia Eco Services, Meyzieu, 69330, Fr. SO Contam. Soil '98, Proc. Int. FZK/TNO Conf., 6th (1998), Volume 1, 523-530 Publisher: Telford, London, UK. CODEN: 66XMAV DT Conference LA English AB Anaerobic remediation significantly reduced PCB concn. and shifted the general pattern to the less chlorinated biphenyls. The subsequent aerobic phase further reduced the PCB total attacking in presence of mono-, di-, and trichlorobiphenyls. The target degrdn. levels are set either by limits for putting soil into landfills or leaving the soil in place.
L3 ANSWER 251 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:42796 CA TI Method for remediation of organically contaminated materials IN Sobisch, Titus; Niebelschuetz, Horst PA L.U.M. Gesellschaft fuer Labor-, Umweltdiagnostik und Medizintechnik m.b.H., Germany; ARGUS G.m.b.H. SO Ger. Offen., 4 pp. CODEN: GWXXBX DT Patent LA German FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI DE 19806593 Al 19981203 DE 1998-19806593 19980217 AB Wet mech. and biodegrdn. of wastes, e.g., contaminated soils, in a fixed bed reactor is improved by adding a dispersing agent and recirculating the fine particulate fraction. The method removes pyrene from sands and soils and removes PCBs from construction wastes.
L3 ANSWER 277 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:320388 CA TI Aerobic biodegradation of PCBs in photolyzed and non-photolyzed surfactant solutions AU La Torre, Keith A.; Shi, Zhou; Ghosh, Mriganka M.; Layton, Alice C. CS University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA SO Des. Appl. Treat. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 225-230. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RMAZ DT Conference LA English AB The enhancement of aerobic biodegrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by UV irradn. was investigated in batch reactors. The PCBs were dissolved in a micellar soln. of a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether [POL ("'0)]. u/ irradn. was used to reductively dechlorinate highly chlorinated PCB congeners to make them more vulnerable to aerobic biochem. attack. In an integrated bioremediation scheme, (I) surfactants solubilize PCBs; (2) photolysis is used to make highly chlorinated congeners more amenable to biodegrdn.; and finally, (3) genetically engineered aerobic microorganisms (GEMs), capable of using surfactants for growth while cometabolizing PCBs, are used for biodegrdn. At a POL (10) dosage of 10 g/L, percent degrdn. ranged from 52-64% in PCS solns. contg. 22-269 mg/L of total PCB, the max. removal occurring in a soln. contg. 46 mg/L of PCB. For 50 mg/L PCB solns. in 0.5 - 10 g/L POL (10), a max. biodegrdn. of 74% was obtained at a POL (10) concn. of 2 g/L. With UV irradn. for 40 min, 63% of the PCBs in a 210 mg/L soln. could be degraded, and an addnl. degrdn. of 60% of the remainder was realized in a subsequent biodegrdn. step. By comparison, only 52% of PCBs could be aerobically biodegraded without photolysis.
L3 ANSWER 279 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:320317 CA TI Plant tissue cultures in model studies of transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls AU M,rckova, M.; Macek, T.; Kucerova, P.; Burkhard, J. ; Triska, J.; Demnerova, K. CS Dept. of Biochem. and Microbiol., Fac. of Food and Biochem. Technol. ICT Prague, Prague, CZ-166 28, Czech Rep. SO Chem. Pap. (1998), 52(Focus Issue), 599-600 CODEN: CHPAEG; ISSN: 0366-6352 PB Slovak Academic Press Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB Basic studies were performed aimed to improve the knowledge on phytoremediation, removal of xenobiotics from the environment by plants. Plant cells in vitro, and esp. hairy root cultures were used in study of PCB metab. by plants. Conditions for PCB transformation, formed products and involvement of plant peroxidases were studied.
L3 ANSWER 282 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:306146 CA TI Anaerobic/aerobic bioremediation of PCB-contaminated soil and sediment AU Vogel, Timothy M.; Schlegel, Thomas CS Rhodia Eco Services, Meyzieu, Fr. SO Des. Appl. Treat. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 219-224. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RMAZ DT Conference LA English AB PCB-contaminated soil can be remediated by sequential anaerobic/aerobic biodegrdn. This sequential process was applied to both soils and sediments in order to det. the efficiency and treatment duration. The anaerobic phase was initiated by the addn. of nutrients and an external carbon source. The aerobic phase was initiated by either hydrogen peroxide or air plus other nutrients. In soils, the concn. dropped from about 50 ppm to 10 ppm in five months. In sediments, the process was considerably longer. Anal, and regulatory aspects play a major role in the detn. of the applicability of this technique.
L3 ANSWER 290 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:305770 CA TI Anaerobic/aerobic microbial coupling for the biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls
10 AU Guiot, Serge R.; Tartakovsky, Boris; Hawari, Jalal; Lau, Peter C. K. CS Biotechnology Research Institute, NRCC, Montreal, Can. SO Des. Appl. Treat. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 207-212. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RMAZ DT Conference LA English AB A consortium of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms was developed and tested to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a coupled anaerobic-aerobic reactor system (CANOXIS). The reactor was inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge augmented with biphenyl and chlorobiphenyl aerobic degraders, Rhodococcus strain M5. The reactor system was fed, first, with a biphenyl-isobutanol mixt., and then an Aroclor 1242-isobutanol mixt. System monitoring demonstrated fast aerobic degrdn. of biphenyl combined with significant CH4 prodn. The onset of PCB feeding {12 mg/L in influent) did not impair methanogenesis. Effluent contained <0.06 mg/L PCB, which are much less chlorinated homologs than the original compd. PCB was dechlorinated at a rate of 1.4 mg PCB/g volatile suspended solid-day. At the end of reactor operation, 16S rDNA-sequencing identified the presence of Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Rhodococcus species in addn. to Rhodococcus strain M5.
L3 ANSWER 297 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:293439 CA TI Formation of octa- and heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins during semi anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge AU Klimm, C.; Schramm, K.-W.; Henkelmann, B.; Martens, D.; Kettrup, A. CS GSF-Natl. Res. Cent. Environ. Health, Inst. Ecol. Chem., Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany SO Chemosphere (1998), 37(9/12), 2003-2011 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB Octa- and heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD and HpCDD) were formed during semi anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge at low temp. (20.degree.). A 2-fold increase of OCDD and HpCDD was found after a digestion period of 192 days even if concns. were cor. by corresponding accumulation factors caused by the degrdn. of biomass. Other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB) were not increased. Under strictly anaerobic and aerobic conditions, however, no OCDD and HpCDD were formed. Semi anaerobic formation of OCDD and HpCDD may explain the prevalence of higher chlorinated PCDD in the homologues pattern typical for sewage sludge.
L3 ANSWER 313 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:235298 CA TI Effect of Aroclor 1248 concentration on the rate and extent of polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination AU Sokol, Roger C.; Bethoney, Charlotte M.; Rhee, G-Yull CS School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA SO Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (1998), 17(10), 1922-1926 CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN: 0730-7268 PB SETAC Press
11 DT Journal LA English AB Dechlorination kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were investigated in Aroclor 1248-spiked sediments at 16 concns. (0-200 ppm) using sediment microorganisms from the Reynolds site in the St. Lawrence River, New York, USA, over a 58-wk incubation period. The time course of dechlorination, measured as total Cl/biphenyl, consisted of an initial lag phase followed by rapid dechlorination, then a plateau that represented an apparent dechlorination endpoint. A clear threshold concn. was obsd. at 35-45 ppm; there was no dechlorination obsd. at 7 concns. below this level. Above the threshold concn., the dechlorination rate was a function of sediment PCB concn. This rate, calcd. as the slope of the rapid phase, was linear within the concn. range studied. The max. extent of dechlorination also increased with initial Aroclor concns.; only 4% of Cl/biphenyl was removed at 45 ppm, and removal was satd. at .apprx.36% above 125 ppm. This difference appeared to be due to whether or not dechlorination involved meta-rich congeners such as PCB-18, PCB-52, and PCB-44. Results indicated a major controlling factor for natural remediation potential in sediments is initial PCB concn., which dets. the max. extent of dechlorination rather than the dechlorination rate.
L3 ANSWER 391 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:118922 CA TI Bioremediation of PCB- and PAH-containing sludges and sediments in land treatment units to achieve risk-based endpoints AU Smith, John R.; Egbe, Margaret E. CS Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, USA SO Contam. Soils (1997), 2, 379-410 CODEN: CNSLF5 PB Amherst Scientific Publishers DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with many refs. on bioremediation polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon-contg. sludges and sediments.
L3 ANSWER 400 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:79311 CA TI Leaching of PCB compounds from untreated and biotreated sludge-soil mixtures AU Adeel, Z. ; Luthy, R. G.; Dzombak, D. A.; Roy, S. B.; Smith, J. R. CS Suite 100, 46050 Manekin Plaza, HSI GeoTrans, Inc., Sterling, VA, 20166, USA SO J. Contam. Hydrol. (1997), 28(4), 289-309 CODEN: JCOHE6; ISSN: 0169-7722 PB Elsevier Science B.V. DT Journal LA English AB Column expts. evaluated the aq. leachability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from sludge-soil mixts. polluted with PCB and hydraulic oils. Untreated and biotreated sludge-soil samples were obtained from a 2-mo, pilot-scale field test of PCB biodegrdn. in land treatment units. Column leachate comprised mainly di and trichlorobiphenyls. In comparison to untreated samples, column leachate from biotreated samples showed 34-63% redn. in PCB; av. total PCB concns. in column effluent were 0.36-0.82 .mu.g/L for untreated samples and 0.25-0.30 .mu.g/L for biotreated samples. Only a
12 small fraction, <6%, of the PCB mass in untreated sludge-soil mixts. was removed by prolonged flushing with up to 2400-3000 pore vols. of water, suggesting long-term, slow release of PCB at low aq. concns. Flushing rates for column expts. were much higher than typical groundwater flow rates; the 2-mo column expt. period can be qual. compared to a greatly extended duration for groundwater flow. PCB leaching from a nonaq. phase liq. (NAPL) in column expts. was modeled as a predominantly dissoln.-governed process based on first-order kinetics. Estd. dissoln. rate coeffs. were 0.02-0.04/min for various PCB homolog groups. Results helped support the concept of biostabilization, in which polluted materials may be actively biotreated to remove potentially mobile org. pollutants leaving a residual material that is more stable against leaching. Natural attenuation processes, like sorption and intrinsic biodegrdn., further reduce PCB leachability potential. Addnl. long-term monitoring of land treatment units under passive conditions is being done to evaluate such redns.
L3 ANSWER 403 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:52539 CA TI Degradation of nonionic surfactants and polychlorinated biphenyls by recombinant field application vectors AU Lajoie, C. A.; Layton, A. C.; Easter, J. P.; Menn, F. -M.; Sayler, G. S. CS Department of Microbiology and Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1605, USA SO J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1997), 19(4), 252-262 CODEN: JIMBFL; ISSN: 1367-5435 PB Stockton Press DT Journal LA English AB Degrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment is limited by their aq. soly. and the degradative competence of indigenous populations. Field application vectors (FAVs) were developed in which surfactants are used to both increase the soly. of the PCBs and support the growth of surfactant-degrading strains engineered for PCB degrdn. Surfactant and PCB degrdn. by 2 recombinant strains were studied. Pseudomonas putida IPL5 utilizes both alkylethoxylate (polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POL)) and alkylphenolethoxylate (Igepal CO-720 (IGP)) surfactants as growth substrates, but only degrades the ethoxylate moiety. The resulting degrdn. products from the alkyl- and alkylphenolethoxylate surfactants were 2-(dodecyloxy)ethanol and nonylphenoldiethoxylates, resp. Ralstonia eutropha B30P4 grows on alkylethoxylate surfactants without the appearance of solvent-extractable degrdn. products. It also degrades the 2-(dodecyloxy)ethanol produced by strain IPL5 from the alkylethoxylate surfactants. The extent of degrdn. of the alkylethoxylate surfactant (POL) was greater for strain IPL5 (90%) than for B30P4 (60%) as detd. by the cobaltothiocyanate active substances method (CTAS). The recombinant strain B30P4-TnCB grew on biphenyl. In contrast, the recombinant strain IPL5-TnCB could not grow on biphenyl, and PCB degrdn. was inhibited in the presence of biphenyl. The most extensive srrfactan^ and PCB degrdn. was achieved by the use of both recombinant strains together in the absence of biphenyl. PCB (Aroclor 1242) and surfactant (POL) concns. were reduced from 25 and 2000 ppm, resp., to 6.5 and 225 ppm, without the accumulation of surfactant degrdn. products. Given the inherent complexity of com. surfactant
13 prepns., the use of recombinant consortia to achieve extensive surfactant and PCB degrdn. appears to be an environmentally acceptable and effective PCB remediation option.
L3 ANSWER 465 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:112694 CA TI Mineral insulating oil biodegradation AU Graves, Duane; Rickerson, C. G.; Dennis, Darahyl; Watkins, Todd; Garrett, William; Morris, David CS IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN, USA SO In Situ On-Site Biorem., Pap. Int. In Situ On-Site Biorem. Symp., 4th (1997), Volume 1, 461-466 Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 64SMAQ DT Conference LA English AB Dielec. fluid or mineral oil has replaced PCB oil as the insulating medium in elec. transformers. Although the environmental impact resulting from transformer leaks has been reduced by eliminating PCB, soil contaminated with mineral oil still requires remediation. A field demonstration project evaluated mineral oil biodegrdn. in soil using several biol. treatment regimes. The results demonstrate the extent of oil biodegrdn. that can be expected, the change in chem. compn. of mineral oil resulting from biodegrdn., the rate of biodegrdn., the key engineering considerations required to achieve mineral oil biodegrdn., and the resistance of residual mineral oil to chem. oxidn. using ozone.
L3 ANSWER 466 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:112618 CA TI Development of a vitamin B12-amended PCB bioremediation strategy AU Trobaugh, Darin J.; Woods, Sandra L.; Carter, Kim J.; Workman, Darla CS Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA SO In Situ On-Site Biorem., Pap. Int. In Situ On-Site Biorem. Symp., 4th (1997), Volume 2, 413-418 Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 64SMAQ DT Conference LA English AB Polychlorinated biphenyls with Cl substitution in the ortho position are not biotransformed well under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. While biol. mediated reductive dechlorination reactions preferentially remove chlorines at the meta and para positions, vitamin B12s is a nucleophile that catalyzes reductive dechlorination at all positions. Two sep. systems were evaluated to study the reductive dechlorination of chlorobiphenyls by vitamin B12s: an aq. system and a sediment-water system. Aq. phase expts. were performed to det. the effect of Cl position on vitamin B12s-catalyzed reductive dechlorination of 2,3,4,5,6 pentachlorobiphenyl (2,3,4,5,6-PCB) and its metabolites. The products obsd. were consistent with thermodn. data for the parent/product compd. couples. Reductive dechlorination of 2,3,4,5,6-PCB was demonstrated in a sediment-water system, and a comparable pathway was obsd. After 40 days at 30.degree., the av. no. of chlorines per biphenyl mol. was reduced from 5 to 3, or .apprx.40% dechlorination. Controls lacking titanium citrate and/or vitamin B12 showed <10% dechlorination.
L3 ANSWER 470 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:80855 CA TI Active and long-term passive PCB/PAH bioremediation via land
14 farming AU Smith, John R.; Tabe, Margaret E.; Loehr, Ray C. CS Aluminum Co. of America, Alcoa Center, PA, USA SO In Situ On-Site Biorem., Pap. Int. In Situ On-Site Biorem. Symp., 4th (1997), Volume 2, 159-165 Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 64SMAQ DT Conference LA English AB Four pilot-scale land treatment units (LTUs) have been used to successfully demonstrate a sequential active-passive bioremediation process for PCB- and PAH-contg. sludge/sediment material from lagoons at Alcoa's Massena, New York, facility. The multi-year program, currently in its third yr, was designed to generate data to support the concept of biostabilization as a viable remediation approach for PCBs and PAHs. Results to date indicate statistically significant redns. in total PCBs (30-40%) and total PAHs (85-95%). Ancillary measurements supports that the redns. obsd. are due to biodegrdn. with losses via volatilization or leaching being less than 0.02% and 1%, resp. Between 90 to 95% redns. in water leachable (PCBs) and PAHs were also achieved via combined active-passive bioremediation. The biotreated material was detd. to be nontoxic via Microtox testing. For both PCBs and PAHs, greater redns. were obsd. for the more sol., lower mol. wt. compds., compared to the less bioavailable higher mol. wt. compds. Initial active bioremediation serves to provide relatively rapid redns. of the more leachable constituents, while the subsequent passive phase coupled with adequate engineering controls serves to insure long-term containment by supporting continued biodegrdn. as the compds. become slowly bioavailable, thus insuring no migration of the chems. from the treated material.
L3 ANSWER 477 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:55235 CA TI Method for dechlorinating polychlorinated biphenyls using microbial granules IN Bhatnagar, Lakshmi; Wu, Wei-min; Natarajan, Murugiah R.; Wang, Henry Y.; Jain, Mahendra K. PA Bhatnagar, Lakshmi, USA; Wu, Wei-Min; Natarajan, Murugiah R.; Wang, Henry Y.; Jain, Mahendra K. SO U.S., 8 pp. Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 222,585, abandoned. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5635393 A 19970603 US 1995-466004 19950606 PRAI US 1994-222585 19940404 AB A biol. method for dechlorinating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by inoculating a polychlorinated biphenyl contg. sample with PCB dechlorinating anaerobic methanogenic granules is described. The granules are made by coculturing particles of a PCP-dechlorinating methanogenic microbial consortia and a PCB-dechlorinating microorganism under anaerobic conditions in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (USAB) reactor.
L3 ANSWER 482 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:22948 CA TI Bioremediation of sites polluted by commercial PCBs: problematical questions and perspectives
15 AU Mihiri, C.; de Marsac, N. Tandeau CS Unite de Physiologie microbienne, Departement de Biochimie et Genetique moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75724, Fr. SO Bull. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) (1997), 95(1), 3-28 CODEN: BIPAA8; ISSN: 0020-2452 PB Elsevier DT Journal; General Review LA French AB A review with 84 refs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been widely used in a no. of industrial applications for nearly 50 yr. As a consequence of their intensive use, and due to the stability of the mols., they have become progressively widespread contaminants in soil, sediments, and landfills. Because classical remediation technologies (confinement, incineration, etc.) are generally expensive and not always efficient, alternative methods involving biodegrdn. by microbial populations have been Developed. The two known pathways of biodegrdn. (oxidative and reductive), as well as factors affecting PCB degrdn. by microbial strains, are considered. The different bioremediation strategies proposed and those recently developed are examd. and compared. The use and study of new microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, are also evoked.
L3 ANSWER 510 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:242118 CA TI Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by an anaerobic microbial consortium AU Natarajan, M. R.; Wu, W. M.; Nye, J.; Wang, H.; Bhatnagar, L.; Jain, M. K. CS MBI International, Lansing, MI, 48909, USA SO Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1996), 46(5/6), 673-677 CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN: 0175-7598 PB Springer DT Journal LA English AB An anaerobic methanogenic microbial consortium, developed in a granular form, exhibited ability for extensive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl was dechlorinated to biphenyl via 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,4-dichlorobiphenyl, and 2-chlorobiphenyl (CB). Removal of Cl atoms from all 3 positions of the biphenyl ring was obsd. during the reductive dechlorination. Biphenyl was identified as one of the end-products of the reductive dechlorination by GC-MS. After 20 wk, the concns. of the dechlorination products 2,4,6-trichloro CB, 2,4-dichloro CB, 2-chloro CB, and biphenyl were 8.1, 41.2, 3.0, and 47.8 .mu.M, resp., from an initial 105 .mu.M 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro CB. The extent and pattern of the dechlorination were further confirmed by the dechlorination of lightly chlorinated congeners including 2-chloro CB, 3-chloro CB, 4-chloro CB, 2,4-dichloro CB and 2,6-dichloro CB individually.
L3 ANSWER 581 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:140618 CA TI Aerobic dechlorination of low-chlorinated biphenyls by bacterial biofilms in packed-bed batch bioreactors AU Fava, F.; Di Gioia, D.; Marchetti, L.; Quattroni, G. CS Dep. Appl. Chem., Univ. Bologna, Bologna, 40136, Italy SO Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1996), 45(4), 562-568 CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN: 0175-7598
16 DT Journal LA English AB Cells of an aerobic three-membered bacterial co-culture, designated as ECO3, capable of cometabolizing and aerobically dechlorinating low-chlorinated biphenyls in the presence of biphenyl, were immobilized on Manville silica beads, on frost-glass beads and on polyurethane foam cubes in packed-bed bioreactors continuously fed with a biphenyl-satd. air stream. The EC03 biofilm reactors were found to be capable of extensively mineralizing several pure dichlorobiphenyls (75 mg/L) and Aroclor 1221 (75 mg/L) in batch mode. Immobilized EC03 cells could aerobically degrade and dechlorinate the dichlorobiphenyls tested more extensively than suspended ECO3 cells. Among the 3 biofilm reactors, the glass bead bioreactor and the polyurethane bioreactor exhibited the highest capability of mineralizing both dichlorobiphenyls and Aroclor 1221; the polychlorinated biphenyl availability in the bioreactors, more than the biomass availability, both depending on the nature of the support employed, significantly governed the efficiency of the treatment,
L3 ANSWER 587 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:94686 CA TI Biodegradation and evaporation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in liquid media AU Dercova, K.; Vrana, B.; Balaz, S.; Sandorova, A. CS Dep. of Biochemical Technology, Slovak Technical Univ., Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia SO J. Ind. Microbiol. (1996), 16(5), 325-329 CODEN: JIMIE7; ISSN: 0169-4146 DT Journal LA English AB During microbial degrdn. of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in a liq. medium, two processes influence the PCB concn. in the medium simultaneously: biodegrdn. and evapn. The phys. loss of PCBs due to evapn. frequently causes false pos. results in biodegrdn. expts. Therefore, if only PCBs are monitored, the detn. of the PCB concn. in both liq. and gaseous phases is necessary for a correct appraisal of biodegrdn. The kinetics of PCB evapn. and biodegrdn. were monitored and described by a simple math, model. The evapn. and biodegrdn. rate consts. for individual PCB congeners were detd. for PCB degrdn. in liq. medium by Pseudomonas stutzeri and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, both isolated from a long-term PCB-contaminated soil.
L3 ANSWER 593 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:66424 CA TI Method for biodegrading hydrophobic organic compounds, particularly PCBS, and remediation thereof using a bioemulsifier IN Rothmel, Randi K. PA Envirogen, Inc., USA SO U.S., 10 pp. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5516688 A 19960514 US 1994-319800 19941007 AB The invention includes remediating a medium contaminated with an
17 organohalide using a microorganism that produces a bioemulsifier. The organohalide is dispersed within the medium by contacting the medium with the bioemulsifier directly produced from Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487 or obtained from a growth medium supernatant of Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487. Then, the medium and the organohalide is treated with Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487 which causes the organohalide to degrade in the presence of the Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487.
L3 ANSWER 702 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:151782 CA TI Biodegradability of tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes and polychlorinated biphenyls in activated sludge and in cultures of Alcaligenes sp. JB1: a preliminary study AU van Haelst, A. G.; Bakboord, J.; Parsons, J. R.; Covers, H. A. J. CS Dep. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., Amsterdam Res. Inst. Substances Ecosystems, University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 WV, Neth. SO Chemosphere (1995), 31(3), 2799-808 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB The biodegradability of tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes (TCBTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was investigated in activated sludge and in batch cultures of the PCG-degrading microorganism Alcaligenes sp. JB1. There was no evidence for significant biodegrdn. of either TCBTs or PCBs in activated sludge. In contrast, cultures of strain JB1 did degrade PCB 40, but again there was no evidence for degrdn. of TCBTs. Although no final conclusions can be drawn from these results about the biodegradability of TCBTs, they do indicate that TCBTs are environmentally persistent compds.
L3 ANSWER 703 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:151742 CA TI Bioremediation technology. XI. Anaerobic and aerobic decomposition of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) AU Takiguchi, Yo CS Tokyo, 161, Japan SO Mizu Shori Gijutsu (1995), 36(6), 307-17 CODEN: MSYGAO; ISSN: 0026-7015 DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review, with 9 refs., on biol. decompn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pollution of environment by PCBs, dechlorination of PCBs by microbes, test method of dechlorination, process of dechlorination, environmental condition for dechlorination, factors affecting anaerobic decompn. of PCBs, aerobic decompn. of PCBs, and decompn. products.
L3 ANSWER 720 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:92256 CA TI Opportunities and limits of biological soil reclamation AU Von Wachtendonk, Andreas; Von Wachtendonk, Dettmar CS Fak. Bergbau, Rheinisch-Westfael. Tech. Hochschule, Aachen, Germany SO Erdoel Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochem. (1995), 48(2), 79-86 CODEN: EKEPAB; ISSN: 0014-0058 DT Journal LA German AB A systematic procedure for biodegrdn. of org. soil pollutants is presented and exemplified with decontamination projects such as a gas station and an
18 abandoned industrial area. At first, biol. activities and contents of soil microorganisms capable to degrade the resp. pollution were detd., isolated, and raised. Soil treatment with these microorganisms was optimized in lab. studies. Results were applied on decontamination projects (1,000-1,500 tons) with phenol, lubricants, and petroleum pollutants. A polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl co-metab. (with a decrease of .apprx.50%) was obsd.
L3 ANSWER 741 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 122:297632 CA TI Effect of nonionic surfactant on the degradation of glass-sorbed PCB congeners by integrated chemical-biological treatment AU Aronstein, Boris N.; Paterek, J. Robert CS Inst. Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IL, 60018, USA SO Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (1995), 14(5), 749-54 CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN: 0730-7268 DT Journal LA English AB A study was conducted on the effect of a nonionic surfactant on the efficiency of the integrated chem.-biol. treatment (ICBT) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) sorbed to the glass walls of the exptl. vessels. The addn. of surfactant assocd. with the chem. oxidn. was proposed to overcome two limitations of biodegrdn. of hydrophobic compds.: adsorption to surfaces, and lack of soly. and thus availability to the microorganisms. Two 14C-labeled PCB congeners, 2-chlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, were used as the test compds. The integrated chem.-biol. treatment consisted of sequential applications of Fenton's reagent (5* H202, ImM FeS04) at pH 4.0 (with and without nonionic surfactant Novel II 1412-60) and the inoculation with a mixed culture of Pseudomonas sp., strain LB400, and Alcaligenes eutrophus, strain H850, at pH 8.0. The chem. treatment in the presence of surfactant affected the removal of the congeners bound to the glass surfaces of the exptl. test systems. As indicated by high-pressure liq. chromatog. anal., these PCBs were converted to unidentified sol. products that are hypothesized to be partial oxidn. products. No parent test compds. were detectable in the system after chem. treatment with or without surfactant. The addn. of the mixed culture of PCB degrading bacteria after completion of chem. treatment in the presence of surfactant resulted in the removal of approx. 45% of 2-chlorobiphenyl and 32% of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in the form of 14C02. This compared to 29% and 23% without the addn. of surfactant, resp. We suggest that the combination of surfactant-induced desorption and chem. oxidn. would increase the availability of hydrophobic pollutants for microbial degrdn.
L3 ANSWER 13 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:170411 CA TI Role of the reactor configuration in the biological detoxification of a dump site-polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil in lab-scale slurry phase conditions AU Fava, F.; Di Gioia, D.; Marchetti, L. CS Department of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Faculty, University of Bologna, Bologna, 1-40136, Italy SO Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2000), 53(2), 243-248 CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN: 0175-7598 PB Springer-Verlag DT Journal
19 LA English AB Biol. treatability of a xenobiotic-polluted soil is frequently detd. through a bioslurry treatment usually performed in lab-scale shaken baffled flasks. A 3-1 unconventional stirred tank reactor was developed and tested for the slurry-phase treatment of a soil heavily polluted by polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) derived from an Italian dump site, in the presence and absence of biphenyl and of the exogenous PCB aerobically dechlorinating co-culture, EC03. Data obtained were compared with those obtained on the same soil in expts. performed in parallel in 3-1 baffled shaken flask reactors. Considerably higher PCB removal and soil detoxification yields (detd. by Lepidium sativum germination test and Collembola mortality test) were attained in stirred tank reactors, which generally displayed a higher slurry-phase homogeneity and a higher availability of biphenyl- and chlorobenzoic acid-degrading bacteria vs. the corresponding shaken flask reactors. Moreover, enhanced soil PCB biodegrdn. and detoxification yields were obsd. when the developed reactor was supplemented with biphenyl and the exogenous EC03 bacteria. Results of soil biotreatability expts. commonly performed in bioslurry lab-scale reactors were significantly affected by reactor configuration; use of the unconventional stirred tank reactor system developed in this work is recommended.
L3 ANSWER 21 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:133390 CA TI 5-chloropicolinic acid is produced by specific degradation of 4-chlorobenzoic acid by Sphingomonas paucimobilis BPSI-3 AU Davison, A. D.; Jardine, D. R.; Karuso, P. CS Departments of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia SO J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1999), 23(4/5), 347-352 CODEN: JIMBFL; ISSN: 1367-5435 PB Stockton Press DT Journal LA English AB We have previously shown that the bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis BPSI-3, isolated from PCB-contaminated soil, can degrade halogenated biphenyls, naphthalenes, catechols and benzoic acids. However, before such an organism can be used in bioremediation, it is important to characterize the degrdn. products and det. the degrdn. pathways to ensure that compds. more toxic or mobile than the original contaminants are not produced. In the degrdn. of 4-chlorobiphenyl, S. paucimobilis BPSI-3 produces a novel chlorinated picolinic acid. In this paper, we show that 4-chlorobenzoate is an intermediate in this degrdn. and, through 15N-labeling, that 5-chloropicolinate is the only nitrogenous metabolite isolated under the extn. conditions used. The position of the chlorine indicates that degrdn. of 4-chlorocatechol occurs exclusively via a 2,3-extradiol cleavage. These data allow us to postulate a more definitive catabolic pathway for the biodegrdn. of 4-chlorobiphenyl to 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde via 4-chlorobenzoate in S. paucimobilis BPSI-3.
L3 ANSWER 33 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:97403 CA TI Combined anaerobic digestion of biological and industrial wastes AU Hoppenheidt, K.; Hirsch, P.; Kottmair, A.; Nordsieck, H.; Swerev, M.; Mucke, W.
20 CS Augsburg, Germany SO EntsorgungsPraxis (1999), 17(6), 13-20 CODEN: EGFGDW; ISSN: 0724-6870 PB Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH DT Journal LA German AB Municipal biowastes and org. industrial wastes were digested together in a full-scale plant to investigate the influence of the combination of various kinds of waste on the efficacy of the whole process and the quality of the products such as compost, wastewater, and biogas. Delivered wastes were processed in a waste pulper where stones, plastic foils, etc. were removed and food residues can be also pasteurized. The pulped wastes were fed to the methane reactor. The solid digestion residue was post-rotted together with shredded wood and vegetable wastes as structure material on an open heap. Selected balances regarding dry substances, biogas manufg., pollutants, and wastewater compn. are presented. Food wastes were very well digestible and showed low contents of contaminants. Waste pulpers are well suitable for the processing of biowastes and food wastes. Food wastes having higher contents of easily biodegradable org. materials compared to biowastes increase the biogas yield. The stability of the process in the reactor was not influenced by the co-digestion. Hygienic aspects and air pollution by bioaerosols are discussed.
L3 ANSWER 75 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:355585 CA TI treatment of dioxin-polluted soils by phytoremediation IN Esashi, Hiroshi; Yoshida, Hiroshi PA Toko Kensetsu K. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11333442 A2 19991207 JP 1998-143969 19980526 AB The method comprises growing or cultivating the plants (esp., sasanqua, sunflower or camellia) in polluted soils to adsorb dioxin as environmental hormones into the plants, incinerating the harvested seeds or flowers of the plants to decomp. the adsorbed residual environmental hormones, including PCDD, PCB, PCDF, DDT, and BHC, etc.
L3 ANSWER 77 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:355560 CA TI Decontamination of soil contaminated with PCB IN Moser, Guy P.; Gray, Neil C. C.; Gannon, David J. PA Zeneca Corp., Can. SO PCT Int. Appl., 16 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 2 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9959745 Al 19991125 WO 1999-CA442 19990514 W: AE, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ,
21 DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HCJ, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM RW: GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SL, SZ, UG, ZW, AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG PRAI US 1998-80660 19980518 AB An anaerobic microbial bioremediation process for polychlorinated contaminated biphenyls soil using a prepd. inoculant, soil amendment and maintenance of soil moisture, redox potential and temp.
L3 ANSWER 90 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:313749 CA TI First European wastewater treatment plant with a final biological treatment stage AU Broscheit, T.; Mera-Linz, U. CS Photo Print Electronic, Schopfheim, Germany SO Prod. Leiterplatten Syst. (1999), 1(9), 1280-1283 CODEN: PLSYF3; ISSN: 1436-7505 PB Eugen G. Leuze Verlag DT Journal LA German AB Basic principles, process scheme, and operation of wastewater treatment in a plant for manufg. of printed circuit boards ( PCB) are outlined. Biol. methods to handle effluent with heavy org. content were selected for treatment. Cu-contg. effluents are filtrated by activated C filters, coned, in a nanofiltration step, and Cu is electrochem. sepd. from the filtrates. In the final step, the pretreated effluents are biol. treated with bacterial cultures in tanks with a through flow of 1 m3/h. Experiences with the new plant suggest that a biol. treatment stage allows a substantial redn. in the COD levels of effluent with heavy org. loadings, typically found in the PCB industry.
L3 ANSWER 118 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:204035 CA TI Computer model for prediction of PCB dechlorination and biodegradation endpoints AU Klasson, K. Thomas; Just, Eric M. CS Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA SO Int. In Situ On-Site Biorem. Symp., 5th (1999), Volume 7, 185-190. Editor(s): Alleman, Bruce C.; Leeson, Andrea. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 67YXA8 DT Conference LA English AB Math, modeling of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) transformation served as a means of predicting possible endpoints of bioremediation, thus allowing evaluation of several of the most common transformation patterns. Correlation between lab.-obsd. and predicted endpoint data was, in some cases, as good as 0.98 (perfect correlation = 1.0).
L3 ANSWER 119 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:204033 CA TI Polychlorinated biphenyls transformation by bioaugmentation in solid culture AU Manuel, Fernandez-Sanchez Jose; Graciela, Ruiz-Aguilar; Refugio, Rodriguez-Vazquez CS Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico, Mex. SO Int. In Situ On-Site Biorem. Symp., 5th (1999), Volume 7, 173-178. Editor(s): Alleman, Bruce C.; Leeson, Andrea. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 67YXA8 DT Conference LA English AB A model system for the treatment of PCB's contaminated soil through bioaugmentation process, using a fungus grown on sugarcane bagasse pith was established at lab. scale. Different age spores and mycelia of the fungus were cultivated and added to a PCB's contaminated soil. Dehalogenation of highly chlorinated isomers to the less chlorinated was obsd. The best percentage of biotransformation was obtained in the samples with inoculum of young mycelia (90 %).
L3 ANSWER 127 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:174447 CA TI Strain of Hansenula californica yeast used for the decomposition of polychlorinated biphenyls IN Kapranov, Vladimir Vladimirovich; Zharikov, Gennady Alekseevich; Dyadischev, Nikolai Romanovich PA Gosudarstvennoe Uchrezhdenie Nits Tokskologii i Gigienicheskoi Reglamentatsi, Russia SO PCT Int. Appl., 14 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA Russian FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9941357 Al 19990819 WO 1998-RU37 19980213 W: JP, RU, US RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE AB Th epresent invention relates to a strain of Hansenulla californica yeast NT VKPM Y-2284 (Russian classification of industrial microorganisms) used for the decompn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). This invention can be used for the decontamination of objects in the environment or industrial waste which contain PCB. In order to produce a biomass, the strain is cultivated in media contg. carbon and nitrogen sources as well as mineral salts. The strain is cultivated according to a submerged-culture method until a titer of between 5.0.106 and 1.0.107 kL/cm3 is reached. The biomass thus obtained is then used for the decompn. of PCB in concns. of between 106 and 105 kL/cm3. The strain of the present invention is capable of reducing the PCB -content in soil and water by 30 to 50 %.
L3 ANSWER 145 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:106086 CA TI Microbial decomposition of PCB and application of the method to total processing AU Kimbara, Kazuhide CS Environ. Biotechnol. Lab., Railw. Tech. Res. Cent., Japan SO BRAIN Techno News (1999), 73, 8-12 CODEN: BTEEEC
23 PB Seibutsukei Tokutei Sangyo Gijutsu Kenkyu Suishin Kiko DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with 6 refs. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was dild. by ethanol, and by UV irradn., dechlorination was carried out. After dechlorination, 2 steps of microbial treatments were carried out. In the 1st step, Comamonas testosteroni strain TK 102 was used, and in the 2nd step, Rhodococcus opacus strain TSP 203 was used. In about 8 days, 100 mg/L of PCB was degraded to about 3 mg/L. Microbial culture tanks used were 10 L, 90 L, and finally 1000 L scale. In the treated soln., no dioxin nor coplanar PCB was detected, and the soln. was Ames test neg.
L3 ANSWER 147 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:98195 CA TI Construction and characterization of two recombinant bacteria that grow on ortho- and para-substituted chlorobiphenyls AU Hrywna, Yarek; Tsoi, Tamara V.; Maltseva, Olga V.; Quensen, John F., Ill; Tiedje, James M. CS Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA SO Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1999), 65(5), 2163-2169 CODEN: AEMIDF; ISSN: 0099-2240 PB American Society for Microbiology DT Journal LA English AB Cloning and expression of the arom. ring dehalogenation genes in biphenyl-growing, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-cometabolizing Comamonas testosteroni VP44 resulted in recombinant pathways allowing growth on ortho- and para-chlorobiphenyls (CBs) as a sole carbon source. The recombinant variants were constructed by transformation of strain VP44 with plasmids carrying specific genes for dehalogenation of chlorobenzoates (CBAs). Plasmid pE43 carries the Pseudomonas aeruginosa 142 ohb genes coding for the terminal oxygenase (ISPOHB) of the ortho-halobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, whereas plasmid pPC3 contains the Arthrobacter globiformis KZT1 fcb genes, which catalyze the hydrolytic para-dechlorination of 4-CBA. The parental strain, VP44, grew only on low concns. of 2- and 4-CB by using the products from the fission of the nonchlorinated ring of the CBs (pentadiene) and accumulated stoichiometric amts. of the corresponding CBAs. The recombinant strains VP44(pPC3) and VP44(pE43) grew on, and completely dechlorinated high concns. (up to 10 mM), of 4-CBA and 4-CB and 2-CBA and 2-CB, resp. Cell protein yield corresponded to complete oxidn. of both biphenyl rings, thus confirming mineralization of the CBs. Hence, the use of CBA dehalogenase genes appears to be an effective strategy for construction of organisms that will grow on at least some congeners important for remediation of PCBs.
L3 ANSWER 157 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:62764 CA TI Use of exogenous specialised bacteria in the biological detoxification of a dump site-polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil in slurry phase conditions AU Fava, F. ; Bertin, L. CS Department of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Faculty, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40136, Italy SO Biotechnol. Bioeng. (1999), 64(2), 240-249
24 CODEN: BIBIAU; ISSN: 0006-3592 PB John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DT Journal LA English AB The possibility of biol. detoxifying a contaminated soil from an Italian dump site contg. about 1500 mg/kg (in dry soil) of polychlorinated biphenyls was studied in the lab. in this work. The soil, which contained indigenous aerobic bacteria capable of growing on biphenyl or on monochlorobenzoic acids at concn. of about 300 CFU per g of air-dried soil, was amended with inorg. nutrients, satd. with water and treated in aerobic 3-L batch slurry reactors (soil suspension at 20% w/v). Either Pseudomonas sp. CPE1 strain, capable of cometabolizing low-chlorinated biphenyls into chlorobenzoic acids, or a bacterial coculture capable of aerobically dechlorinating polychlorobiphenyls constituted by this bacterium and the two chlorobenzoic acid degrading bacteria Pseudomonas sp. CPE2 strain and Alcaligenes sp. CPE3 strain, were used as inocula (final concn. of about 108 CFU/mL for each bacterium), in the absence and in the presence of biphenyl (4 g/kg of air dried soil). Significant soil polychlorobiphenyl depletions were obsd. in all the reactors after 119 days of treatment. The soil inoculation with the sole CPE1 was found to slightly enhance the polychlorobiphenyl depletions (about 20%) and the soil detoxification; the effect was higher in the presence of biphenyl. The use of the polychlorobiphenyl mineralizing bacterial co-culture as inoculum resulted in a strong enhancement of the depletions of both the soil polychlorobiphenyls (from 50 to 65%) and of the original soil ecotoxicity. The bacterial biomass inoculated was found to implant into the soil; the higher specialized biomass availability thus reached in the inoculated soil was probably responsible of a more extensive biodegrdn. of polychlorobiphenyls and therefore of the higher detoxification yields obsd. in the inoculated reactors. The soil ecotoxicity, measured through two different soil contact assays, i.e., the Lepidium sativum germination test and the Collembola mortality test, was often found to decrease proportionally with the soil polychlorobiphenyl concn.
L3 ANSWER 202 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:200384 CA TI Cometabolic biotransformation of PCBs in soil-slurry reactors using terpenes and biphenyl as co-substrates with C. testosteroni and R. erythropolis AU Sada, Ebenezer; Liou, Raycharn; Tharakan, John P.; Chawla, Ramesh C. CS Department of Civil Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA SO Hazard. Ind. Wastes (1998), 30th, 167-176 CODEN: HIWAEB; ISSN: 1044-0631 PB Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. DT Journal LA English AB The efficacy of a lab. model for a potential ex-situ field remediation strategy for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB )-polluted soil was evaluated. A soil slurry reactor studied aerobic co-metabolic biodegrdn. of PCB. In the first study phase, PCB biodegrdn. data in soil slurry systems amended with biphenyl and .gamma.-terpinene were obtained using Rhodococcus erythropolis as the sole inoculum. In the second study phase, possible synergistic mechanisms in defined and undefined assocns. of Rhodococcus, Comomonas testosteroni, and indigenous organisms for enhanced degrdn. of PCB-polluted
25 soil was studied in similar soil slurry configurations. Results showed that aerobic biodegrdn. of PCB in bioslurry reactors by R. erythropolis with addn. of appropriate co-substrates, is a potential bioremediation strategy for PCB-polluted soil. The relative degree of R. erythropolis congener specificity lends it to mixed culture applications for enhanced removal of a broader spectrum of PCB from soil.
L3 ANSWER 205 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:178320 CA TI Development of field application vectors with surfactant substrates for bioremediation of contaminated soils IN Lajoie, Curtis; Strom, Peter F. PA Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA SO U.S., 11 pp. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT I PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5871955 A 19990216 US 1991-662735 19910228 AB Field application vectors (FAVs), which are a combination of a selective substrate, a host, and a cloning vector, have been developed for the purpose of expressing foreign genes in nonsterile competitive environments in which the gene products provide no advantage to the host. By combining in a microorganism the ability to express degradative enzymes with the capability of utilizing a selective substrate, a microorganism can be obtained which can be efficiently used for the bioremediation of hazardous waste sites. Introducing the recombinant microorganisms in the presence of a selective substrate into the application field enhances the proliferation of the recombinant microorganisms causing the efficient prodn. of the useful enzymes. Thus, soil microbes were screened for degrdn. of 6 nonionic and 7 anionic detergents which varied in structural complexity, no. of repeating units, and compositional homogeneity. Pseudomonas paucimobilis is identified as having significant surfactant degradative ability. P. paucimobilis was then transformed with the broad-host-range plasmid pRK293, conferring tetracycline and kanamycin antibiotic resistance. Plasmid stability in the recombinant strains was detd. in the absence of antibiotic selection. PCB-degrading activity was detd. by resting cell assays. treatment of contaminated soil (10, 100, or 1000 ppm of Aroclor 1242} by surfactant amendment (1.0% [wt./wt.] Igepal CO-720 in wet soil) and inoculation with recombinant isolates of strain 1IGP4 (.apprx.4 x 106 cells/g soil) resulted in degrdn. of many of the individual PCB congeners in the absence of biphenyl. Further improvements, including the use of non-antibiotic-resistance cloning vectors, addn. of the bphD gene, and chromosomal integration of the PCB-degradative genes, may ultimately result in FAVs useful for both reactor-contained and in situ treatment of the partially dechlorinated PCBs often found in contaminated soils and sediments.
L3 ANSWER 206 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:172304 CA TI Polychlorinated Biphenyl Reductive Dechlorination by Vitamin B12s: Thermodynamics and Regiospecificity AU Woods, Sandra L.; Trobaugh, Darin J.; Carter, Kim J.
26 CS Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-2302, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1999), 33(6), 857-863 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB Microbial reductive dechlorination reactions play an important role in detg. the environmental fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), esp. for PCB congeners with >4 chlorines. Powerful chem. catalysts such as vitamin B12s provide an effective tool for the study of reductive dechlorination reactions. The reductive dechlorination of PCBs by Ti(III) citrate-reduced vitamin B12s was studied in batch reactors. Long-term expts. demonstrated reductive dechlorination of aq. and sediment-sorbed 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl {2,3,4,5,6-PeCB) to tetra-, tri-, di-, and monochlorobiphenyl products. Approx. 10% Cl removal was obsd. in 36 days in aq. expts. at 20.degree.; the sediment expt. showed 40% Cl removal in 42 days at 30.degree.. Nearly all possible intermediates were produced and reductively dechlorinated, with no apparent accumulation of individual congeners. Short-term expts. were conducted to det. the pathway for vitamin B12s-catalyzed reductive dechlorination of aq. 2,3,4,5,6-PeCB and its dechlorinated products; relative product distributions were measured for all possible tetra- and trichlorobiphenyl reductive dechlorination reactions. Theor. product distributions based on free energies of formation agreed with obsd. product distributions for short- and long-term expts. Reductive dechlorination was favored at positions with adjacent chlorines; on av., chlorines were removed equally from ortho, meta, and para positions.
L3 ANSWER 223 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:99919 CA TI Effects of Triton X-100 and Quillaya Saponin on the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil AU Fava, F.; Di Gioia, D. CS Department of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Faculty, University of Bologna, Bologna, 1-40136, Italy SO Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1998), 50(5), 623-630 CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN: 0175-7598 PB Springer-Verlag DT Journal LA English AB The possibility of enhancing the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil using Triton X-100 or Quillaya Saponin, a synthetic and a biogenic surfactant, resp., was studied. The soil, contg. .apprx.350 mg/kg of PCBs and indigenous aerobic bacteria capable of growing on biphenyl or on monochlorobenzoic acids, was amended with inorg. nutrients and biphenyl, satd. with water and treated in aerobic batch slurry- and fixed-phase reactors. Triton X-100 and Quillaya Saponin were added to the reactors at a final concn. of 10 g/L at the 42nd day of treatment, and at the 43rd and 100th day, resp. Triton X-100 was not metabolized by the soil microflora and it exerted inhibitory effects on the indigenous bacteria. Quillaya Saponin, on the contrary, was readily metabolized by the soil microflora. Under slurry-phase conditions, Triton X-100 neg. influenced the soil bioremediation process by affecting the availability of the chlorobenzoic acid degrading indigenous bacteria, whereas Quillaya Saponin slightly enhanced the biol. degrdn. and dechlorination of the soil PCBs. In the
27 fixed-phase reactors, where both the surfactant availability and the mixing of the soil were lower, Triton X-100 did not exert inhibitory effects on the soil biomass and enhanced significantly the soil PCB depletion, whereas Quillaya Saponin did not influence the bioremediation process.
L3 ANSWER 235 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:85529 CA TI Method for decomposition of polychlorinated compounds in waste solids by microorganism IN Takada, Akira; Matsueda, Takahiko PA Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 8 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10323646 A2 19981208 JP 1997-133848 19970523 AB The method is carried out by adding microorganism capable of decompg. lignin (e.g., Phanerochaete chrysosporium) into the waste (e.g., incinerator fly ashes, leaching wastewater) contg. polychlorinated compds. (e.g., PCBs, dioxins) for simultaneous decompg. dioxins and PCBs.
L3 ANSWER 236 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:80947 CA TI Evaluation of bioremediation process efficiency: contribution of analytical, microbiological, molecular and ecotoxicological tests AU Ducrocq, V.; Hallier-Soulier, S.; Pandard, P.; Thybaud, E.; Truffaut, N. CS Laboratoire de Genetique Microbienne, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Compiegne, Fr. SO Contain. Soil '98, Proc. Int. FZK/TNO Conf., 6th (1998), Volume 2, 959-960 Publisher: Telford, London, UK. CODEN: 66XMAV DT Conference LA English AB The aim of this work is to underline the need to use various techniques in order to est. the efficiency of a biodegrdn. process in polluted soils. Several techniques are proposed to follow the depollution mechanism: anal, techniques, microbiol. and mol. methods and ecotoxicol. tests. Quant. PCR tools were constructed to detect two strains: a biphenyl degrader Pseudomonas sp. B4 and a 4-chlorobenzoate degrader Pseudomonas sp. CBS3. This technique is a powerful system to est. a no. of bacteria more reliable than enumeration with microbiol. methods, particularly when cells are in a viable but non culturable state. The disappearance of the initial pollutant (4-chlorobiphenyl) followed by anal, methods were not conclusive to establish whether the remediation was effective or not. The ecotoxicol. tests showed that the lowering of the concn. of 4-chlorobiphenyl did not induce a detoxification of soil microcosms. Furthermore, the detoxification occurred only at a low amts. of intermediate metabolites, i.e. 4-chlorobenzoate.
13 ANSWER 262 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:28823 CA TI Method for dechlorinating polychlorinated biphenyls and granules containing PCB dechlorinating anaerobic methanogenic microbial
28 consortia for use in method IN Bhatnagar, Lakshmi; Wu, Wei-min; Natarajan, Murugiah R.; Wang, Henry Y.; Jain, Mahendra K. PA Michigan Biotechnology Institute, USA SO PCT Int. Appl., 22 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9852648 Al 19981126 WO 1997-QS8892 19970523 W: CA, JP, KR, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM AB Th epresent invention relates to a biol. method for dechlorinating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by inoculating a polychlorinated biphenyl contg. sample with PCB dechlorinating anaerobic methanogenic granules. The granules are made by coculturing particles of a PCB -dechlorinating methanogenic microbial consortia and a PCB -dechlorinating microorganism under anaerobic conditions in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.
L3 ANSWER 275 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:320445 CA TI Repeated application of carvone-induced bacteria to enhance biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil AU Gilbert, E. S.; Crowley, D. E. CS Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA SO Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1998), 50(4), 489-494 CODEN: AMBIDG; ISSN: 0175-7598 PB Springer-Verlag DT Journal LA English AB Carvone, the principal component of spearmint oil, induces biodegrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by Arthrobacter sp. strain BIB. This study investigated the effectiveness of the repeated application of carvone-induced bacteria for bioremediation of Aroclor-1242-contaminated soil. Control treatments compared a single inoculation of carvone-induced cells, repeated applications of noninduced cells, and repeated applications of cell-free carvone/fructose medium. The results showed that repeated application of carvone-induced bacteria was the most effective treatment for mineralizing PCB, resulting in 27.+-.6% degrdn. of Aroclor 1242 after 9 wk; whereas a single application of cells resulted in no significant degrdn. Addn. of cell-free, carvone/fructose medium resulted in 10% degrdn. of PCB, which suggests that this treatment stimulated biodegrdn. of PCB by the indigenous microflora. The di- and trichlorobiphenyls were the most readily degraded congeners. More highly chlorinated congeners, which had been previously shown to be degraded in liq. culture, were not substantially degraded in soil, indicating that low bioavailability may have limited their degrdn. With the development of new technol., which permits automated in situ fermn. and delivery of degrader microorganisms, the repeated application of carvone-induced bacteria may facilitate bioremediation of PCB-contaminated soils.
L3 ANSWER 276 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS
29 AN 129:320438 CA TI An integrated surfactant solubilization and PCB bioremediation process for soils AU Layton, A. C.; Lajoie, C. A.; Easter, J. P.; Muccini, M.; Sayler, G. S. CS Center for Environmental Biotechnology and the Departments of Microbiology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Chemical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966-1605, USA SO Biorem. J. (1998), 2(1), 43-56 CODEN: BIJOFP; ISSN: 1088-9868 PB CRC Press LLC DT Journal LA English AB Two decades after the manuf. and use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were banned, PCB contamination remains widespread in the environment. Technologies available for PCB remediation are limited and often impractical for soils with dispersed PCB contamination. In this study, two remediation processes have been integrated for use on PCB-contaminated soils. This remediation strategy links in situ surfactant washing of PCBs from soil with aerobic biodegrdn. of the resulting surfactant-PCB soln. by two field application vectors (FAVs), Pseudomonas putida IPL5::TnPCB and Ralstonia eutropha B30P4::TnPCB, which utilize surfactants as growth substrates and cometabolize PCBs. A bench-scale demonstration of this process was performed using PCB-contaminated soils from an elec. power substation site. In a 2-day recycling wash using a 1% (wt/vol) surfactant soln., greater than 70% of the PCBs were removed from the soil. In the biodegrdn. phase, greater than 90% of the surfactant and 35% of the PCBs were biodegraded in 12 days. The residual PCBs were partitioned onto a solid carrier resulting in greater than 90% removal of PCBs from the bioreactor effluent and a 50-fold redn. in the amt. of PCB-contaminated material.
L3 ANSWER 350 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:37357 CA TI Altered biological activity of commercial PCB mixtures due to microbial reductive dechlorination AU Mousa, M.; Ganey, P. E.; Quensen, J. F.; Madhukar, B. V.; Chou, K.; Giesy, J. P.; Fischer, L. J.; Boyd, S. A. CS Institute Environmental Toxicology, Dep. Crop Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA SO Organohalogen Compd. (1997), 34(Dioxin '97), 1-5 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB Changes in the spectrum of toxicity were assessed of contaminants resulting from biol. or chem. remediation processes. Aroclors were dechlorinated by anaerobic microorganisms eluted from different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sediments. The biol. activities of the dechlorinated products were assessed by measuring their effects on mouse gamete fertilization, Ah receptor activity, induction of AP-1 transcription factor activity, insulin release from RINmSF cells, and neutrophil activation. Microbial dechlorination of Aroclors 1242 and 1254 reduced or eliminated the inhibitory effect of these mixts. on in vitro fertilization of mouse gametes. A decrease in the Ah receptor mediated activity, measured by EROD induction, was also obsd. for the dechlorinated Aroclors which was likely due to a redn.
30 (10-100-fold) in the concn. of coplanar PCB congeners in the dechlorinated product mixts. The raicrobially dechlorinated Aroclors showed a decreased ability to activate AP-1 transcription factor. Dechlorinated Aroclor 1254 had similar or slightly greater potential than unaltered 1254 for producing insulin release from cell line RINmSF and also neutrophil activation by PCBs was not altered.
L3 ANSWER 356 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:1555 CA TI Microbial hexachlorobenzene dechlorination under three reducing conditions AU Chang, Bea-Ven; Su, Chung-Jen; Yuan, Shaw-Ying CS Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan SO Chemosphere (1998), 36(13), 2721-2730 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB The potential dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in medium by 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB)-adapted mixed culture under three reducing conditions was investigated. It was found that strongest to weakest HCB dechlorination occurred in the order of methanogenic conditions > sulfate-reducing conditions > denitrifying conditions. Under denitrifying conditions, no dechlorination was obsd. during the first 20 days of incubation. Biotransformation occurred in this order: HCB .fwdarw. pentachlorobenzene (PCB) .fwdarw. 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB).fwdarw. 1,3,5-TCB + 1,2,4-TCB.fwdarw. 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB). HCB dechlorination was delayed following treatment with ferric chloride and manganese dioxide, but enhanced by the addn. of lactate and pyruvate under methanogenic or sulfate-reducing conditions; the addn. of acetate had no significant effect on HCB dechlorination under any of the three reducing conditions. Sequential dechlorination was obsd. at concns. of 2-50 mg/L, but at a significantly slower rate at the highest concns.
L3 ANSWER 371 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:247905 CA TI Examination of pentachlorophenol biodegradation in contaminated soil AU Frisbie, Andrew J.; Nies, Loring CS School Civil Eng., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA SO Organohalogen Compd. (1997), 31, 310-315 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB To det. the potential for, and extent of biodegrdn. of the chlorophenol contamination, pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil from different depths at a former wood treatment site were placed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the lab. and monitored by HPLC. The desorption behavior of PCP from the soil was also monitored by HPLC. Biodegrdn. of PCP contamination occurred anaerobically and aerobically. Reductive dechlorination of PCP in aerobic samples resulted in predominantly 3-chlorinated products including 3.5-dichlorophenol and 3-chlorophenol, which tend to be more toxic than corresponding 2- or 4-chlorinated phenols. The 3-chlorophenol was further degraded with the appearance of phenol, but not in quantifiable amts. PCB desorption from the contaminated soil was significant during the first few weeks and the extent dependent on the contaminated soil mass to soln. vol. ratio. A sorbed fraction of the initial PCP was not available for
31 anaerobic biodegrdn. and higher concns. remained compared to the aerobic degrdn. expts. To test bioremediation by sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatment, aerobic surface soils were spiked with monochlorophenols, which are the degrdn. products of anaerobic PCP degrdn. Both 2- and 4-chlorophenol were degraded aerobically in the spiked surface soil samples, but 3-monochlorophenol was not significantly degraded, effectively eliminating a sequential treatment approach. The aerobic microorganisms appear to be more competent PCP degraders at the site and may provide the most effective remediation approach.
L3 ANSWER 425 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:289206 CA TI Eutrophication increases the association of PCB to dissolved organic matter in marine microcosms AU Gunnarsson, Jonas S.; Rosenberg, Rutger CS Department of Marine Ecology, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Goteborg University, Fiskebackskil, 45034, Swed. SO Mar. Pollut. Bull. (1997), Volume Date 1996, 33(1-6), 100-111 CODEN: MPNBAZ; ISSN: 0025-326X PB Elsevier DT Journal LA English AB Partitioning of 14C-2,2',4,4'-TCB (tetrachlorobiphenyl) between sediment, water, and suspended particles was studied in eutrophic and oligotrophic benthic microcosms, resp. Microcosms consisted of glass aquaria with homogenized clay sediment, circulated with natural seawater (60 m, 34%). Org. enrichment in the eutrophic treatment was obtained by adding a phytoplankton culture of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum into the water column; the oligotrophic aquaria received only filtered seawater. 14C-TCB was added to the water using a generator column technique. Phytoplankton and TCB were continuously added during an exposure phase of 8 days, followed by a semi-static phase in which TCB and phytoplankton were left to equilibrate and sediment during 1 mo. The presence of phytoplankton induced a higher concn. of TCB in the water column. Higher concn. of TCB in the water was not caused by higher amts. of TCB bound to algal cells but was due to an assocn. of TCB with an increased prodn. of dissolved org. matter and bacteria in the eutrophic treatment. TCB concn. in the sediments was not significantly different between treatments. The obsd. partitioning of TCB between water and sediment was in accordance with a predicted distribution, based on the equil. partitioning model.
L3 ANSWER 426 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:282937 CA TI Organochlorine compound-degradation microorganisms IN Koana, Takao; Kanehara, Kazuhide; Mukagi, Gouri; Shimura, Minoru PA Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 9 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 09224657 A2 19970902 JP 1996-35284 19960222 AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (I) are degraded first with Pseudomonas alcaligenes TK102 that degrades I having .ltoreq.3 chlorine substituents,
32 and then with Rhodococcus opacus TSP203 that degrades I having 4 or 5 chlorine substituents. The method does not require UV irradn. pretreatment for reducing the chlorine substituents in I, and does not produces harmful products. The physiol. and morphol. characteristics for these two microorganisms were also given.
L3 ANSWER 437 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:238482 CA TI Stabilization and optimization of anaerobic digestion ACJ Kidson, R. J. CS Tedford, UK SO Eur. Abwasser- Abfallsymp., Doc.: Sekt. Abwasser, 10th (1996), 119-130 Publisher: Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Abwassertechnik, Hennef, Germany. CODEN: 64XVAA DT Conference LA English AB The process demands of anaerobic digestion (AD) of municipal and agricultural wastes are described. They are shown to be satisfied at greatest efficiency but least cost by the heating/fractionation/volatiles stripping, action of a submerged flame unit operating on biogas. This highly fuel-efficient equipment opens up certain strategic options for the operator; these are discussed, together with potential applications in AD process technol.
L3 ANSWER 531 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:108140 CA TI Decomposition of PCB by microorganisms AU Kimbara, Kazuhide CS Railw. Tech. Res. Inst., Kokubun^i, 185, Japan SO Eco Ind. (1996), 1(4), 5-14 CODEN: ECINF8; ISSN: 1342-3037 PB Shi Emu Shi DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review, with 19 refs., on history of environmental pollution by PCB, disposal methods of PCB, capability of microorganisms to decomp. PCB, screening of PCB -decompg. microorganisms, disposal method by combination of UV irradn. and microbial decompn., disposal expt. in test tubes, scale-up expt. by bench scale app.
L3 ANSWER 538 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:79328 CA TI PCB biodegradation in an aqueous suspension of contaminated soil. Evaluation of the course AU Burkhard. J.; Polakova, B.; Demnerova, K.; Pazlarova, J. CS Dep. Environmental Chemistry, Inst. Chemical Technology, Prague, 16628, Czech Rep. SO Fresenius Environ. Bull. (1996), 5(7/8), 392-396 CODEN: FENBEL; ISSN: 1018-4619 PB Fresenius Environmental Bulletin DT Journal LA English AB A method for the evaluation of the course of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) under lab. conditions is described. The cultivation of a mixed culture of microorganisms was performed in flasks on a rotary shaker at
33 29.degree, for 3 wk. The culture medium consisted of 5 g soil contaminated by PCBs suspended in 100 mL mineral soln. The course of degrdn. was detd. by a gas chromatograph with an ECD detector. The microbial treatment of PCBs led to degrdn. of up to 15-40% and in one case up to 100%. The PCB losses by evapn. during the cultivation were considered in all expts.
L3 ANSWER 559 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:256462 CA TI An investigation of factors limiting the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls AU Liu, Xia.; Sokol, Roger C.; Kwon, O.-Seob; Bethoney, Charlotte M.; Rhee, G.-Yull CS Sch. Public Health, State Univ. New York Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA SO Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (1996), 15(10), 1738-1744 CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN: 0730-7268 DT Journal LA English AB A study was conducted to det. whether the apparent limitation of dechlorination of Aroclor 1248 was due to bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or an accumulation of metabolic products. After 15 wk of lab. incubation, sediment microorganisms from the St. Lawrence River reduced the total no. of chlorines in Aroclor 1248-spiked remaining, showing no further change up to 30 wk. When these sediments were incubated an addn. 18 wk with either fresh medium or the original supernatant, no addal. dechlorination was found in either treatment. Similarly, dechlorination was not inhibited in freshly spikes Aroclor 1248 sediment slurries made with the old supernatant. Addn. of the nonionic surfactant Tween 20, at a concn. below the crit. micelle concn. that increased PCB desorption, also failed to enhance dechlorination of the plateau sediments. The extent and final congener pattern in all treatments were nearly identical. Therefore, the termination of dechlorination at the plateau level was not due to PCB bioavailability or accumulation of inhibitory metabolic products. The results strongly suggest that the cessation of dechlorination at the plateau was due to the accumulation of daughter congeners with Cl substitution patterns that were not amenable to further dechlorination by the present microbial.
L3 ANSWER 662 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:36645 CA TI Biotransformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at an electric utility substation AU Beck, Mary J.; Dzantor, Kudjo; Johnson, Robert D.; Hinton, Marlene M.; Shea, Catherine; Baker, Chiquita S. CS Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1994), 87th(Vol. 14A, Contaminated Site Remediation Technologies), 1-16 Paper 94-TP45B.07 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 DT Journal LA English AB Biotreatability study results for remediation of soils contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls showed little if any impact on PCB degrdn. by the natural microbial populations after 100 days. Surfactant desorption expts. showed Triton X-100 had the highest percentage removal of PCB followed by Tween 80, 49.7 and 44.4%,
34 resp.
L3 ANSWER 696 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:178475 CA TI The role of white-rot fungus in the decomposition and new formation of chlororganic compounds in solid phase-systems AU Zeddel, A.; Ma^cherczyk, A; Huettermann, A; Wiedmann, T; Ballschmiter, K; Fiedler, H; McLachlan, M CS Forstbotanisches Institut, Universitat Gottingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany SO Organohalogen Compd. (1994), 18, 89-100 CODEN: ORCOEP DT Journal LA German AB The 98% decompn. of pentachlorophenol in contaminated wood (90 ppm) was obsd. within 6 wk by treatment with the white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor in a fermn. system. The formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/F) and pentachloroanisole was not obsd. The incubation of a congeneric mixt. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCS) also did not result in any PCDD/F. The decompn. of mono-, di-, and trichlorodibenzodioxins was obsd. in the fermn. process similar to composting, while higher chlorinated dibenzodioxins remained unchanged. A potential formation of dioxins by white rot fungi in the hot phase of composting is not possible due to their temp, sensitivity >45.degree..
L3 ANSWER 699 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:151867 CA TI Biological and integrated chemical-biological treatment of PCB congeners in soil/sediment-containing systems AU Aronstine, Boris N.; Rice, Laura E. CS Inst. Gas. Technol., Des Plaines, IL, 60018-1804, USA SO J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. (1995), 63(4), 321-8 CODEN: JCTBED; ISSN: 0268-2575 DT Journal LA English AB A series of expts. was conducted on the integrated chem.-biol. treatment of 14C-labeled polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soil/sediment-contg. systems. Hydroxyl radicals, generated by Fenton's reagent [1% (vol./vol.) H202, I mmol/dm3 of FeS04], followed by inoculation with Pseudomonas species strain LB400 and Alcaligenes eutrophus strain H850, increased the overall extent of 2-chlorobiphenyl mineralization in slurries of contaminated manufd. gas plant soil and sediment by 2.9 and 7.4 times, resp., compared with biodegrdn. alone. In uncontaminated topsoil slurries the effect of chem. pretreatment was not obsd. In the systems amended with 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, the application of Fenton's reagent increased the overall extent of mineralization by 2.4 times, compared with the biol. treatment alone, but had no effect in the slurries of contaminated soil and sediment. The increased level of radioactivity in the liq. phase of exptl. systems suggests that intermediates produced in the process of chem. oxidn. are less hydrophobic than parent polychlorinated biphenyls and therefore more available for further t.odegrdn.
L3 ANSWER 331 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:126518 CA TI Chances for biological techniques in sediment remediation
35 AU Vlerken, Marijke M. A. Ferdinandy-Van CS RIZA, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Lelystad, 8200 AA, Neth. SO Water Sci. Technol. (1998), 37(6-7), 345-353 CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN: 0273-1223 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB Biol. techniques can be applied in remediation of sediments contaminated with org. pollutants, such as mineral oil, PAH, PCB and chlorobenzenes. Within the period of 1989-1997 several techniques were developed from lab. to full-scale. The chances for bioremediation lay in the relatively small environmental impact and the low costs of the techniques. Little energy is required, no emissions to soil or air occur and the natural structure of the sediments is not destroyed. The costs vary between 45 (landfarming) and 70 (reactors) Dutch Guilders per ton dry wt. The quality of the product to meet the legal stds. for reuse was achieved for some, but not all, of the sediments. However, bioassays and leaching tests showed that bioremediation strongly reduces the ecotoxicity and dispersion risks of the material.
L3 ANSWER 337 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:99377 CA TI Method for contaminant decomposition using microorganism with weak ultrasound wave IN Honda, Keisuke PA Honda Electronic Co., Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 3 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10155477 A2 19980616 JP 1996-332879 19961128 AB The method is carried out by charging microorganism into a container having liq. or garbage contg. contaminant (e.g., PCB), for decompn. of contaminant under agitation and radiation of weak ultrasound wave (e.g., .ltoreq.1 W/cm2) to improve decompn., esp. at low-temp, atm., like in winter.
L3 ANSWER 347 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:58055 CA TI Development of technology of PCB detoxication using microorganisms AU Hayakawa, Toshio; Kimbara, Kazuhide; Koana, Takao CS Environ. Biotechnol. Lab., Railw. Tech. Res. Inst., Kokubunji, 185, Japan SO Eco Ind. (1998), 3(6), 5-14 CODEN: ECINF8; ISSN: 1342-3037 PB Shi Emu Shi DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with 11 refs. After the basic research on PCB decompn. and detoxication using the combined process of UV radiation and bacteria treatment, the pilot plant tests were carried out with good results. Cl in PCB was reduced by UV radiation and then the PCB was decompd. by the bacteria; decompn. mechanism was
36 investigated. In the pilot plant test PCB was decompd. below 1 ppb in about 10 days.
L3 ANSWER 406 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:38998 CA TI Anaerobic dechlorination and aerobic degradation of PCBs in soil columns and slurries AU Liou, Raycharn; Johnson, James H., Jr.; Tharakan, John P. CS Dep. Civil Engineering, Howard Univ., Washington, DC, 20059, USA SO Hazard. Ind. Wastes (1997), 29th, 414-423 CODEN: HIWAEB; ISSN: 1044-0631 PB Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. DT Journal LA English AB Studies are reported which show that anaerobic treatment can lead to dechlorination of higher chlorinated PCB congeners, accompanied by generation of lower chlorinated congeners. The aerobic results also demonstrate that the lower chlorinated congeners can be degraded under oxygenated conditions and in the presence of an appropriate cosubstrate and microorganism. Thus, a remediation strategy that uses the two technologies in tandem will, potentially, lead to the complete remediation of PCB contaminated sites.
L3 ANSWER 407 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:38898 CA TI Biphenyl supported co-metabolic biodegradation of PCBs by Comomonas testosteroni AU Philpot, Brigette Y.; Chawla, Ramesh C.; Tharakan, John P. CS Dep. Civil Engineering, Howard Univ., Washington, DC, 20059, USA SO Hazard. Ind. Wastes (1997), 29th, 434-443 CODEN: HIWAEB; ISSN: 1044-0631 PB Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. DT Journal LA English AB Biphenyl-supported co-metabolic biodegrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB) by Comomonas testosteroni was conducted with varying PCB concns. (100-500 ppm in 50 ppm increments); max. cell growth occurred at 300 ppm. Max. PCB redn. was obtained at a biphenyl supplementation concn. of 350 ppm, suggesting that PCB redn. was closely assocd. with cell growth. Optimum biphenyl concn. for this system likely is 300-350 ppm. Biphenyl concn. anal, in cultures demonstrated that biphenyl was rapidly exhausted from the medium; in all cases, complete disappearance of biphenyl corresponded to max. cell growth achieved, suggesting that biphenyl was the limiting factor in the cultures. Results also showed C. testosteroni could grow in the presence of Aroclor 1242, with cell nos. increasing 2 orders of magnitude from 106 to 108 colony forming units/mL. C. testosteroni can degrade PCB in simple systems, e.g., single congeners and congener mixts., as well as complex Aroclor mixts. Degrdn. was across the board from di- and tri- to penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls.
L3 ANSWER 408 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:26348 CA TI Slurry biodegradation CS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA SO EPA Environ. Eng. Sourceb. (1996), 279-287. Editor(s): Boulding, J.
37 Russell. Publisher: Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Mich. CODEN: 65KBAS DT Conference; General Review LA English AB A review, with 16 refs., is given. In a slurry biodegrdn. system, an aq. slurry is created by combining soil or sludge with water. This slurry is then biodegraded aerobically using a self-contained reactor or in a lined lagoon. Thus, slurry biodegrdn. can be compared to an activated sludge process or an aerated lagoon, depending on the case. Slurry biodegrdn. is one of the biodegrdn. methods for treating high concns. {.Itoreq.250,000 mg/kg) of sol. org. contaminants in soils and sludges. There are 2 main objectives for using this technol.: to destroy the org. contaminant and, equally important, to reduce the vol. of contaminated material. Slurry biodegrdn. is not effective in treating inorgs., including heavy metals. This technol. is in developmental stages but appears to be a promising technol. for cost-effective treatment of hazardous waste. Slurry biodegrdn. can be the sole treatment technol. in a complete cleanup system, or it can be used in conjunction with other biol., chem., and phys. treatment. This technol. was selected as a component of the remedy for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB )-contaminated oils at the General Motors Superfund site at Massena, New York, but has not been a preferred alternative in any record of decision. It may be demonstrated in the Superfund Innovative Technol. Evaluation (SITE) program. Com.-scale units are in operation. Vendors should be contacted to det. the availability of a unit for a particular site. This chapter provides information on the technol. applicability, the types of residuals produced, the latest performance data, site requirements, the status of the technol., and sources for further information. L3 ANSWER 415 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:350598 CA TI Perspectives in biodegradation of alkanes and PCBs AU Kas, J.; Burkhard, J.; Demnerova, K.; Kostal, J.; Macek, T.; Mackova, M.; Pazlarova, J. CS Prague Inst. Chem. Technol., Prague, 166 28, Czech. SO Pure Appl. Chem. (1997), 69(11), 2357-2369 CODEN: PACHAS; ISSN: 0033-4545 PB Blackwell DT Journal LA English AB Mixts. of indigenous soil bacteria were applied to remediate local groundwaters and soil polluted with petroleum derived substances. Implementation of 3 mo remediation protocols resulted in a decline of the amt. of petroleum derived contaminants from an initial concn. of 1-10 g/kg soil dry wt. to an av. of 0.25 g/kg soil dry wt. We also studied genetic and biochem. properties of the bacterial strain Pseudomonas C12B. It was originally isolated for its ability to utilize alkylsulfates and alkylbenzoates as the sole source of C and energy. PCB biodegrdn. was studied using 2 biol. models, bacterial co-cultures and plant cells cultivated in vitro. An industrial mixt. of polychlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103) contg. .apprx.60 congeners of different degrees of chlorination (an av. of 3 Cl/biphenyl mol.) was used. Bacterial co-cultures acquired from enrichment protocols were tested in lab. and semi-pilot expts. Pilot expts. were performed in a 2-step process in a groundwater decontamination unit (working vol. 5 m3) which was operated semicontinuously. After 45 days of operation the initial PCB concn. had decreased to 20%. In lab. expts. PCB degrdn. using plant cells cultivated in vitro was also performed.
38 Different cultures of various species differing in their growth parameters and morphol. (amorphous, differentiated shoot forming or hairy root), transformed or nontransformed by Agrobacterium, were used. Differentiated or hairy root cultures exhibited better degradative abilities tnan undifferentiated amorphous cultures.
L3 ANSWER 438 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:210058 CA TI Enrichment of Microorganisms That Sequentially meta, para-Dechlorinate the Residue of Aroclor 1260 in Housatonic River Sediment AU Bedard, Donna L.; Van Dort, Heidi M.; May, Ralph J.; Smullen, Lynn A. CS Characterization and Environmental Technology Laboratory, GE Corporate Research and Development, Schenectady, NY, 12301, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1997), 31(11), 3308-3313 CODEN- ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (23456-CB) primes a broad specificity meta-dechlorination (Process N) of Aroclor 1260 in Housatonic River sediments. We hypothesized that 23456-CB acts as an electron acceptor and could be used to selectively enrich PCB-dechlonnating microorganisms. Here we sought to (a) enrich the microbial population responsible for Process N dechlorination and (b) det. whether bioaugmentation with the enriched culture would stimulate effective PCS dechlorination. We made four serial transfers of actively dechlonnating slurries (10-20% of the final vol.) plus 23456-CB to autoclaved PCB-contaminated sediment. The enrichment procedure greatly enhanced Process N dechlorination, reducing the hexa- through nonachlorobiphenyls in the sediment from 66.3 mol % initially to only 16.7 mol % in the fourth generation. The enrichment also fostered a new para-dechlonnation activity (Process LP) that caused further conversion to tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls. Bioaugmentation without the primer resulted in only modest dechlorination. Our data demonstrate that enrichment with 23456-CB results in an inoculum that, when primed, rapidly and extensively dechlorinates weathered PCBs, even when excess oil is present. The identification of effective environmentally acceptable non- PCB agents to prime and enrich PCB dechlorinators could lead to a technol for in situ treatment of PCB -contaminated sediments.
L3 ANSWER 449 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:180465 CA TI Biodegradation of alkanes and PCBs: experience in the Czech Republic AU Demnerova, K.; Burkhard, J.; Al, J. Kos; Mackova, M.; Pazlarova, J ; Kuncova, G.; Macek, T.; Kastanek, F. CS Prague Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague, 166 28/6, Czech Rep. SO NATO ASI Ser., Ser. 1 (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 53-70 CODEN: NASTFP; ISSN: 1383-715X PB Kluwer DT Journal LA English AB Mixts. of indigenous soil bacteria were applied to remediate local ground waters and soil polluted with petroleum-derived substances. Implementation of 3 mo of remediation protocols resulted in a
39 decline in the amt. of petroleum-derived contaminants from an initial concn. of 1-10 g/kg soil dry wt. to an av. of 0.25 g/kg soil dry wt. PCB biodegrdn. was studied using 2 biol. models, bacterial co-cultures and plant cells cultivated in vitro. An industrial mixt. of polychlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103) contg. .apprx.60 congeners of different degrees of chlorination (an av. of 3 Cl/biphenyl mol.) was used. Bacterial co-cultures acquired from enrichment protocols were tested in lab. and semi-pilot expts. Pilot expts. were performed in a 2-step process in a groundwater decontamination unit (working vol. 0.5 m3) which was operated semi-continuously. After 45 days of operation the initial PCB concn. was decreased to 20%. In lab. expts., PCB degrdn. using plant cells cultivated in vitro was also performed. Different cultures of various species differing in their growth parameters and morphol. (amorphous, differentiated shoot forming or hairy root), transformed or nontransformed by Agrobacterium, were used. Differentiated or hairy root cultures exhibited better degradative abilities than undifferentiated amorphous cultures.
L3 ANSWER 464 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:112720 CA TI Degradation of Aroclor 1221, 1242 and anaerobically transformed Aroclor 1254 by aerobic marine sediment microorganisms AU Mannisto, Minna K.; Puhakka, Jaakko A.; Ferguson, John F. CS Tampere Univ.of Technol., Tampere, Finland SO In Situ On-Site Biorem., Pap. Int. In Situ On-Site Biorem. Symp., 4th (1997), Volume 2, 421-426 Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 64SMAQ DT Conference LA English AB Aerobic PCB-degrading bacteria were enriched on biphenyl from a methanogenic Aroclor 1254 dechlorinating marine sediment culture and from creosote contaminated and uncontaminated marine sediment samples from Puget Sound, Washington. The enrichments were tested for their ability to degrade Aroclor 1221 and 1242 in batch vial expts. To demonstrate the feasibility of sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment of Aroclor 1254 contaminated sediments, aerobic degrdn. of partially dechlorinated Aroclor 1254 was further tested by direct aeration of the methanogenic sediment culture and by inoculation with aerobic biphenyl degrading organisms. All biphenyl enrichments degraded PCB congeners with 1-3 Cl substituents. Degrdn. was very similar by all enrichments showing that aerobic PCB degrading organisms can be enriched from both aerobic and anaerobic marine sediments. Addn. of biphenyl enhanced degrdn. of di- and trichlorobiphenyls. When amended with 100 mg biphenyl/L, .apprx.20% of Aroclor 1242 was degraded. Reductive dechlorination of Aroclor 1254 had resulted in the accumulation of ortho-chlorinated tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls which did not significantly degrade either by direct aeration or by an aerobic biphenyl enrichment. These results indicate that sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment has limited applicability in remediation of Aroclor 1254 contaminated marine sediments.
L3 ANSWER 519 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:176179 CA TI Bioremediaticn of PCB- and PAH-containing sludge/sediments in land treatment units to achieve risk-based endpoints AU Smith, John R.; Egbe, Margaret E.; Lightfoot, Thomas C.; Lyman, Warren J.; Kaslick, Carole; Rodrique, paul; Khodash, Mark; Unterman, Ronald; Rothmel,
40 Randi CS Aluminum Company America, Alcoa Center, PA, 15069, USA SO Hazard. Ind. Wastes (1996), 28th, 309-318 CODEN: HIWAEB; ISSN: 1044-0631 PB Technomic DT Journal LA English AB Land treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl- and polychlorinated arom. hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and sludge indicated (1) significant redns. with negligible losses due to volatilization, runoff, and subsurface migration, (2) evidence of reduced leachability and mobility of the more desorbable and bioavailable lower mol. wt. compds., and (3) aerobic biodegrdn.
L3 ANSWER 520 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:176071 C\ TI A history of PCB biodegradation AU Unterman, Ronald CS Envirogen, Inc., Lawrencerille, NJ, 08648, USA SO Biotechnol. Res. Ser. (1996), 6(Bioremediation: Principles and Applications), 209-253 CODEN: BRSEFZ PB Cambridge University Press DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with many refs. on microbial degrdn. of PCBs in the environment and bioremediation of PCB-contaminated sites.
L3 ANSWER 530 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:108253 CA TI Mineralization enhancement of non-aqueous phase and soil-bound PCB using biosurfactant AU Robinson, Kevin G.; Ghosh, Mriganka M.; Shi, Zhou CS Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, University Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2010, USA SO Water Sci. Technol. (1996), 34(7-8, Water Quality International '96, Part 4), 303-309 CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN: 0273-1223 PB Elsevier DT Journal LA English AB Batch studies evaluated the affect of biosurfactant (Rhamnolipid Rl) on microbial mineralization of radiolabeled 4,4'-chlorobiphenyl (4,4'-CB). After adding an acclimated bacterial culture (Alcaligenes eutropha), 14C02 prodn. was monitored to det. the extent and rate of mineralization. Bioavailability of non-aq. and soil-bound phases upon biosurfactant treatment was evaluated. Addn. of Rhamnolipid Rl elevated the rate and extent of 4,4'-CB mineralization; however, enhancement was pronounced only at biosurfactant concns. above the crit. micelle concn. (CMC). For a biosurfactant concn. of 4.0 g/L, the av. mineralization rate of 4,4'-CB was 45 times that measured in controls (no biosurfactant). The extent of 4,4'-CB mineralization in the presence of 4.0 g/L biosurfactant increased by a factor of 213 over biotic controls. Elevated mineralization was due, in part, to aq. soly. enhancement of 4,4'-CB in the presence of biosurfactant. The total mass of 4,4'-CB mineralized in biosurfactant solns. exceeded the total initial mass of 4,4'-CB dissolved in biosurfactant-free solns., confirming that micellized 4,4'-CB was
41 biodegradable. Co-mineralization of biosurfactant was at a min. during periods of high 4,4'-CB mineralization. Results clearly proved that biosurfactant addn. followed by pure culture biol. treatment is a promising approach to treat non-aq. phase and soil-bound polychlorinated biphenyls.
L3 ANSWER 602 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:27844 CA TI Bioaccumulation and metabolic fate of sewage sludge derived organic xenobiotics in plants AU Harms, Hans H. CS Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig-Voelkenrode (FAL), Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig, D-38116, Germany SO Sci. Total Environ. (1996), 185(1-3), 83-92 CODEN: STENDL; ISSN: 0048-9697 DT Journal LA English AB Sewage sludges will always contain a very complex mixt. of org. contaminants. Therefore, information is needed to provide data on the persistence of these sludge derived orgs. in soils and their uptake by food crops. The results of this study demonstrate that all compds., even non-polar ones, are assimilated by intact plants and different in vitro systems. Uptake depended on the plant species and on the physico-chem. properties of the chems. The main metabolites being formed are polar conjugates with carbohydrates and amino acids. Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) are partly converted to oxygenated derivs. which are known to be even more toxic. Depending on the plant species, and esp. in monocots, large amts. of the chems. and/or their metabolites, are frequently incorporated into non-extractable residues. The assocn., and type of binding to cell wall components, enable conclusions to be made about the bioavailability of these bound residues.
L3 ANSWER 605 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:18011 CA TI Sequential anaerobic-aerobic biodegradation of PCBs in soil slurry microcosms AU Evans, Betty S.; Dudley, Connie A.; Klasson, K. Thomas CS Chem. Technol. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6044, USA SO Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. (1996), 57/58(Seventeenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 1995), 885-894 CODEN: ABIBDL; ISSN: 0273-2289 DT Journal LA English AB Many industrial locations identified the need to treat polychlorinated biphenyl (PCS) wastes and remediate PCB-polluted sites. PCB biodegrdn. is a potentially effective technol. to treat PCB-polluted soils and sludges; however, a practicable remediation technol. has not yet been demonstrated. In lab. expts., soil slurry microcosms inoculated with microorganisms extd. from PCB-polluted Hudson River sediments were used to anaerobically dechlorinate weathered Aroclor 1248 in polluted soil with a low org. C content. Anaerobic incubation was then followed by exposure to air, addn. of biphenyl, and inoculation with Pseudomonas species LB400, an aerobic PCB-degrader. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment constituted an improvement compared to anaerobic or aerobic treatment alone by reducing the total amt. of PCB
42 remaining and decreasing the tendency for end products to accumulate in humans. A 70% PCB redn. was obsd. during sequential treatment with products contg. fewer Cl and having a shorter half-life in humans than the original PCB. Aerobic treatment alone was also quite effective as a stand-alone treatment reducing PCB by 67%. Results represent a case in which anaerobic river sediment organisms have been successfully transferred to a matrix free of river or lake sediments.
L3 ANSWER 659 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:96228 CA TI Degradation of chlorinated organic compounds by microbial mats AU Bender, Judith; Phillips, Peter; Lee, Richard; Rodriguez-Eaton, Susana/ Saha, Gautam; Loganathan, Bommanna; Sonnenberg, Lucinda CS Research Center Science & Technology, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA SO Biol. Unit Processes Hazard. Waste Treat., [Pap. Int. In Situ On-Site Bioreclam. Symp.], 3rd (1995), 299-309. Editor(s): Hinchee, Robert E. ; Skeen, Rodney S.; Sayles, Gregory D. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 62EPAJ DT Conference LA English AB An algal/bacterial consortium, or microbial mat, offers a unique combination for sequential reductive dechlorination and aerobic ring cleavage because of the close proximity of oxic and anoxic zones. Mineralization of chlordane, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl ( PCB), and trichloroethylene (TCE) by a microbial mat was demonstrated, as well as redn. in adsorbable organochlorine compds. (AOX) from pulp- and paper-mill effluent. Chlordane, in water, was 91% mineralized after 21 days, and no parent compd. remained. Most 14C was detected as large macromols., such as cellular protein. In the same time period, 17% of PCB was mineralized to 14CO2. Chlordane, in sediments, was degraded more slowly. After 15 days, 119 .mu g TCE/kg of microbial mat was mineralized (dark conditions) compared to 147 .mu.g/kg in the presence of 20 mg/L zinc. AOX removal was 78% by day 1 and >90% by day 7. Bioremediation systems designed for treatment of these recalcitrant compds. ideally should present a consortium of microbes that spontaneously generates heterogeneous microzones in close proximity, degrading microbes that can penetrate soils and sediments, and mechanisms that transport contaminated materials from the sediment into the region of high microbial d. The microbial mat biol. system potentially offers these attributes.
L6 ANSWER 4 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1998:6567 POLLUAB TI Leaching of PCB compounds from untreated and biotreated sludge-soil mixtures CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER: FATE, TRANSPORT, AND REMEDIATION. AU Adeel, Z.; Luthy, R.G.; Dzombak, D.A.; Roy, S.B.; Smith, J.R.; Chin, Y.-P. [editor] CS HSI GeoTrans, Inc., 46050 Manekin Plaza, Suite 100, Sterling, VA 20166, USA SO Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, (199711CO) 364 pp. Elsevier Science B.V. . Meeting Info.: Special Symposium at the 18th Midwest Environmental Chemistry Workshop. Columbus, OH (USA). 7-8 Oct 1995.
43 ISSN: 0169-7722. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB Column experiments were conducted to evaluate the aqueous leachability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sludge-soil mixtures contaminated with PCBs and hydraulic oils. Untreated and biotreated sludge-soil samples were obtained from a two-month, pilot-scale field test of PCB biodegradation in land treatment units. Column leachate comprised mainly di- and trichlorobiphenyls. In comparison to untreated samples, column leachate from biotreated samples showed 34 to 63% reduction in PCBs; average values of total PCB concentrations in the column effluent ranged from 0.36 to 0.82 mu g 1 super(-1) for untreated samples and 0.25 to 0.30 mu g 1 super(-l) for biotreated samples. Only a small fraction, less than 6%, of the PCB mass in the untreated sludge-soil mixtures was removed by prolonged flushing with up to 2400-3000 pore volumes of water, suggesting long-term, slow release of PCBs at low aqueous concentrations. It should be noted that flushing rates for the column experiments were much higher than typical ground-water flow rates and the two-month period for column experiments can be qualitatively compared to a greatly extended duration for ground-water flow. The leaching of PCBs from a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in the column experiments was modelled as a predominantly dissolution-governed process based on first-order kinetics. The estimated dissolution rate coefficients ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 min super(-1) for various PCB homolog groups. This investigation helps support the concept of biostabilization, in which contaminated materials may be actively biotreated to remove the potentially mobile organic contaminants leaving a residual material that is more stable against leaching. Natural attenuation processes like sorption and intrinsic biodegradation further reduce the PCB leachability potential. Additional long-term monitoring of the land treatment units under passive conditions is under progress to evaluate such reductions.
L6 ANSWER 10 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:8958 POLLUAB TI Mineralization enhancement of non-aqueous phase and soil-bound PCB using biosurfactant PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WATER QUALITY. AU Robinson, K.G.; Ghosh, M.M.; Shi, Zhou; Bally, D. [editor]; Asano, T. [editor]; Bhamidimarri, R. [editor]; Chin, K.K. [editor]; Grabow, W.O.K. [editor]; Hall, E.R. [editor]; Ohgaki, S. [editor]; Orhon, D. [editor]; Milburn, A. [editor]; Purdon, C.D. [editor]; Nagle, P.T. [editor] CS Dep. Civ. and Environ. Eng., 219A Perkins Hall, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2010, USA SO WATER SCI. TECHNOL., (1996) pp. 303-309. Meeting Info.: 18. Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Quality. (Singapore). 23-28 Jun 1996. ISSN: 0273-1223. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English
44 AB Batch studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of biosurfactant (Rhamnolipid Rl) on microbial utilization of radiolabeled 4,4' chlorobiphenyl (4,4'CB). Production of super(14)CO sub(2), after addition of an acclimated bacterial culture (Alcaligenes eutrophus), was monitored to determine the extent and rate of mineralization. Bioavailability of non-aqueous and soil-bound phases upon biosurfactant treatment was evaluated. Addition of Rhamnolipid Rl elevated both the rate and extent of 4,4'CB mineralization; however, enhancement was pronounced only at biosurfactant concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). For a biosurfactant concentration of 4.0 g/L, the average mineralization rate of 4,4'CB was 45 times that measured in controls (no biosurfactant). The extent of 4,4'CB mineralization in the presence of 4.0 g/L biosurfactant increased by a factor of 213 over biotic controls. Elevated mineralization was due, in part, to aqueous solubility enhancement of the test compound in the presence of biosurfactant. The total mass of 4,4'CB mineralized in biosurfactant solutions exceeded the total initial mass of 4,4'CB dissolved in biosurfactant free solutions, which confirmed that micellized 4,4'CB was biodegradable. Co-mineralization of biosurfactant was at a minimum during periods of high 4,4'CB mineralization The results of this research provide clear evidence that biosurfactant addition followed by pure culture biological treatment is a promising approach for treatment of non-aqueous phase and soil-bound PCBs.
L6 ANSWER 15 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:6653 POLLUAB TI An investigation of factors limiting the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls AU Liu, Xia; Sokol, R.C.; Kwon, O.-S.; Bethoney, C.M.; Rhee, G.-Y. CS Sch. Public Health, State Univ. New York at Albany and Wadsworth Cent., New York State Dep Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA SO ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM., (1996) vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1738-1744. ISSN: 0730-7268. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB A study was conducted to determine whether the apparent limitation of dechlorination of Aroclor 1248 was due to bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or an accumulation of metabolic products. After 15 weeks of laboratory incubation, sediment microorganisms from the St. Lawrence River reduced the total number of chlorines in Aroclor 1248-spiked sediments by 33%. However, dechlorination apparently leveled off with a significant number of meta- and para-chlorines still remaining, showing no further change out to 30 weeks. When these sediments were incubated an additional 18 weeks with either fresh medium or the original supernatant, no additional dechlorination was found in either treatment. Similarly, dechlorination was not inhibited in freshly spiked Aroclor 1248 sediment slurries made with the old supernatant. Addition of the nonionic surfactant Tween 20, at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration that increased PCB desorption, also failed to enhance dechlorination of the plateau sediments. The extent and final congener pattern in all treatments were nearly identical. Therefore, the termination of dechlorination at the plateau level was not due to PCB bioavailability or accumulation of inhibitory metabolic products. These results strongly suggest that the cessation of dechlorination at the plateau was due to the accumulation of daughter
45 congeners with chlorine substitution patterns that were not amenable to further dechlorination by the present microbial consortium.
L6 ANSWER 31 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:595 POLLUAB TI Reductive dechlorination of PCB-contaminated sediments in an anaerobic bioreactor system AU Pagano, J.J.; Scrudato, R.J.; Roberts, R.N.; Bemis, J.C. CS Environ. Res. Cent., 319 Piez Hall, State Univ. New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USA SO ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL., (1995) vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 2584-2589. ISSN: 0013-936X. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB An anaerobic bioreactor system was operated in a batch recycle mode to establish the microbial biodegradation of Aroclor 1248-spiked sediment, utilizing sanitary landfill leachate as a novel carbon, nutrient, and/or microbial source. Experiments conducted on two bioreactors confirmed that significant dechlorination of Aroclor 1248-spiked sediments occurred. After 13 weeks of operation, the average total chlorine/biphenyl of the original Aroclor was reduced by 11% and 23%, with the majority of dechlorination occurring within 7 weeks. No dechlorination was observed in the sterilized control reactor. The overall significance is the first reported occurrence of anaerobic dechlorination of a PCB -contaminated sediment in a low-cost laboratory-scale bioreactor system. The environmental significance is the reduction in chlorine content of the original Aroclor, an important component in any environmental bioremediation program. Innovative approaches to laboratory-scale bioreactor monitoring and bioreactor design principles applicable to hazardous waste containment areas are also discussed.
L6 ANSWER 42 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:6857 POLLUAB TI Biphenyl/chlorobiphenyls catabolic pathway of Comamonas testosteroni B-356: Prospect for use in bioremediation BIOSORPTION AND BIOREMEDIATION. AU Sylvestre, M.; Laborda, F. [editor]; Beech, I.B. [editor]; Sylvestre, M. [editor] CS INRS-Sante, Institut Natl. de la Recherche Scientifque, Universite du Quebec, 245 Hymus Blvd., Pointe-Claire, Quebec H9R 1G6, Canada SO INT. BIODETERIOR. BIODEGRAD., (1995) pp. 189-211. Meeting Info.: Symposioum on Biosorption and Bioremediation. Madrid (Spain). 17-19 Oct 1993. ISSN: 0964-8305. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB This review summarizes our present knowledge concerning bacterial PCB oxidative catabolic pathways. Using, as an example, some of the results that were obtained mainly with Comamonas testosteroni B-356, some of the major features of PCB catabolic pathways will be depicted. Based on our present knowledge, some of the factors that should be considered in priority when looking for strategies to obtain new
46 strains with enhanced capabilities to degrade those persistent pollutants will be discussed. The major features that will be discussed include the bioavailability of PCB as substrate, the use of co-substrate, the significance of the substrate reactivity pattern of the biphenyl oxygenase (the first enzyme of the pathway) and the importance of the stringent control of metabolite production.
L6 ANSWER 49 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:1636 POLLUAB TI Measurement of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in catalytic combustion effluents using a simple HPLC procedure AU Perera, S.P.; Jefferies, T.M. CS Sch. Chem. Eng., Univ. Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK SO BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL., (1995) vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 640-646. ISSN: 0007-4861. DT Journal FS P LA English AB This paper forms part of the research programme carried out to investigate the catalytic combustion of Aroclor 1242 in a packed bed reactor using chromia on an alumina support and other oxidation catalysts. It was essential for these studies to be able to determine the PCB destruction efficiencies of the catalytic processes examined.
L6 ANSWER 57 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 95:8822 POLLUAB TI Effect of nonionic surfactant on the degradation of glass-sorbed PCB congeners by integrated chemical-biological treatment AU Aronstein, B.N.; Paterek, J.R. CS Inst. Gas Technol., 1700 South Mount Prospect Rd., Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA SO ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM., (1995) vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 749-754. ISSN: 0730-7268. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB A study was conducted on the effect of a nonionic surfactant on the efficiency of the integrated chemical-biological treatment (ICBT) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) sorbed to the glass walls of the experimental vessels. The addition of surfactant associated with the chemical oxidation was proposed to overcome two limitations of biodegradation of hydrophobic compounds- adsorption to surfaces, and lack of solubility and thus availability to the microorganisms. Two super(14)C-labeled PCB congeners, 2-chlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, were used as the test compounds. The integrated chemical-biological treatment consisted of sequential applications of Fenton's reagent (5% H sub(2)0 sub(2), I mM FeSO sub(4)) at pH 4.0 (with and without nonionic surfactant Novel II 1412-60) and the inoculation with a mixed culture of Pseudomonas sp., strain LB400, and Alcaligenes eutrophus, strain H850, at pH 8.0. The chemical treatment in the presence of surfactant affected the removal of the congeners bound to the glass surfaces cf the experimental test systems. As indicated by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, these PCBs were converted to unidentified soluble products that are hypothesized to be partial oxidation products. No parent test compounds
47 were detectable in the system after chemical treatment with or without surfactant. The addition of the mixed culture of PCB -degrading bacteria after completion of chemical treatment in the presence of surfactant resulted in the removal of approximately 45% of 2-chlorobiphenyl and 32% of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in the form of super(14)CO sub(2). This compared to 29% and 23% without the addition of surfactant, respectively. We suggest that the combination of surfactant-induced desorption and chemical oxidation would increase the availability of hydrophobic pollutants for microbial degradation.
L6 ANSWER 59 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 95:7642 POLLUAB TI Anaerobic degradation of PCB in soils PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CHEMISTRY AND FATE OF MODERN PESTICIDES. AU Haluska, L.; Balaz, S.; Dercova, K.; Benicka, E.; Krupcik, J.; Bielek, P.; Lindisova, G.; Barcelo, D. [editor]; Hajslova, J. [editor]; Nielen, M. [editor] CS Dep. Biochem. Technol., Fac. Chem. Technol., Slovak Tech. Univ., 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia SO INT. J. ENVIRON. ANAL. CHEM., (1995) pp. 327-336. Meeting Info.: 4. Workshop on Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides. Prague (Czech Rep.}. 8-10 Sep 1993. ISSN: 0306-7319. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB The anaerobic degradation of PCB in loamy and clayey soils containing indigeneous microflora was studied. The anaerobic conditions were created by an argon atmosphere in the flasks containing soil flooded by a liquid medium with glucose. GC-ECD analysis of soil extracts after 40 day incubation showed, in addition to the concentration changes of the less chlorinated PCB congeners, a significant decrease in the concentration of highly chlorinated congeners in both soils. The results indicate that in both soil types reductive dehalogenation of PCB congeners was encountered.
L6 ANSWER 60 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 95:7641 POLLUAB TI Degradation of PCB by bacteria isolated from long-time contaminated soil PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CHEMISTRY AND FATE OF MODERN PESTICIDES. AU Dercova, K.; Balaz, S.; Haluska, L.; Hornak, V.; Holecova, V.; Barcelo, D. [editor]; Hajslova, J. [editor]; Nielen, M. [editor] CS Dep. Biochem. Technol., Fac. Chem. Technol., Slovak Tech. Univ., 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia SO INT. J. ENVIRON. ANAL. CHEM., (1995) pp. 337-348. Meeting Info.: 4. Workshop on Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides. Prague (Czech Rep.). 8-10 Sep 1993. ISSN: 0306-7319. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English
48 SL English AB Four bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes were obtained by the enrichment method, using biphenyl as the sole carbon source, from the soil, which underwent long-time contamination with technical mixtures of PCB. Kinetics of PCB degradation by individual isolates was measured using n-hexane extraction of the cultivation media in proper time intervals and analysed by congener specific gas chromatography with electron capture detection. All isolates exhibit interesting biodegradative potential. Specific degradation of individual congeners with respect to the number and position of chlorine substituents is discussed. The influence of glucose, biphenyl and 3-chlorobenzoic acid on the PCB degradation has been assessed.
L10 ANSWER 2 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1998:12318 POLLUAB TI Chances for biological techniques in sediment remediation CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS AU Ferdinandy-Van Vlerken, M.M.A.; Calmano, W. [editor]; Roeters, P. [editor]; Vellinga, T. [editor] CS RIZA, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands SO Water Science & Technology, (19980000) 453 pp. Meeting Info.: 2. IAWQ Specialist Group Conference on Contaminated Sediments. Rotterdam (Netherlands). 7-11 Sep 1997. ISSN: 0273-1223. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB Biological techniques can be applied in remediation of sediments contaminated with organic pollutants, such as mineral oil, PAH, PCB and chlorobenzenes. Within the period of 1989-1997 several techniques were developed from laboratory to full-scale. The chances for bioremediation lay in the relatively small environmental impact and the low costs of the techniques. Little energy is required, no emissions to soil or air occur and the natural structure of the sediments is not destroyed. The costs vary between 45 (landfarming) and 70 (reactors) Dutch Guilders per ton dry weight. The quality of the product to meet the legal standards for re-use was achieved for some, but not all, of the sediments. However, bioassays and leaching tests showed that bioremediation strongly reduces the ecotoxicity and dispersion risks of the material. Further research of the actual risks, accompanied by policy development of the standards for re-use, might increase the number of different types of sediments which can be successfully remediated by biotechnology.
L10 ANSWER 6 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1998:702 POLLUAB TI Benzo(a)pyrene and hexachlorobiphenyl contaminated soil: Phytoremediation potential AU Epuri, V.; Sorensen, D.L.*; Kruger, E.L. [editor]; Anderson, T.A. [editor]; Coats, J.R. [editor] CS Utah Water Pes. Lab , Utah State Unix., Logan, UT 84322-8200, USA SO (19960000) pp. 200-222. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. WASHINGTON, DC 20036 (USA). Meeting Info.: 212. National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. Orlando, FL (USA). 25-29 Aug 1996.
49 DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB Benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) is a carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon and hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) is a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener. Spiked, radiolabeled B[a]P and HCB mineralization, volatilization, solvent extractability, soil binding and plant accumulation were measured in soil microcosms for differences between unvegetated treatments. Aroclor 1260 and PAH contaminated loamy sand from a New Jersey plastics plant was used. Soil was planted with Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Screb.) or was left unplanted. Incubation under artificial lighting for 180 days with vegetation resulted in decreased B[a]P volatilization, increased mineralization, and increased solvent extractability but had no detectable effect on soil binding. Vegetation had no effect on HCB volatilization or soil binding but enhanced its mineralization and decreased its extracability.
L10 ANSWER 7 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1998:684 POLLUAB TI Rhizosphere ecology of xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms AU Crowley, D.E.; Alvey, S.; Gilbert, E.S.; Kruger, E.L. [editor]; Anderson, T.A. [editor]; Coats, J.R. [editor] CS Dep. Soil and Environ. Sci., Univ. California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA SO (19960000) pp. 20-36. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. WASHINGTON, DC 20036 (USA). Meeting Info.: 212. National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. Orlando, FL (USA). 25-29 Aug 1996. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB The rhizosphere fortuitously enhances the population numbers and activity of certain microorganisms that degrade xenobiotic soil contaminants. This review examines the ecology of degrader microorganisms in the rhizosphere, and summarizes prior research that has examined the influence of plants on biodegradation of chlorobenzenes, chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the herbicide atrazine. Degradation rates of most xenobiotics examined to date are not significantly influenced by the presence of a rhizosphere. However, a major benefit of the rhizosphere may be to harbor certain degrader organisms at higher cell numbers, thereby shortening the acclimation period. Another benefit may be enhanced transfer of degradative plasmids, or in some instances, enhanced cometabolism of compounds which can not be directly utilized as substrates for microbial growth.
L10 ANSWER 15 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:8958 POLLUAB TI Mineralization enhancement of non-aqueous phase and soil-bound PCB using biosurfactant PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WATER QUALITY. AU Robinson, K.G.; Ghosh, M.M.; Shi, Zhou; Bally, D. [editor]; Asano, T. [editor]; Bhamidimarri, R. [editor]; Chin, K.K. [editor]; Grabow, W.O.K. [editor]; Hall, E.R. [editor]; Ohgaki, S. [editor]; Orhon, D. [editor];
50 Milburn, A. [editor]; Purdon, C.D. [editor]; Nagle, P.T. [editor] CS Dep. Civ. and Environ. Eng., 219A Perkins Hall, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2010, USA SO WATER SCI. TECHNOL., (1996) pp. 303-309. Meeting Info.: 18. Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Quality. (Singapore). 23-28 Jun 1996. ISSN: 0273-1223. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB Batch studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of biosurfactant (Rhamnolipid Rl) on microbial utilization of radiolabeled 4,4' chlorobiphenyl (4,4'CB). Production of super(14)CO sub(2), after addition of an acclimated bacterial culture (Alcaligenes eutrophus), was monitored to determine the extent and rate of mineralization. Bioavailability of non-aqueous and soil-bound phases upon biosurfactant treatment was evaluated. Addition of Rhamnolipid Rl elevated both the rate and extent of 4,4'CB mineralization; however, enhancement was pronounced only at biosurfactant concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). For a biosurfactant concentration of 4.0 g/L, the average mineralization rate of 4,4'CB was 45 times that measured in controls (no biosurfactant). The extent of 4,4'CB mineralization in the presence of 4.0 g/L biosurfactant increased by a factor of 213 over biotic controls. Elevated mineralization was due, in part, to aqueous solubility enhancement of the test compound in the presence of biosurfactant. The total mass of 4,4'CB mineralized in biosurfactant solutions exceeded the total initial mass of 4,4'CB dissolved in biosurfactant free solutions, which confirmed that micellized 4,4'CB was biodegradable. Co-mineralization of biosurfactant was at a minimum during periods of high 4,4'CB mineralization. The results of this research provide clear evidence that biosurfactant addition followed by pure culture biological treatment is a promising approach for treatment of non-aqueous phase and soil-bound PCBs.
L10 ANSWER 17 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:8224 POLLUAB TI Method of biodegrading hydrophobic organic compounds, particularly PCBs, and remediation thereof using a bioemulsifier CS Envirogen, Inc. SO (1996) . US Cl. 435/262.5 210/611 252/351 435/253.3. DT Patent FS P LA English AB The invention includes remediating a medium contaminated with an organohalide using a microorganism that produces a bioemulsifier. The organohalide is dispersed within the medium by contacting the medium with the bioemulsifier directly produced from Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487 or obtained from a growth medium supernatant of Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487. Then, the medium and the organohalide is treated with Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487 which causes the organohalide to degrade in the presence of the Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 55487.
51 Chemical Methods (Reductive and Base)
Base Treatment
L6 ANSWER 3 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1998:8453 POLLUAB TI Decomposition of PCB in soils/sediments using the base-catalyzed decomposition process (BCDP) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH (1997) INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE AND POLAR ENGINEERING CONFERENCE. AU Chan, D.B.; Chung, Jin S. [editor]; Das, B.M. [editor]; Matsui, Tamotsu [editor]; Thiel, H. [editor] CS Naval Facil. Eng. Serv. Cent., Port Hueneme, CA, USA SO (19970000) vol. 1, pp. 554-560. ISOPE. GOLDEN, CO (USA). Meeting Info.: 7. ( 1997 ) Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf.. Honolulu, HI (USA). 25-30 May 1997. ISBN: 1-880653-29-X. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB The BCDP, patented by the Environmental Protection Agency/National Risk Management Research Laboratory (EPA/NRMRL) in Cincinnati Ohio is a cost-effective treatment process for removal/detoxification of PCBs and other halogenated compounds in a contaminated medium, either liquid or soils/sediments. The BCDP is a catalytic transfer hydrogenation reaction, by which, the chlorine or other halogen atoms on chlorinated/halogenated molecules, such PCBs, are removed and replaced with hydrogen atoms under a low-temperature environment and in the presence of a metal catalyst and a hydrogen donor. A BCDP system of 1-2 ton per hour capacity was developed, designed, fabricated, and demonstrated at the U.S. Navy Public Works Center (PWC) in Guam. The system was then modified (mainly on Air Pollution Control System (APCS) components) and used at the same site to cleanup 10,000 tons of PCB contaminated soils. The soil originally contained an average of 2,500 parts per million (ppm) PCBs that was successfully reduced down to a maximum of 2 ppm perPCB congener, which has met regulator's cleanup standard.
L6 ANSWER 9 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:8978 POLLUAB TI Chemical decontamination of PCB -contaminated soil CHLORINATED DIOXINS, PCB AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 1995. AU Taniguchi, S.; Murakami, A.; Hosomi, M.; Miyamura, A.; Uchida, R.; Birnbaum, L. [editor]; Clement, R. [editor]; Fiedler, H. [editor];
52 Hutzinger, O. [editor]; Reiner, E. [editor]; Safe, S. [editor] CS Dep. Chem. Eng., Tokyo Univ. Agriculture and Technol., 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184, Japan SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1997) pp. 1631-1637. Meeting Info.: 15. International Symposium. Edmonton (Canada). 21-25 Aug 1995. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB PCB-contaminated soil was treated using the BCD (Based Catalyzed Decomposition) process to study the PCB removal performance of this process. NaHCO sub(3) was augmented into the soil to reduce PCB concentration. It was found that PCBs underwent partial dechlorination and PCB degradation, during which organic matter in the soil performed as hydrogen donors. Test results indicated that a PCB removal of 99.79% was achieved by this process.
L10 ANSWER 14 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:8978 POLLUAB TI Chemical decontamination of PCB-contaminated soil CHLORINATED DIOXINS, PCB AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 1995. AU Taniguchi, S.; Murakami, A.; Hosomi, M.; Miyamura, A.; Uchida, R.; Birnbaum, L. [editor]; Clement, R. [editor]; Fiedler, H. [editor]; Hutzinger, O. [editor]; Reiner, E. [editor]; Safe, S. [editor] CS Dep. Chem. Eng., Tokyo Univ. Agriculture and Technol., 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184, Japan SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1997) pp. 1631-1637. Meeting Info.: 15. International Symposium. Edmonton (Canada). 21-25 Aug 1995. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB PCB-contaminated soil was treated using the BCD (Based Catalyzed Decomposition) process to study the PCB removal performance of this process. NaHCO sub(3) was augmented into the soil to reduce PCB concentration. It was found that PCBs underwent partial dechlorination and PCB degradation, during which organic matter in the soil performed as hydrogen donors. Test results indicated that a PCB removal of 99.79% was achieved by this process.
53 L3 ANSWER 11 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:185010 CA TI Non-thermal method for halogen removal from organic halohydrocarbon wastes IN Masuda, Seiichi; Masame, Kaoru; Saito, Fumiyoshi PA Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 8 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000070401 A2 20000307 JP 1998-247180 19980901 AB The title method comprises mixing the pulverized org. halohydrocarbon wastes with CaO- and/or Ca(OH)2-contg. substances (esp., steelmaking converter slags), mechanochem. treatment of the mixt. in the presence of a dehalogenation promoter (e.g., A12O3) inside a ball mill, washing the treated wastes with water, and filtering to sep. residues. The org. halohydrocarbon wastes are preferably PCB, poly(fluoroethylene), and/or dioxins. L3 ANSWER 43 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS
AN 132:54277 CA TI Method and apparatus for treating polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) by hydrothermal reactions IN Hatakenaka, Takeshi PA Elson K. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP2000005594 A2 20000111 JP 1998-216382 19980626 AB PCB contg. solns. are treated by mixing with NaOEt, MeOH, and a carbonate at 100-250.degree. to form a reaction emulsion in a pretreatment tank; reacting the emulsion in a 278-350.degree. NaOH neutralizing soln. under 100-120 atm in a hydrothermal reaction tank to form NaCl and a gaseous reaction medium; sepg. the NaCl from the reaction tank; cooling the gaseous medium to sep. a neutralizing agent layer and a decompd. oil layer. The app. includes the pretreatment tank, the reaction tank, sep. means supplying the emulsion and the NaOH soln. to the reaction tank, means sepg. NaCl from the reaction medium, means discharging NaCl from the
54 reaction tank, means discharging the reaction medium from the reaction tank, and means cooling the gaseous medium and sepg. the condensate.
L3 ANSWER 50 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:39783 CA TI Base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process of dioxins AU Uchida,Ryuji CS Ebara General Research Co., Ltd., Japan SO Kankyo Horumon no Saishin Doko (1999), 195-202 Publisher: Shi Emu Shi, Tokyo, Japan. CODEN: 68NEA5 DT Conference; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with 5 refs. on Base-catalyzed decompn. (BCD) process liq. dechlorination expt. for PCB and CNP treatment and the decompn. of chloro dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran in PCB and CNP and in contaminated waste soils.
L3 ANSWER 101 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:290518 CA TI Chemical dechlorination of PCDDs/DFs by the base catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process AU Toda, Hisayuki; Taniguchi, Shin CS Environ. Remediation Technol. Dev., Ebara Corp., Fujisawa, 251-8502, Japan SO Yosui to Haisui (1999), 41(8), 681-687 CODEN: YOHAAP; ISSN: 0513-5907 PB Sangyo Yosui Chosakai DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review, with 14 refs., covers the principle and characteristics of base catalyzed decompn. (BCD) process; decompn. of dioxins in polychlorobiphenyls (decompn. of dioxins by lab. and pilot scale); decompn. of dioxins in chloronitrophene; purifn. of dioxins-polluted soils; purifn. of soils polluted by polychlorobiphenyls and dioxins; and other examples of BCD process.
L3 ANSWER 123 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:189130 CA TI The base catalyzed decomposition process, a proven remediation technology AU Terres, Suzanne; Gallagher, William E. CS Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA, 93043-4370, USA SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1°97), 805-809 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 67YSAR
55 DT Conference LA English AB The 1st prodn. Base Catalyzed Decompn. Process (BCDP) has been operating on Guam since Apr., 1996. The unit treats PCB contaminated soil at rates .ltoreq.2 tons/h, and has treated over 10,000 tons of soil at PCB levels over 2000 ppm to <0.05 ppm. A novel air control system exceeds the stds. applied to hazardous waste incinerators. The innovative air capture system starts in the calciner where steam is used as the sweep gas to sweep out the desorbed PCBs. The O content in the calciner is too low to support combustion, so there is no danger of combustion occurring and creating an overpressure that would result in the release of contaminants from the calciner. The calciner offgas moves through a cyclone to remove larger dust particles, ard then into a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) where almost all the contaminants are removed. The precipitator can be safely operated because O levels are maintained at <5%, too low to support combustion. Low O levels in the process also inhibits the formation of dioxins. O is required to form dioxins.
L3 ANSWER 176 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:342500 CA TI Treatment of PCB-contaminated waste oils IN Handa, Rikiya; Tanaka, Hisayoshi PA PIP K. k., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11128724 A2 19990518 JP 1997-311210 19971028 AB To prevent dioxins formation during incineration, PCB -contaminated waste oils are preferably treated by mixing with 50-80 vol.% water and a polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant to form an emulsion, dosing the emulsion with a hydroxide compd. (esp., NaOH or Ca(OH)2), heating, atomizing, and then combusting at .gtoreq.800.degree, in an incinerator.
L3 ANSWER 182 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:316112 CA TI Agent and process for treatment of toxic organic halides IN Takigawa, Yuji; Nagasawa, Hiroshi; Ishihara, Masayuki PA Okutama Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 4 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent
56 LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11114537 A2 19990427 JP 1997-287335 19971020 AB The title agent contains reaction products of CaO and/or Ca(OH)2 with polar liqs. The polar liq. may be polyhydric ales., optionally contg. monohydric ales. Toxic org. halides are decompd. by treating with the agent above. The agent and process are useful for decompn. of PCB and dioxin.
L3 ANSWER 183 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:316052 CA TI Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in non-polar media AU Chianese, A.; De Filippis, P.; Pochetti, F.; Scarsella, M. CS Chemical Engineering Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy SO Environ. Eng. Renewable Energy, Proc. Int. Conf., 1st (1998), 339-347. Editor(s): Gavasci, Renato; Zandaryaa, Sarantuyaa. Publisher: Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK. CODEN: 67LWA8 DT Conference LA English AB The application of the KPEG technol. to the treatment of both dielec. and spent lube oils is reported. The results, using the 2 class of oils, are compared to evaluate the efficiency of the process when lube oils are treated. The kinetic of the PCBs removal from a mineral oil was detd.: 1st order relative to each congener concn. and 1st order relative to the polyethylene glycol alkoxide concn. The calcd. kinetic consts. for the considered congeners showed an exponential correlation with their gas-chromatog. relative retention time. From the kinetic results it is confirmed that slightly chlorinated PCBs are more difficult to remove, whereas the more chlorinated PCBs are those more easily eliminated.; the kinetics of PCBs removal seem to be strongly affected by their structural conformation and not only by the chlorine content.
L3 ANSWER 238 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:70883 CA TI Process for decomposition of organic chlorine compounds in waste liquids IN Kawai, Takao; Nakanishi, Tsutomu; Saiki, Kazumaru PA Shinko Pantec Co., Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1
57 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10314695 A2 19981202 JP 1997-127395 19970516 AB The process is carried out by reacting the org. chlorine compds. (e.g., PCBs) with alkali; alk. earth metal; or their compds. for dechlorination, followed by biol. treatment with pH adjustment.
L3 ANSWER 245 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:56525 CA TI Remediation of dioxin contaminated soil and degradation of PCDDs and PCDFs by the base catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process AU Miyamura, Akira; Shimmura, Hiroshi; Taniguchi, Shin; Uchida, Ryuji; Takada, Makoto; Toda, Hisayuki; Hosomi, Masaaki; Murakami, Akihiko; Rappe, Christoffer CS Ebara Corporation, Tokyo, 108, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1998), 36(Formation and Sources, Transport and Fate), 27-32 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The adaptation of the BCD process, a chem. method for the degrdn. of persistent org. halogen compds. such as PCBs and PCP, to a remediation of soil contaminated by PCDD/Fs and the decompn. of PCDD/Fs contained in PCB oils and CNP (chloronitrofene) are described. The catalytic decompn. was carried out in the presence of H donor, NaOH,, and a C catalyst at 300-350.degree, resulting in nontoxic org. compds., alkali salt, and water. The PCDD/Fs contained in PCB oils, CNP formulations, and contaminated soils were successfully decompd. and detoxified by the BCD process. The process can be applied to completely decomp. the collected and partially dechlorinated PCDD/Fs from the contaminated soils near municipal incineration plants.
L3 ANSWER 336 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:99421 CA TI Method for decomposing polychlorobiphenyls IN Sako, Takeshi; Sato, Masahito; Sugeta, Tsutomu; Otake, Katsuto; Okano, Makoto PA Director-General of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan SO Eur. Pat. AppL, 6 pp. CODEN: EPXXDW DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
58 PI EP 850666 Al 19980701 EP 1997-310125 19971215 R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO JP 10225632 A2 19980825 JP 1997-115966 19970507 PRAIJP 1996-333205 19961213 AB A method of decompg. a polychlorobiphenyl compd.-contg. material into a nonhazardous state, wherein the material is treated with a supercrit. water contg. an alk. substance at a temp, higher than the crit. temp, of water and a pressure higher than the crit. pressure of water is described.
L3 ANSWER 367 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:261290 CA TI Chemical dechlorination of PCBs by the base catalyzed decomposition process AU Takada, Makoto; Uchida, Ryuji; Taniguchi, Shin; Hosomi, Masaaki CS BCD Process Div., Ebara Research Co., Ltd., Fujisawa, 251, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1997), 31, 435-440 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The base-catalyzed decompn. of PCB was studied in bench-scale and pilot-scale plants to clarify the relationship among reaction rates, alkali amts., and reaction temps.. The most appropriate reaction temp, for PCB decompn. was >320.degree.. The optimum dosage of KOH was detd. to be 6-fold the stoichiometric ratio. The most applicable combination for effective treatment was transformer oil (as the H-donor) and KOH (as the alkali). PCBs were completely dechlorinated. PCDD/F were also decompd. and did not be formed newly during the reaction.
L3 ANSWER 368 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:261289 CA TI Destruction of PCBs by reaction with potassium tert-butoxide AU Ohno, Masayuki; Kaneda, Hisashi; Hirata, Kiyoshi CS Kansai Tech Corporation, Osaka, 552, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1997), 31, 415-419 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in insulating oil were dechlorinated by reaction with K tert-butoxide in a 150-L/h continuous bench-scale plant. The PCB concn. of 120 ppm was decreased to 0.02 ppm within only 6 min at 200-250.degree.. In addn., PCDD/F present as byproducts of the PCB prepn. were also completely decompd.
59 L3 ANSWER 369 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:261288 CA TI Complete destruction of PCB by using a catalytic hydrogenation-dechlorination reaction and t-BuOK method in a bench scale plant AU Ohno, Masayuki; Hirata, Kyoshi CS Kansai Tech Corporation, Osaka, 552, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1997), 31, 405-409 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB A procedure for complete destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by consecutive reaction with H and K tert-butoxide (t-BuOK) was studied. A conversion rate >99.9% was achieved after 5 h of hydrodechlorination at 1.1 atm of H and 180.degree, with 5% Pt/C as catalyst and paraffin oil as solvent. Complete destruction of the remaining PCB was achieved by reacting with t-BuOK at 250.degree.. Admixed PCDD/F are also widely decompd. by this procedure.
L3 ANSWER 423 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:298059 CA TI Alkali degradation of PCB congeners in sewage sludge AU Rahman, M. S.; Paya-Perez, A. B.; Larsen, B. CS Institute Food Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh SO Fresenius Environ. Bull. (1997), 6(11/12), 648-654 CODEN: FENBEL; ISSN: 1018-4619 PB Fresenius Environmental Bulletin DT Journal LA English AB The effect of refluxing sewage sludge with KOH in MeOH at various temps. and concns. on the degrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was studied to est. the strongest sapon. conditions not causing degrdn., to be used in PCB anal. Refluxing with 2N KOH in MeOH for 6 h did not cause degrdn. at SO.degree., but decreased the concn. of hepta- to deca-CB by 50% at 70.degree.. Refluxing with 4N methanolic KOH at 90.degree, for 6 h efficiently eliminated hepta- to deca-CB and decreased the concn. of hexa- and penta-CB by 50 and 30%, resp. HCB was degraded faster than PCB, and DDE was similar to penta-CB.
L3 ANSWER 427 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:282899 CA TI Removal of PCBs from mineral oils AU De Filippis, P.; Chianese, A.; Pochetti, F.
60 CS Chemical Engineering Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, 00184, Italy SO Chemosphere (1997), 35(8), 1659-1667 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier DT Journal LA English AB The paper deals with the elimination of PCBs from dielec. and contaminated lube oils using the KPEG process. Exptl. runs at lab. scale showed that the treatment is effective on both kinds of oils, but the degree of PCBs removal is higher in case of dielec. oils. The PCB elimination grade is affected by both KOH/PEG and PEG/oil ratios, and strongly by the nature of the PCB mixt. The reactivity of less chlorinated PCBs, i.e. with 3-5 Cl atoms, is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of PCBs with 5-7 Cl atoms.
L3 ANSWER 459 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:139728 CA TI Decontamination of PCB in soil using the base-catalyzed decomposition process (BCDP) at U.S. Navy PWC in Guam AU Chan, D.B.; Yeh, S. Laura CS Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC), Port Hueneme, CA, USA SO Contain. Soils (1996), 1, 259-266 CODEN: CNSLF5 PB Amherst Scientific Publishers DT Journal LA English AB The US Navy identified a polychlorinated biphenyl-polluted (PCB -polluted) site near a former transformer repair/rework facility which cleaned and repaired elec. transformers and purified, stored, and recycled transformer oils at the Public Works Center complex at Apra Harbor, Guam. Studies to characterize and est. the extent of PCB pollution at this site were conducted from 1983 to 1990. It was estd. that .apprx.4,000 yd3 or 5500 tons of soil were polluted with PCB, having an av. of 2500 ppm concn. in a range of 25 to 45,860 ppm. The Navy search for an applicable, cost-effective, onsite remedial technol. to remove PCB from soil culminated in the base-catalyzed decompn. process. This process is relatively inexpensive, low temp, treatment process for PCB and works via catalytic transfer hydrogenation in a rotary kiln reactor.
L3 ANSWER 499 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:308430 CA __ TI Chemical decontamination of PCB-contaminated soil ~^\^ AU Taniguchi, Shin; Murakami, Akihiko; Hosomi, Masaaki; Miyamura, Akira; Uchida, Ryuji
61 CS Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, 184, Japan SO Chemosphere (1997), 34(5-7, Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds 1995), 1631-1637 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier DT Journal LA English AB PCB-contaminated soil was treated using the BCD (Base Catalyzed Decompn.) process to study the PCB removal performance of this process. NaHCO3 was added to the soil at 3-6% to reduce PCB concn. PCBs underwent partial dechlorination and PCB degrdn., during which org. matter in the soil acted as hydrogen donor. Test results indicated that a PCB removal of 99.79% was achieved by this process.
L3 ANSWER 504 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:297122 CA TI Chemical remediation of PCB-contaminated soil using BCD (base catalyzed decompn.) continuous treatment pilot plant AU Taniguchi, Shin; Miyamura, Akira; Ebihara, Akihiro; Hosomi, Masaaki; Murakami, Akihiko CS Department Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University Agriculture Tech., Tokyo, 184, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1996), 27, 105-110 CODEN: ORCOEP PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB A pilot-scale treatment plant installed in a mobile-type container was used to continuously treat polychlorinated biphenyl( PCB)-contaminated soil in 30 min. It was proved that a part of the PCBs is thermally desorbed in the soil reactor and that part of the PCBs is subjected to dechlorination decompn. within the reactor. The PCBs that become lower chlorinated biphenyls were collected in the condenser and decompd. in a lab.-scale liq. phase reaction unit. In the liq. phase reactor, the PCBs in the condensate were decompd. to .Itoreq. 1 mg/L within 1 h.
L3 ANSWER 509 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:242174 CA TI Base-Catalyzed Destruction of PCBs - New Donors, New Transfer Agents/Catalysts AU Kawahara, Fred K.; Michalakos, Peter M. CS National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
62 SO Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (1997), 36(5), 1580-1585 CODEN: IECRED; ISSN: 0888-5885 PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB The use of hydrogen transfer agents and catalysts to improve the base-catalyzed decompn. of poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was investigated. The reaction proceeded only in the presence of base, but the rate of PCB disappearance increased with increasing amt. of hydrogen transfer agents and catalysts. Up to 99+% disappearance of 20,000 mg/kg of Aroclor 1242 in paraffmic oil was achieved within 1-4 h at 340-350.degree.. A 3-step mechanism is proposed for the formation of biphenyl, the main product: (1) hydrogen species generated fron- the paraffin oil; (2) hydrogenation of arom. catalysts (phenanthrene, anthracene, and alkyl naphthalenes) to form dihydroaroms., or absorption of hydrogen by hexagonal forms of carbon (graphite or carbon black as present in scrap latex) or transition metals (zero-valent iron and stainless steel); and (3) transfer of the hydrogen species to the activated PCBs. The product, biphenyl, may be degraded further or possibly form adducts or polymerize.
L3 ANSWER 541 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:74545 CA TI Chemical decomposition of polychlorobiphenyl by phase-transfer catalysts IN Tsunoda, Hironosuke PA Tsunoda Hironosuke, Japan; Ito Shigeki SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 7 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 08290053 A2 19961105 JP 1995-100943 19950425 AB Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) is decompd. by KOH in the presence of phase-transfer catalysts. The process is useful for treatment of PCB-contg. wastes. A mixt. of elec. insulating oils contg. 640 ppm PCB and Bu4NCl was treated with KOH at lOO.degree. for 1 h to recover 6 ppm PCB-contg. the oils.
L3 ANSWER 542 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:46666 CA TI Lab-scale chemical remediation of PCB-contaminated soil using the BCD process AU Taniguchi, Shin; Miyamura, Akira; Ebihara, Akihiro; Murakami, Akihiko; Hosomi, Masaaki
63 CS Dep. Chem. Eng., Tokyo Univ. Agriculture Technology, Tokyo, 108, Japan SO HaikibutsuGakkaiRonbunshi(1996), 7(5), 262-269 Published in: Haikibutsu Gakkaishi, 7(5) CODEN: HGROEE PB Haikibutsu Gakkai DT Journal LA Japanese AB The Base Catalyzed Decompn. (BCD) process was adapted for desorbing PCBs from the soil. Lab. tests were carried out in an effort to confirm the availability of this process for Japan's environmental std. on PCB -contaminated soil. Tests using this process for treating seven different types of soil all resulted in PCB levels which satisfied Japan's environmental std. for PCB-contaminated soil. There were no PCBs detected (below 0.0005 mg/L) in the test fluid leached during leaching tests on the treated soil. Comparison of the PCB content in the soil, before and after treatment by the BCD process, indicated that a PCB removal of 99.79% was achieved. Charging NaHCOS was effective for reducing the PCB content in the soil, and PCBs underwent partial dechlorination and a degrdn. reaction. Org. materials worked in the soil as hydrogen donors through those reactions.
L3 ANSWER 550 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:22528 CA TI Remediation of PCB-contaminated soil AU Miyamura, Akira; Taniguchi, Shin; Ebihara, Akihiro CS Ebara K.K., Japan SO Ebara Jiho (1996), 173, 23-32 CODEN: EHJIAS; ISSN: 0385-3004 PB Ebara Seisakusho DT Journal LA Japanese AB PCB-contaminated soil was treated in a pilot-scale exptl. app. which featured the BCD (base catalyzed decompn.) process. The exptl. app. was installed in a mobile unit, to study whether such a system was capable of being transported to and used at a contamination site. Bench-scale treatment tests were carried out on 7 types of soil, each of which had a different concn. of contaminants. NaHCO3 was augmented into the soil to reduce PCB concn. It was found that PCBs underwent partial dechlorination and degrdn., also that org. matter in the soil performed as H donors. Test results, including those of continuous tests, indicated a PCB removal of 99.79% ( ***PCB concn. of <0.0005 mg/L in treated soil), therefore establishing that this process adequately met Japanese environmental regulations.
L3 ANSWER 570 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS
64 AN 125:176533 CA TI Treatment of aromatic halogen compounds in soils IN Ukisu, Juji; Myamura, Akira; Uchida, Takaharu PA Ebara Mfg, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 08168752 A2 19960702 JP 1994-332839 19941215 AB Soils polluted by arom. halogen compds. are heated at 250-400.degree. to vaporize the halogen compds. which are contacted with catalysts at 200-400.degree. in the presence of H for decompn. and removal. Alkali metal hydrogencarbonates may be previously added to the soils before heating. The method uses only safe chems., and simple app. Thus, PCB was removed from soil by the method using a Pt catalyst loaded on alumina, and NaHCO3.
L3 ANSWER 574 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:153266 CA TI On-site electrochemical dehalogenation process and system IN Rundhaug, Patrick A. PA Chem-Pro,USA SO U.S., llpp. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5534124 A 19960709 US 1995-530068 19950919 AB An electrochem. process and system for dehalogenating halogenated hydrocarbons is presented. The process facilitates on-site processing and transformation of waste oils, PCB oils in elec. transformers and chlorinated solvents to salts. The system includes a two-piece tubular structure including an elec. insulating member, an electrode member having perforations leading into a hollow vessel portion. The process includes, by example, reacting the halogenated hydrocarbon compd. with at least one metal hydroxide selected from a metallic hydroxide group consisting of sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide in the presence of an ale. selected from an ale. group consisting of methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. The tubular stiucture is inserted into the container and energized by applying a voltage to the electrode member. The electrochem. reaction results in producing an
65 electrolyte salt soln. contg. metallic cations and halogen anions which migrate into the hollow vessel portion where the migrated halogen ions are trapped. Upon completion of the reaction, the probe with the trapped halogen is removed from the container and the trapped halogen disposed. The process is repeated until the concn. level of halogen is at, or below, a predetd. acceptable concns. level. The process has particular utility for on-site treatment of hazardous waste material in 55 gal drums and facilitates recycling of existing stored hazardous material.
L3 ANSWER 582 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:122646 CA TI Decontamination of polluted wastes such as railroad ties and building debris IN Bischoff, Steffen; Roschig, Frank; Tesch, Falko; Thiede, Eberhard PA Technisch Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Thiede und Partner Mbh, Germany SO Ger. Offen., 6 pp. CODEN: GWXXBX DT Patent LA German FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI DE 4446654 Al 19960620 DE 1994-4446654 19941219 AB Polluted wastes are comminuted, agitated with sodium or potassium salts of C6-25 fatty acids of vegetable origin, extd., and washed. The method is suitable for use with railroad ties, waste wood, soils, sands, building debris, rubble, or gravel, and removes heavy metals , polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, PCB's, and hydrocarbons.
L3 ANSWER 589 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:94614 CA TI Remediation of PCB-contaminated soil by the continuous pilot scale experimental plant AU Taniguchi, Shin; Miyamura, Akira; Ebihara, Akihiro; Murakami, Akihiko; Hosomi, Masaaki CS Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agri. and Tech., Koganei, 184, Japan SO Kankyo Kagaku (1996), 6(2), 183-193 CODEN: KKAGEY; ISSN: 0917-2408 DT Journal LA Japanese AB The Base Catalyzed Decompn. (BCD) process has been applied to decontaminated soil In two successive steps: soil treatment including thermal desorption of PCBs with partial dechlorination from soil; and dechlorination of the desorbed PCBs after condensation. A continuous pilot scale experimenal plant was formulated to examine the
66 characteristics of BCD process in a soil treatment process. The pilot plant, which consists of a reactor, a pre-treatment equipment, and a post-treatment equipment, can be transported on a trailer. Treatment of soil samples contg. 32-72 mg-PCBs/kg-soil resulted in a .ltoreq.1 mg/kg residual PCBs with a 99.5% removal rate. PCBs in the sample soil were desorbed with partial dechlorination, and the most of the desorbed PCBs were collected as a condensate. Because PCBs in flue gas mostly existed as mist, a compact ejector was sufficient to collect PCBs in the flue. Throughout the treatment of PCB-contaminated soil by the BCD process, no formation of Dioxins were obsd. Applicability of the BCD process to a soil contaminated by PCBs was proved.
L3 ANSWER 609 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:341952 CA TI Chemical remediation of PCB-contaminated soil AU Taniguchi, Shin; Miyamura, Akira; Ukisu, Yuji; Marakami, Akihiko; Hosomi, Masaaki CS Dep. Chem. Eng., Tokyo Univ. Agric. Tech., Tokyo, 184, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1995), 26, 411 -16 CODEN: ORCOEP DT Journal LA English AB Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated soil was treated by the so-called base-catalyzed decompn. process (BCD), mixing the contaminated soil with 6% of NaHCO3 and heating to about 325.degree.. The decompn. of PCBs is dependent from the temp. The PCB content in treated soil with NaHCO3 was less than 1/10 of that without NaHCO3. It was found, that PCBs underwent partial dechlorination by binding the Cl as an inorg. chloride.
L3 ANSWER 634 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:241137 CA TI Treatment of aromatic halogen compounds in soils IN Ukisu, Juji; Myamura, Akira; Uchida, Takaharu PA Ebara Mfg, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 08001140 A2 19960109 JP 1994-159665 19940620 AB Soils polluted with the compds. are mixed with alkali metal hydrogen carbonate salts and water, and heated at 300-400.degree.. Optionally, the
67 compds. vaporized by the heating are decompd. by catalysts at 250-350.degree.. The compds., e.g., PCB, are removed from the soils by using low-cost and harmless chems.
L3 ANSWER 638 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:210958 CA TI Treatment of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in wastes IN Oono, Masayuki; Kaneda, Naoshi PA Kansai Tec Kk, Japan; Kansai Electric Power Co SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 08010352 A2 19960116 JP 1994-149595 19940630 JP 2638483 B2 19970806 AB Waste elec. insulating oils contg. polychlorinated arom. hydrocarbons (e.g., PCB, DDT) are treated by mixing with .apprx.250 ppm of alkali metal tert-butoxide, and then heating .gtoreq. 1 SO.degree. for .gtoreq.60 min.
L3 ANSWER 645 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:154913 CA TI Destruction of halogenated organic compounds in oils or polluted soils using reagents and heat IN Hendry, Antony John PA Brambles Australia Ltd, Australia SO Pat. Specif. (Aust.), 23 pp. CODEN: ALXXAP DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI AU 664454 B2 19951116 AU 1993-41279 19930616 AU 9341279 Al 19931223 PRAI AU 1992-3 010 19920618 AB Group I or II cations, silicate anions (sodium silicate), and a polyol (ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol) are added per halogen group, also adding sodium borohydride. The temp, of the mixt. is raised to >100.degree. for sufficient time to dehalogenate the hydrocarbon, e.g., PCB. The spent oil is recovered for reuse. Pesticides are removed from soils by the process.
68 L3 ANSWER 657 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:96501 CA TI Method of decomposing halogenated aromatic compound with alkaline substance IN Tanimoto, Fumio; Tsukumo, Kiyohiko; Nakamura, Atsuhiko; Yano, Tsuneo; Suzuki, Nobuhiro; Toma, Toshinori; Furuhashi, Koichi; Nakayama, Nobuyuki PA Research Institute for Production Development, Japan; Mitsui and Co., Ltd.; Neos Co., Ltd. SO PCT Int. AppL, 25 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9528993 Al 19951102 WO 1995-JP785 19950420 W: AU, CA, CN, KR, US RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE JP 07289656 A2 19951107 JP 1994-121690 19940422 AU 9522672 Al 19951116 AU 1995-22672 19950420 EP 711580 Al 19960515 EP 1995-916026 19950420 R: DE,FR,GB PRAI JP 1994-121690 19940422 WO 1995-JP785 19950420 AB The process comprises bringing the arom. compd. into contact with the alk. substance in an aprotic polar solvent at 150-300.degree, for 1-10 h, and the alk. substance being present in an amt. of about 5,000 mg per kg of the reaction mixt. as a whole in starting the reaction. The process can be applied to the decompn. of PCB.
L3 ANSWER 668 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:14696 CA TI Treatability testing for base catalyzed decomposition of PCBs AU Lear, Paul R.; Laski, Mary CS OHM Remediation Services Corporation, Findlay, OH, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. - Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1994), 87th(Vol. 13, Hazardous Waste Management & Control), 11 pp 94-WP84B.04 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 DT Journal LA English AB Treatability testing on a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB )-polluted soils from the Rose Township Superfund site (Holly, Michigan) was conducted to compare low temp, thermal desorption with the base catalyzed decompn. (BCD) process for PCB removal. The BCD process combines a solid-phase reaction of PCB with sodium bicarbonate with the low temp, thermal desorption of PCB. The
69 purpose of the solid-phase reaction is decompn. of a majority of the PCB (60%) to biphenyls, NaCl, CO2, and water. PCB not decompd. (.apprx.40%) are captured in a pollution control system and treated using the alkali-metal polyethylene glycol process. The objective of this comparison was to det. the addnl. effect of the solid phase bicarbonate- ***PCB reaction on removal of PCB by low temp, thermal desorption. Results indicated that low temp, thermal desorption of PCB from the soil can be used to treat the polluted soil to prescribed treatment levels (2.0 ppm PCB per Aroclor). The BCD process appeared to slightly increase PCB removal from polluted soil at 650.degree., but strongly enhanced PCB removal from soil at temps. <650.degree.. Based on the cleanup std. of 1 ppm total PCB for treated material, the BCD process appeared to be effective when a 0.25 mix ratio of sodium bicarbonate is combined with treatment at 650.degree., a holding time of 15 min., and water-quenched ash. Low temp, thermal desorption under these same conditions reduced total PCB concns. to 3.14 ppm.
L3 ANSWER 678 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:321259 CA TI Hydrothermal treatment of environment pollutants. Hydrothermal process as closed system AU Yamasaki, Nakamichi CS Fac. Sci., Kochi Univ., Kochi, 780, Japan SO Ueisuto, Risosu (1995), 31,2-19 CODEN: URISEV; ISSN: 0916-5703 DT Journal LA Japanese AB Hydrothermal decompn. of environmental pollutants was studied by heating with a NaOH soln. in an autoclave at 200-400.degree.. The decompn. of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) increased with increasing NaOH concn. and temp., and it was accelerated by addn. of MeOH. Decompn. product of PCB was treated by activated sludge process to remove 98% of BOD. Dechlorination of chlorinated org. compds. decreased in the order of C2HC13>BHC>4-chlorobiphenyl, PhCl. Cr was extd. from chromite to form porous Mg-ferrite, but not Cr-contg. dust. Extn. ratio of Cr increased with increasing NaOH concn. and temp. The method was applied to wet oxidn. of org. wastes and immobilization of incineration residue. Development of a continuous hydrothermal decompn. system using tube reactor is described.
L3 ANSWER 691 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:207980 CA TI Treatment of industrial wastes and treating agent IN Yamamoto, Toshio
70 PA Yamamoto Toshio, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07185034 A2 19950725 JP 1993-355252 19931227 AB Industrial wastes contg. oils or liq. org. Cl compd. and heavy metals are mixed with a treating agent contg. (1) fatty acid, CaO and silicate, (2) fatty acid, CaO, and slag contg. A12O3, CaO, SiO2, MgO, etc., or (3) fatty acid, CaO, silicate and slag contg. A12O3, CaO, SiO2, MgO, etc., mixed with water or waste soln. in a required amt., reacted to solidify, and the solidified material is fixed with asphalt.
L3 ANSWER 711 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:122104 CA TI Experimental studies on the destruction of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) by polyethylene glycol-potassium carbonate-sodium peroxide system AU Zhao, Yi; Zhao, Ying; Wang, Zhenhe; Li, Huifen CS Department Environ. Eng., North China Institute Electric Power, Baoding, 071002, Peop. Rep. China SO Hebei Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban (1995), 15(2), 31-4 CODEN: HDXKEB; ISSN: 1000-1565 DT Journal LA Chinese AB When polychlorinated biphenyls are reacted with polyethylene glycol-potassium carbonate-sodium peroxide at 90.degree. for 6 h, the degrdn. efficiency for PCBS is 99.45%.
71 Chemical Methods (Reductive and Base)
Catalysis
L6 ANSWER 49 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:1636 POLLUAB TI Measurement of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in catalytic combustion effluents using a simple HPLC procedure AU Perera, S.P.; Jefferies, T.M. CS Sch. Chem. Eng., Univ. Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK SO BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL., (1995) vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 640-646. ISSN: 0007-4861. DT Journal FS P LA English AB This paper forms part of the research programme carried out to investigate the catalytic combustion of Aroclor 1242 in a packed bed reactor using chromia on an alumina support and other oxidation catalysts. It was essential for these studies to be able to determine the PCB destruction efficiencies of the catalytic processes examined.
L8 ANSWER 8 OF 9 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:1636 POLLUAB TI Measurement of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in catalytic combustion effluents using a simple HPLC procedure AU Perera, S.P.; Jefferies, T.M. CS Sch. Chem. Eng., Univ. Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK SO BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL., (1995) vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 640-646. ISSN: 0007-4861. DT Journal FS P LA English AB This paper forms part of the research programme carried out to investigate the catalytic combustion of Aroclor 1242 in a packed bed reactor using chromia on an alumina support and other oxidation catalysts. It was essential for these studies to be able to determine the PCB destruction efficiencies of the catalytic processes examined.
L3 ANSWER 39 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:68431 CA TI Oxide catalysts, process, and apparatus for treatment of flue gases IN Nishizawa, Kazuki; Uoya, Kazuo; Shida, Megumi; Nojima, Shigeru; lida, Kozo PA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 19 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
72 PI JP 2000000471 A2 20000107 JP 1998-186001 19980701 JP 2000093750 A2 20000404 JP 1999-265253 19980701 PRAI JP 1998-105938 19980416 JP 1998-186001 19980701 AB The catalysts (sp. surface area .gtoreq.100 m2/g, solid acid content .gtoreq.0.36 mmol/g) for decompn. of toxic substances in flue gases at 150-250.degree., comprise supports of mixed oxides contg. 3 elements selected from Ti, Si, Al, Zr, P, and B and catalytically active oxides of V, W, Mo, Nb, and/or Ta. The app. has a unit for dust removal and a unit contg. the catalysts. Preferably, the process is used for removal of Cl compds. such as dioxins, PCB, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenol, and chlorotoluene and for selective redn. of NOx with NH3 in incinerator flue gases .
L3 ANSWER 48 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:39906 CA TI Low temperature decomposition of PCBs by TiO2-based V205-WO3 catalyst AU Weber, Roland; Sakurai, Takeshi; Hagenmaier, Hanspaul CS Research Institute, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Yokohama, 235, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 40, 585-590 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The low temp, catalytic decompn. of PCB (catalyst V205/WO3 on TiO2) residues from industrial and private use was investigated. The temp, dependency of PCB destruction was studied in detail between 150-300.degree. and the possibilities and limits of this application were evaluated. The destruction removal efficiency (ORE) showed an unusual temp, dependence decreasing from 300 to 200.degree, and increasing <200.degree, showing at approx. 150.degree, a comparable ORE to 250 (>250, ORE >99,9%). At 150-200 considerable conversation of PCBs to PCDFs was obsd. with conversion rates of 0,04-0,1%. The formed PCDFs remaining mainly adsorbed on the catalyst and <1% were detected after the catalyst.
L3 ANSWER 82 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:341309 CA TI destruction of chlorobenzenes by catalytic oxidation over transition metal containing ZSM-5 and Y(FAU) zeolites AU Halasz, J.; Hegedus, M.; Kun, E.; Mehn, D.; Kiricsi, I. CS Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Jozsef Attila University, Szeged, H-6720, Hung. SO Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. (1999), 125(Porous Materials in Environmentally Friendly Processes), 793-800 CODEN: SSCTDM; ISSN: 0167-2991 PB Elsevier Science B.V. DT Journal LA English AB A potential method for oxidative destruction of environmentally harmful chlorobenzenes was studied in a fixed-bed lab. reactor using several transition metal contg. ZSM-5 and Y(FAU) zeolite catalysts prepd. by conventional (denoted L) and solid state (denoted S) ion-exchange procedures. The catalysts used for 10 h in chlorobenzene (or dichlorobenzenes) oxidn. were destroyed in different degrees. The ZSM-5 structure proved to be more stable than that of Y(FAU). Considering the
73 conversion and destruction efficiency of chlorobenzene oxidn. at 450.degree, as test reaction, activities of the ZSM-5 samples can be listed as follows: Na < CoL < CoS < MnS < MnL < FeL < FeS < CuS < H < CrL < CrS. In the side reactions polychlorinated derivs. (i.e. dioxines and PCB-s as undesired environmental pollution compds.) may be formed by the participation of elemental chlorine produced by the Deacon process. The activity series for the "coupling" reactions is as follows: CrS, CrL < H < FeL, FeS < CoS, CoL < MnS < MnL < CuS. Using CrZSM-S(S) catalyst at 550-600.degree, with relatively high residence time and stoichiometric air, the conversion of chlorobenzene exceeds 90% with a decompn. efficiency (formation of HC1 and C12 from org. chlorine) of .apprx.85-90%.
L3 ANSWER 141 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:120239 CA TI Process for reduction of organic chloro compound and treatment of the solution IN Mihara, Ryohei; Chihara, Yasutaka PA Shine Electron K. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11206911 A2 19990803 JP 1998-23724 19980120 AB The title process comprises treating mixts. contg. org. Cl compds., catalysts, and reducing water in reducing app. to give inorg. compds. The inorg. compd. may be treated at 250-350.degree, at 500-1000 atg in supercrit. app. to combust completely to give dioxin-free gases and to collect Cl ppt. The process may use specific combustion furnace having high-temp, combustion burner pores, nozzle angle, and air preheating app., and may adjust temp, by dumper in secondary furnace to combust completely. The process is useful for decompn. of PCB.
L3 ANSWER 193 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:241698 CA TI Method for chemical degradation of organic halogen compounds IN Hartmann, Klaus; Fiedler, Peter PA Fiedler Maschinenbau G.m.b.H., Germany SO Ger. Offen., 4 pp. CODEN: GWXXBX DT Patent LA German FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI DE 19743109 Al 19990401 DE 1997-19743109 19970930 AB Halogen compds. are dehalogenated by contacting with reducing agents such as hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine or their salts or alkali metal dithionites in soln. in the presence of solid metallic catalysts (e.g., Fe, Cu, Mo, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Ti, V) at 0-100.degree.C, esp. 20-50. degree.C. In an example, an aq. PCB soln. 1 L contg. 2, 4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (I) 76 .mu.g/L and 2,2',4,5,5' pentachlorobiphenyl (II) 4 .mu.g/L was warmed to 40.degree.C and contacted with a wire net 30 g from a Cu-Ni alloy and with hydrazine hydrate 1 mL under stirring for 15 min. The catalyst was removed then excess hydrazine
74 was removed by addn. of aq. H202. The treated soln. contained I 0.48 .mu.g/L and II 0.22 .mu.g/L.
L3 ANSWER 358 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:325945 CA TI Method for conversion of PCB waste to harmless material by catalytic decomposition and solidification IN Kubota, Tooru PA Kubota, Tooru, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 9 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN .CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10099820 A2 19990421 JP 1996-275505 19960926 AB The method is carried out by alk. treatment of the PCB waste using aq. soln. of sodium; potassium; calcium; aluminum ions in the presence of catalyst (e.g., cobalt chloride; iron chloride) and solvent (e.g., di-Et ether) to decomp. PCB into sodium biphenyl and sodium chloride, further decompn. of sodium biphenyl into biphenyl by hydrolysis, followed by solidification using incinerator ashes solidification agent.
L3 ANSWER 445 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:207597 CA TI treatment of organic chlorine compounds IN Mihara, Ryohei PA Shine Electron K. K., Japan; Mihara, Isahiro; Kanekawa, Tetsuma SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 3 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 09192478 A2 19970729 JP 1996-21694 19960112 AB Liq. org. Cl compds. e.g., PCB) are mixed with catalysts and water, vaporized, thermally decompd., and mixed with water.
L3 ANSWER 642 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:184679 CA TI Purification of soils contaminated with aromatic halogen compounds with catalysts IN Ukisu, Juji; Myamura, Akira; Uchida, Takaharu PA Ebara Mfg, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07328595 A2 19951219 JP 1994-146991 19940607 AB The process comprises heating soils contaminated with arom. halogen compds. to 300-500.degree, and decompn. of the volatilized arom. halogen
75 compels. in the presence of catalysts at 250-400.degree., preferably at 250-350.degree.. The process provides efficient decompn. of the arom. halogen compds. (e.g. PCB) and the soil condensate needs no further treatment.
L3 ANSWER 650 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:116847 CA TI Method for complete dechlonnation of polychlonnated biphenyls IN Romanova, Valentina S.; Parnes, Zinaida N.; Dulova, Vera G. ; Volpin, Mark E. PA Institut Elementoorganicheskikh Soedinenn im. A. N. Nesraeyanova RAN, Russia SO Russ. From: Izobreteniya 1995, (7), 135. CODrN: RUXXE7 DT Pat nt LA Russian FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI RU 2030377 Cl 19950310 RU 1992-5030762 19920304 PRAI SU 1992-5030762 19920304 AB A mixt. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is dechlorinated by treatment with an organosilicon hydride in the presence of a Ni-contg. catalyst. In particular, the catalyst is Raney Ni, and the process is carried out in the presence of methyl- or ethoxy hydrido siloxane at a mol ratio PCB/siloxane/Raney Ni of 1: (15-50) : (10-20), in a satd. hydrocarbon medium at 215-240.degree..
L3 ANSWER 651 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124.116846 CA TI Method for complete dechlonnation of polychlorinated biphenyls IN Romanova, V. S.; Parnes, Z. N.; Dulova, V. G.; Vol'pin, M. E. PA Institut Elementoorganicheskikh Soedinenn im.A.N.Nesmeyanova RAN, Russia SO Russ. From: Izobreteniya 1995, (7), 135. CODEN: RUXXE7 DT Patent LA Russian FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI RU 2030378 Cl 19950310 RU 1992-5036356 19920304 PRAI SU 1992-5036356 19920304 AB A mixt. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is dechlorinated by treatment with hydrido silanes in the presence of a Ni-contg. catalyst. In particular, the catalyst is Raney Ni, and the process is carried out at a mol ratio PCB/silane hydride/Raney Ni of 1: (20-25) : (10-12.5) .
L3 ANSWER 710 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:122120 CA TI Catalytic dehalogenation of polychlorinated biphenyl AU Catterina, Luigi; Prati, Laura; Rossi, Michele CS Societa Italiana Ambiente Territorio, Borgosatollo, Italy SO Chim. Ind. (Milan) (1995), 77(7), 419-23 CODEN: CINMAB; ISSN. 0009-4315
76 DT Journal LA English AB In the lab.-scale hydrodehalogenation of PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls) at low temp, and pressure, for the decontamination of dielec. oils, using a com. 5% Pd catalyst on powd. carbon, the HC1 formed inhibits the reaction; this can be avoided by adding an appropriate electron acceptor. Ring hydrogenation is significant in the presence of octane as solvent, whereas EtOH and iso-Bu ale. inhibit this side reaction. Sulfur in the dielec. oils poisons the catalyst.
L3 ANSWER 749 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 122:243635 CA TI Full-Scale Hydrotreatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Presence of Used Lubricating Oils AU Brinkman, Dennis W.; Dickson, John R.; Wilkinson, Derek CS Safety-Kleen Corporation, Elk Grove Village, IL, 60009, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1995), 29(1), 87-91 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X DT Journal LA English AB Approx. 850,000 L of used oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was processed through a full-scale re-refinery using a vacuum distn./hydrotreatment technol. Hydrotreatment was carried out in the presence of fixed-bed Ni-Mo catalysts, with the concn. of PCBs being limited to .ltoreq.50 ppm in the feedstock (by diln. with other oil feedstocks). The product usually contained .ltorsim.10 ppm to less than detectable amts. of PCBs (<0.5 ppm). The catalytic reaction with hydrogen not only destroyed the PCBs but also generated useful petroleum products, including lubricating oil.
77 Chemical Methods (Reductive and Base)
Active Metal Treatment
L3 ANSWER 22 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:127359 CA TI Remediation of a nonachloro biphenyl congener with zero-valent iron in subcritical water AU Hinz, Dirk C.; Wai, Chien M; Wenclawiak, Bernd W. CS Analytische Chemie I, Universitat-GH Siegen, Siegen, D-57068, Germany SO J. Environ. Monit. (2000), 2(1), 45-48 CODEN: JEMOFW; ISSN: 1464-0325 PB Royal Society of Chemistry DT Journal LA English AB Dechlorination of a nonachloro biphenyl congener with FeO in water under high temp, and pressure was examd. over time. Temp, had the main influence on the speed of dechlorination. Detn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) according to the grade of chlorination was performed by gas chromatog. with mass selective detection in single ion monitoring mode. Dechlorination resulted in a variety of lower chlorinated biphenyls. The level of chlorination decreased over time. The amt. of PCB mols. decreased to one-third within 90 min at 250.degree, and at 100 atm.; however, no increase of biphenyl was detected over time. A first-order kinetic model fitted the data obtained.
L3 ANSWER 151 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:77649 CA TI Dechlorination decomposition technology of PCB, OSD method, S-DEC method AU Kiyama, Yoichi; Ogawa, Takuya CS Department of Engineering Service, Nuclear Fuel Industries Ltd., Japan SO Shin Kinzoku Kogyo (1999), 368, 67-77 CODEN: SKKOAM; ISSN: 0583-0419 PB Shin Kinzoku Kyokai DT Journal; General Review LA Japanese AB A review with no refs. covers the OSD method for PCB dechlorination with Na dispersed in mineral oil, and the S-DEC method for PCB removal from containers (decontamination) with solvents.
L3 ANSWER 161 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:48693 CA TI Degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB) by Fe and Fe-Pd bimetals in the presence of a surfactant and a cosolvent
78 AU Gu, Baohua; Liang, Liyuan; Cameron, Paula; West, Olivia R.; Korte, Nic CS Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 3 7831-603 6, USA SO Conf. Proc. - Int. Containment Technol. Conf. (1997), 760-766 Publisher: National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. CODEN: 67QGAJ DT Conference LA English AB Surfactants and cosol vents are used to enhance the removal of dense non-aq. phase liqs. (DNAPL) such as TCE and PCBs from contaminated soils. However, the waste surfactant soln. contg. TCE and PCBs must be treated before it can be disposed. This study evaluated the use of 0-valent Fe and palladized Fe fillings to dechlorinate TCE and 2,3,2',5' tetrachlorobiphenyl in a dihexyl sulfosuccinate surfactant soln. Results indicated that TCE can be rapidly degraded by palladized Fe filings with a half-life of .apprx.27.4 min. PCB was degraded at a slower rate than TCE with a half-life ranging from .apprx.100 to .apprx.500 min as the concn. of surfactant increased. In column flow-through expts., both TCE and PCBs degrade at an enhanced rate with a half-life about 1.5 and 6 min because of an increased solid to soln. ratio in the column than in the batch expts. Results suggest that Fe-Pd filings may be potentially applicable for ex-situ treatment of TCE and PCBs in the surfactant solns. that are generated during surfactant flushing of the contaminated soils.
L3 ANSWER 189 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:256725 CA TI Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Zerovalent Iron in Subcritical Water AU Yak, Hwa K.; Wenclawiak, Bernd W.; Cheng, I. Francis; Doyle, John G.; Wai, Chien M. CS Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1999), 33(8), 1307-1310 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB A method for remediation of PCB-contaminated soil and sediments is described that uses zerovalent Fe as the dechlorination agent and subcrit. water extn. (SWE) as the transporting medium. Using 100-mesh Fe powder and SWE conditions of 250.degree. and 10 MPa on Aroclor 1260 for 1-8 h, the higher Cl-substituted homologues were completely reduced to their lower-substituted counterparts. The lower-substituted congeners were subsequently near-completely dechlorinated. The initial findings indicate that this technique may be a viable method for remediation of PCB-contaminated soil and sediments.
79 L3 ANSWER 192 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:241732 CA TI Method for reductive dehalogenation of halogen-organic substances IN Birke, Volker PA Germany SO PCX Int. Appl., 37 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA German FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9915239 Al 19990401 WO 1998-DE2787 19980919 W: AU, CA, JP, MX, NO, US RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE DE 19742297 Al 19990401 DE 1997-19742297 19970925 AU 9911432 Al 19990412 AU 1999-11432 19980919 PRAI DEI 997-19742297 19970925 WO 1998-DE2787 19980919 AB The invention relates to a method for reductive dehalogenation of halogen-org. substances which can be used in solid or liq. mixts. of substances. When the parameters of the inventive method are correspondingly adapted, liqs. and halogen-org. contaminated soils can be mech. treated and consequently reductively dehalogenated by applying mech. energy and adding elementary alkali metal, alk. earth metal, aluminum or iron as a reducing agent and at least one reactant with slightly activated hydrogen as a hydrogen source.
L3 ANSWER 440 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:209878 CA TI Dehalogenation treatment of halogen compounds IN Ariizumi, Akira; Takebayashi, Michinori; Ootsuka, Tetsuro; Kamiyama, Masashi PA Nippon Soda Co., Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 3 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 09215920 A2 19970819 JP 1996-48283 19960209 AB Halogen compds. mixed and dispersed with alkali metals are treated by dehalogenation at 10-70.degree, and at halogen compd. concn. .ltoreq.1%.
80 Thus, PCB was dechlorinated by reacting with Na dispersed in decalin.
L3 ANSWER 535 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:94139 CA TI Process for chemical destruction of chemical weapons applying sodium-technology AU Bilger, Edgar CS Umweltconsulting Alkalimetallchemie, Freigericht, D-63579, Germany SO NATO ASI Ser. 1 (1996), 6(Scientific Advances in Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 151-167 CODEN: NASTFP PB Kluwer DT Journal LA English AB The aim of our technol. is to react chem. weapons in a liq., dissolved or gaseous state with a special form of metallic Na to yield inorg. salts of Na and small org. mols. of low or no toxicity. The process permits the chem. destruction of chem. weapons by passing the toxic vapors over a column contg. alkali-metal-coated granules. Temps, can be selected from ambient to 400.degree., preferably between 20-50.degree.. The quantity of alkali metal, preferably Na, ensures the complete destruction of the org. mols. The concept has been derived from the application of Sodium Technol. for the destruction of PCB in oil and decontamination of effluents from local landfills which are highly contaminated with chlorinated dioxins, furans, chlorinated phenols and benzenes as well as hexachlorocyclohexane.
L3 ANSWER 575 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:150251 CA TI Method for decomposing halogenated organic compounds IN limura, Seiji; Uchida, Takaharu; Taniguchi, Shin PA Ebara Mfg, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 3 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 08141107 A2 19960604 JP 1994-304238 19941115 AB Halogenated org. compds. are decompd. by dissolving in a high b.p. hydrocarbon oil, adding an alk. material to the soln., and heating for dehalogenation. The compds. may be PCB, dibenzodioxanes, and'or dibenzofurans and the alk. material is selected from hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, and/or bicarbonates of alkali metal and/or alk. earth metals.
81 L3 ANSWER 685 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:265215 CA TI Rapid Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on the Surface of a Pd/Fe Bimetallic System AU Grittini, Carina; Malcomson, Mark; Fernando, Quintus; Korte, Nic CS Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1995), 29(11), 2898-900 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X DT Journal LA English AB Complete and rapid dechlorii ation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was achieved at ambient temp, by contacting a soln. of PCBs with a Pd/Fe bimetallic system. The bimetallic system is readily prepd. by depositing a small amt. of Pd (0.05% wt./wt.) on iron particles. The reaction product obtained by the dechlorination of Arochlor 1260 and 1254 is biphenyl. The simplicity of the method and the rapidity of the reaction make this a promising method for chem. remediation of PCB-contaminated soils and water.
82 Chemical Methods (Oxidative)
Peroxide, Os, Fenton's chemistry, etc.
L3 ANSWER 4 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:212473 CA TI Electrochemical peroxidation of contaminated liquids and slurries IN Scrudato, Ronald J.; Chiarenzelli, Jeffrey R. PA Research Foundation of SUNY, USA SO PCT Int. Appl., 34 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 2000017113 Al 20000330 WO 1999-US21948 19990921 W: AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB, GE, GH, HU, IL, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM RW: GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZW, AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG US 6045707 A 20000404 US 1998-157920 19980921 PRAI US 1998-157920 19980921 AB A process and app. has been invented for the purpose of decontaminating aq. media derived from industrial waste streams, sanitary waste streams and natural sources. The aq. media may contain solids in the form of sediment, soil or sludge. Contaminants include org. materials such as phenols, nitro contg. compds., polychlorinated biphenyls, volatile org. compds., polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, dyes and inorg. materials, including radionuclides, organometallic materials and microorganisms. Purifn. of the contaminated media is obtained by using an electrochem. peroxidn. process, by which heated hydrogen peroxide is added through supply tubes to an electrolytic cell having oscillating current passing through large surface area sacrificial iron contg. electrodes.
L3 ANSWER 7 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:198587 CA TI Industrial wastewater treatment by oxidative decomposition IN Asano, Masamichi; Senba, Noriaki; Honda, Hiroki; Okuno, Satoshi; Araoka, Mamo PA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000079395 A2 20000321 JP 1999-4853 19990112 PRAI JP 1998-192851 19980708 AB Industrial wastewaters contg. sparingly-decomposable substances, e.g.,
83 dioxin, PCB, chlorobenzene, chlorophenol or chlorotoluene, are treated by oxidative decompn. with highly active hydroxyl radicals. The hydroxyl radical is preferably obtained by adding 03 and optionally a surfactant {e.g., Na laurylaminopropionate) into wastewaters, and then feeding the mixt. into an electrolysis cell to form H202, and reacting the H202 with metal ions having low at. valence in the wastewaters to form HO radicals. The electrolysis cell comprises a pair of electrodes made from C, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ag, Ft, Au, and Ti, in which the icnization tendency of cathode material is smaller than that of the anode material. The sparingly-decomposable substances may be removed by extn. with an org. solvent (e.g., acetonitrile, DMF, pyridine, and/or DMSO).
L3 ANSWER 16 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:156382 CA TI Evaluation of ozone reactors AU Kaiser, Hans-Peter; Von Gunten, Urs; Elovitz, Mike CS Wasserversorgung Zurich, Zurich, CH-8023, Switz. SO Gas, Wasser, Abwasser (2000), 80(1), 50-61 CODEN: GWASA4; ISSN: 0036-8008 PB Schweizerischer Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches DT Journal LA German AB The evaluation of O3 reaction for prepn. of drinking water by multistage treatment from lake water is presented including food-related guidelines and regulations, and lab. expts. in an industrial plant. The identification and assessment of health risks and the assessment of crit. treatment and processing steps are given. Ozonation of Lake Zurich water (Switzerland) was used as an example to show how the oxidizing and disinfecting effect can be estd. in an ozonation reactor.
L3 ANSWER 110 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:261936 CA TI Degradation of PCBs and other contaminants by electrochemical peroxidation AU Wunderlich, Michele; Scrudato, Ronald; Chiarenzelli, Jeff; Falanga, Lauren CS Environmental Research Center, SUNY at Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA SO Proc. Natl. Conf. Environ. Rem. Sci. Technol. (1999), Meeting Date 1998, 259-267. Editor(s): Uzochukwu, Godfrey A.; Reddy, Gudigopuram B. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN 68CYAA DT Conference LA English AB Lab. and pilot-scale testing of the electrochem. peroxidn process (ECP) was carried out on various aq systems and slurries contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. These include water and slurries from a subsurface storage tank (SST) contaminated with chlorinated solvents and PCBs, well water contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The ECP process utilizes a small elec. current to enhance Fenton's Reagent reactions. Lab. testing of ECP on 500 mL of the SST water and slurry contg. a small amt. (<1%) of org. sludge resulted in PCB redns. of 97.2 and 68.2%, resp. Similar results were achieved for solvents with greater than 94% degrdn. for chloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and acetone in both water and slurry. Pilot tests conducted on 200 L of SST water resulted in 87.7 and 85 3% degrdn. of PCBs in duplicate treatments. ECP treatment of gasoline-contaminated well water degraded MTBE, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and total xylenes below detectable limits.
84 Concns. of trichloroethene, perchloroethene, and 1, 1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in contaminated groundwater from the Massachusetts Military Reservation were reduced by 97.9, 98.4, and 82.9%, resp.
L3 ANSWER 117 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:204112 CA TI Method for removing organochlorine compounds in wastewater IN lida, Kozo; Okino, Susumu; Nojima, Shigeru; Iwashita, Koichiro PA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 4 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 FYTENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11253970 A2 19990921 JP 1998-65122 19980316 AB The title wastewater is treated by adding oxidizing agents in the presence of catalysts. The method provides efficient removal of dioxins, PCB, pesticides, etc. from industrial wastewater and leachate.
L3 ANSWER 273 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:320659 CA TI Treatment of PCBs and chlorinated solvents by electrochemical peroxidation AU Wunderlich, Michele; Scrudato, Ronald; Chiarenzelli, Jeff CS Environmental Research Center, SUNY at Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA SO Des. Appl. Treat. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 189-194. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RMAZ DT Conference LA English AB Lab. and pilot-scale testing of the Electrochem. Peroxidn. Process (ECP) have been carried out by the Environmental Research Center (ERC) on various aq. systems and slurries contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated solvents. These include water and slurries from a subsurface storage tank (SST) contaminated with chlorinated solvents and PCBs, condensate derived from PCB contaminated soils and sediments, and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The ECP process utilizes a small elec. current to enhance Fenton's Reagent reactions. Lab. testing of ECP on 500 mis of the SST water and slurry contg. a small amt. (<1%) of org. sludge resulted in PCB redns. of 97.2 and 68.2% resp. Similar results were achieved for solvents with greater than 94% degrdn. for chloroethane, dichloromethane, 1, 1-dichloroethane, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, and acetone in both water and slurry. Pilot tests conducted on 200 L of SST water resulted in 87.9 and 85.2% degrdn. of PCBs in duplicate treatments. Lab. testing of ECP on condensate derived from sediment contaminated with biodegraded Aroclor 1248 and soil contaminated with Aroclors 1254 and 1260 resulted in 95 and 65.6% degrdn. resp. Concns. of trichloroethane (TCE), perchloroethane (PCE), and 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane (TCEA) in contaminated groundwater from the Massachusetts Military Reservation were reduced by 92%, 97.9%, and 65.3%, resp.
L3 ANSWER 328 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:152743 CA
85 TI Adjusting concentration of hydrogen peroxide for decomposition of spent hard-to-decompose aromatic halogen compounds. IN Hatada, Kiyotaka; Ikishima, Yutaka; Saito, Isao; Ito, Shota PA Agency of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 4 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10192872 A2 19980728 JP 1997-14435 19970110 JP 2963981 B2 19991018 AB Prior to introduction of H2O2 aq. solns. into a continuous reactor, .gtoreq. 2 high-pressure liq. supply pumps are used for supplying H2O2 aq. solns. of different concns. or H2O2 aq. solns. and water, and the supply speed of those pumps are controlled for supplying quantities corresponding to necessary stoichiometric quantities resp. The hard-to-decomp. arom. halogen compds. can be pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB) in spent heat-transfer medium, trichlorobiphenyl in spent no-carbon copy paper, and tetrachlorobiphenyl to hexachlorobiphenyl in spent elec.-insulating oils, etc.
86 Chemical Methods (Oxidative)
UV-Oxidation L6 ANSWER 46 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:4253 POLLUAB TI Photodecomposition of PCBs absorbed on sediment and industrial waste: Implications for photocatalytic treatment of contaminated solids AU Chiarenzelli, J.; Scrudato, R.; Wunderlich, M.; Rafferty, D.; Jensen, K.; Oenga, G.; Roberts, R.; Pagano, J. CS Environ. Res. Cent., 319 Piez Hall, SUNY, Oswego, NY 13126, USA SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1995) vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3259-3272. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB PCBs in contaminated sediment and soil have been photodegraded in slurry suspension with TiO sub(2) and simulated solar illumination without pre treatment or amendments. Degradation of 81% of the PCBs in St. Lawrence River sediment was achieved in a 24 h irradiation period. Replicate experiments using five times as much sediment and half the light intensity yielded similar results. The observed degradation rates of individual PCB congeners correspond with gas chromatograph retention time and chlorine number. Lesser and ortho chlorinated PCBs are preferentially photodecomposed. The solubility of individual congeners controls the observed rate of decomposition by regulation of the transfer of PCBs to the aqueous phase and thus effectively retards access to the catalyst (anatase). The rate and degree of photodegradation can be enhanced by the use of lower wavelength ultraviolet light which leads to hydroxylation of PCB congeners increasing solubility and accessibility to photocatalytic reactions. Photodecomposition of PCBs in a slurry composed of furnace ash, core sands, and aluminum-rich (>45% Al sub{2)0 sub(3J) slag from an aluminum foundry was increased from 45 to 88% during a 24 h irradiation period by using low wattage UVC lamps instead of solar equivalent illumination.
L6 ANSWER 48 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:3390 POLLUAB TI Degradation of PCDD, PCDF, PAH, PCB and chlorinated phenols during the destruction-treatment of landfill seepage water in laboratory model reactor (UV, ozone, and UV/ozone) AU Vollmuth, S.; Niessner, R. CS Inst. Hydrochem., Tech. Univ. Munich, Marchioninistr 17, D - 81377 Munich, Germany SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1995) vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2317-2331. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB Seepage water of toxic waste landfills is polluted with high concentrations of toxic organic compounds. The concentrations in the seepage water we applied for chlorinated phenols are between 2 mu g/1 and 1 mg/1, for PCB between 800 pg/1 and 250 ng/1, for PAH between 200 ng/1 and 12 mu g/1 and for PCDD and PCDF between 20 pg/1 and 1 ng/1. Usual purification methods produce highly contaminated residues, which
87 have to be treated by pyrolysis or are deposited again at a landfill A better way is to destruct these contaminants by UV/ozone treatment . The treatment of seepage water by UV-irradiation, ozone and UV/ozone is compared. Results show no significant effect during all treatments for PCS and PCDD/PCDF. The chlorinated phenols and PAH were mostly destroyed by UV/ozone treatment more than 90%. The pH value has no influence on the UV/ozone treatment of seepage water.
L8 ANSWER 7 OF 9 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:3390 POLLUAB TI Degradation of PCDD, PCDF, PAH, PCB and chlorinated phenols during the destruction-treatment of landfill seepage water in laboratory model reactor (UV, ozone, and UV/ozone) AU Vollmuth, S.; Niessner, R. CS Inst. Hydrochem., Tech. Univ. Munich, Marcl loninistr 11, D - 81377 Munich, Germany SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1995) vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2317-2331. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB Seepage water of toxic waste landfills is polluted with high concentrations of toxic organic compounds. The concentrations in the seepage water we applied for chlorinated phenols are between 2 mu g/1 and 1 mg/1, for PCB between 800 pg/1 and 250 ng/1, for PAH between 200 ng/1 and 12 mu g/1 and for PCDD and PCDF between 20 pg/1 and 1 ng/1 Usual purification methods produce highly contaminated residues, which have to be treated by pyrolysis or are deposited again at a landfill. A better way is to destruct these contaminants by UV/ozone treatment. The treatment of seepage water by UV-irradiation, ozone and UV/ozone is compared. Results show no significant effect during all treatments for PCB and PCDD/PCDF. The chlorinated phenols and PAH were mostly destroyed by UV/ozone treatment more than 90%. The pH value has no influence on the UV/ozone treatment of seepage water.
L3 ANSWER 34 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:82912 CA TI Technology for treatment of PCB (polychlorobiphenyl) by UV irradiation and catalytic decomposition AU Nishizawa, Katsjshi CS Dev. Prov. Div., Toshiba Power Systems and Service Co., Japan SO Eco Ind. (1999), 4(11), 20-28 CODEN: ECINF8; ISSN: 1342-3037 PB Shi Emu Shi DT Journal LA Japanese AB A soln., contg. PCB 0.6, isoPrOH 45, and NaOH 0.8 kg, was treated by UV irradn. at 55-60. degree. C for 30 mm, followed by catalytic decompn. at 75.degree.C for 15 mm. PCB and dioxins concns. in the treated soln. were 0.0014 ppm and below the detection limit, resp. The recovery of Cl, biphenyl, and acetone were 99, 80, and 70 %, resp. PCB and dioxins concns. in the surrounding atm. were below the detection limit.
88 L3 ANSWER 84 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:341294 CA TI Photocatalytic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in acetonitrile/H20 system using Ti02 thin film AU Funayama, Histoshi; Kurosawa, Mitsuru; Yamakoshi, Yuji; Sugawara, Katsuyasu; Sugawara, Takuo CS Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Akita National College of Technology, Akita, 011-8511, Japan SO Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu (1999), 25(6), 884-886 CODEN: KKRBAW; ISSN: 0386-216X PB Kagaku Kogakkai DT Journal LA Japanese AB The photocatalytic degrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a plate-type batch recycle photoreactor using a Ti02 thin film was exptl. examd. in an acetonitrile/water system. The concns. of the more highly chlorinated biphenyls (hexa-, hepta, and octachlorobiphenyls) decreased regularly with irradn. time; the less highly chlorinated ones (tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls) increased in the initial period and then decreased slowly. It is suggested that some reactions involving the formation of less chlorinated from more chlorinated biphenyls occurred. The anal, of mass fragmentograms indicated that various PCB decompn./prodn. reactions occurred. The extent of the dechlorination of the total PCBs from tetra- to octachlorobiphenyls was .apprx.35% after 12 h of irradn. with 02(g) being supplied.
L3 ANSWER 111 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:247959 CA TI Removal and destruction of organic compounds in water using adsorption, steam regeneration, and photocatalytic oxidation processes AU Suri, Reminder P. S.; Crittenden, John C.; Hand, David W. CS Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Villanova Univ. Villanova, PA, 19805, USA SO J. Environ. Eng. (Reston, Va.) (1999), 1251;iO) , 897-905 CODEN: JOEEDU; ISSN: 0733-9372 PB American Society of Civil Engineers DT Journal LA English AB A treatment strategy was examd. whereby aq. phase org. compds. are first removed by fixed-bed adsorption, followed by off-line regeneration of spent adsorbent using satd. steam (160.degree.), and cleanup of steam condensate using fixed-bed photocatalysis. This treatment strategy was examd. with the following org. compds.: tetrachloroethylene (PCE), CC14, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), o-chlorobiphenyl (o-PCB), and Me Et ketone (MEK). For 6 adsorption/regeneration cycles, the steaming process effectively regenerated adsorbent exhausted with PCE, p-DCB, CC14, or MEK. For o- PCB, there is .apprx.20% loss in adsorbent capacity after the first cycle; however, the adsorption capacity for cycles 2-6 is almost the same. Fixed-bed photocatalysis was examd. for decontamination of steam condensate contg. the desorbed orgs.; it is obsd. to be effective to mineralize aq. phase PCE, p-DCB, CC14, and o-PCB. For MEK, a_though 97% of the compd. was removed, only 16% renoval of total org. C was obsd., thereby suggesting some byproducts were produced that were refractory to oxidn.
89 L3 ANSWER 203 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130-189168 CA TI The photochemistry of PAHs and PCBs in water and on solids AU Pagni, Richard M.; Sigman, Michael E. CS Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA SO Handb. Environ. Chem. (1999), Volume 2, Issue Ft. L, 139-179. Editor(s): Boule, Pierre. Publisher: Springer, Berlin, Germany. CODEN: 45NZAP DT Conference; General Review LA English AB The photochem. of numerous polycyclic arom. compds. (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) has been studied in water and on solids in environmental and lab. settings. Photoproducts have been identified in many instances. In the presence of 02, the photochem. of PAHs is dominated by oxidn., with either singlet O2 or superoxide serving as oxidant. The factors which dictate whether energy transfer or electron transfer occurs from the PAH excited state to 02 are not well understood. The photochem. of PCBs in water is dominated by hydrolysis in which Cl is replaced by OH, even in the presence of O2. This is a consequence of the large oxygen-hydrogen bond dissocn. energy and dielec. const, of water. Photoisomerization of chlorobiphenyls also occurs in water. On solids the photochem. of PCBs is different. In the presence of 02, hydrogen is replaced by OH. These reactions appear to involve PCB radical cations. A variety of successful photochem. schemes have been developed, involving solids and water, for the destruction of PCBs. Notable in this regard are the numerous studies on the photocatalytic decompn. of PCBs on TiO2. A review with 161 refs.
L3 ANSWER 210 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:157960 CA TI Photochemical Processes AU Muszkat, Lea CS Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Protection, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel SO Pestic. Rem. Soils Water (1998), 307-337. Editor(s): Kearney, Philip C, ; Roberts, Terry. Publisher: Wiley, Chichester, UK. CODEN: 67EFAO DT Conference; General Review LA English AB A review with many refs. covers photochem. processes for water purifn. including photochem. oxidn. water purifn., the titania photooxidn. catalyst, solar pilot plants, photochem. water purifn. and photochem. wastewater treatment, photocatalytic degrdn. of pesticides (atrazine, s-triazine, lindane, monuron, and PCB), photocatalytic degrdn. of surfactants, and kinetics of photocatalytic oxidn.
L3 ANSWER 349 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:44755 CA TI Apparatus and method for decomposition treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in hazardous wastes IN Iwai, Akio PA Iwai, Akio, Jap-'-'; Fuk^zumi, Kazumichi SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 33 pp. CODEN JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese
90 FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10118618 A2 19980512 JP 1996-332618 19961023 AB The app. comprises means for extg. waste solids contg. PCB compds. with iso-Pr ale., means for decompg. the extd. fractions in an ultrasonic vibrator under vacuum atm., means for filtering and further decompg. residual PCB compds. under UV irradn., means for vacuum distg. of liq. fractions to sep. oils and light components, means for catalytically decompg. the vacuum residues to recover light oil fractions and incinerating the solid residues.
L3 ANSWER 351 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:19220 CA TI Phototransformat'ons of Polychlorobiphenyls in Brij 58 Micellar Solutions AU Chu, Wei; Jafver , Chad T.; Diehl, Claude A.; Marley, Karen; Larson, Richard A. CS School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1284, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1998), 32(13), 1989-1993 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB Our purpose in conducting these studies was to examine photolysis as a destructive process for polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) extd. from soils with surfactant solns. Surfactants have shown promise as agents for removing free-phase and sorbed contaminants from soils, yet information on ultimate disposal options and recycle/recovery strategies for the surfactants is generally lacking. For aryl halides, photodechlorination may result in decontamination, eliminating the need to phys. sep. these contaminants from the washing soln. Photochem. reactions of the PCB congener mixt., Aroclor 1254, and the specific congener, 2,3,4,5 tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,3,4,5-TeCB), were investigated in aq. solns. contg. surfactant micelles with UV light at 253.7 nm. Photoredn. through photodechlorination was shown to be the main decay pathway in which lesser chlorinated congeners were formed as intermediates. In expts. with 2,3,4,5-TeCB, final noncarbon-contg. products included Cl- and H+, both produced nearly stoichiometrically from the starting materials. The quantum yield for decay of O.l.mu.M 2,3,4,5-TeCB in 0.5 mM Brij 58 micellar solns. was over six times greater than in water alone. Sequential extn. from a soil and photoredn. of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl by Brij 58 solns. proved to be limited by surfactant loss to the soil.
L3 ANSWER 429 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:267536 CA TI Apparatus for treatment of hazardous chlorine-containing compound by UV-ray radiation IN Aoki, Nobutada; Mukai, Naruhiko; Unoki, Kazuo; Tajima, Naoki; Shimada, Hideki; Hayase, Shuji; Hanai, Hirokore; Ashitachi, Shuichi PA Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan; Toshiba Corp. SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 14 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
91 PI JP 09220550 A2 19970826 JP 1996-26313 19960214 AB The app. includes (1) a photolysis unit having a Cl-contg. compd. (e.g., PCB) tank; a soln. tank; a pump; a reaction tank; an UV light source; and a decompn. product tank, (2) a post-treatment unit for sepg. un-decompd. Cl-contg. compd. from the product and ale. solvent to recover the sepd. ale. for reuse, and (3) a control unit for monitor and control of the operations of two units.
L3 ANSWER 577 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:150081 CA TI Complete degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by a combination of ultraviolet and biological treatments AU Shimura, Minoru; Koana, Takao; Fukuda, Masao; Kimbara, Kazuhide CS Environ. Biotechnol. Lab., Railway Tech. Res. Inst., Tokyo, 185, Japan SO J. Ferment. Bioeng. (1996), 81(6), 573-576 CODEN: JFBIEX; ISSN: 0922-338X DT Journal LA English AB A method combining UV irradn. followed by microbial treatment was successfully applied to the efficient and complete degrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). By UV irradn., most PCB congeners in a methanol soln. were transformed into less chlorinated compds. contg. fewer than 3 chlorines. The resultant UV-irradiated PCBs were then subjected to microbial degrdn. by Pseudomonas alcaligenes TK102, resulting in their complete degrdn. within a week.
L3 ANSWER 604 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:18027 CA TI Photocatalytic degradation of PCBs in TiO2 aqueous suspensions AU Huang, I.-Wei; Hong, Chia-Swee; Bush, Brian CS Sch. of Public Health, State Univ. of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA SO Chemosphere (1996), 32(9), 1869-1881 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB A generator-column technique was used to prep. aq. solns. of PCBs. The degrdn. of 2-chlorobiphenyl, Aroclor 1248, an Aroclor mixt. (1221, 1016, 1254, and 1260), and St. Lawrence River water by simulated sunlight or sunlight has been investigated in the presence of aq. suspensions of TiO2. The effect of TiO2 concn. and pH on the degrdn. rate of PCBs have been studied. The reaction rate followed apparent first-order kinetics and increased with increasing TiO2 concn. The half-life of the degrdn. process for 2-chlorobiphenyl is 20 min at pH 10 and 9 min at pH in the presence of 25 mg/L of TiO2. Less chlorinated PCBs decompd. faster than more highly chlorinated ones. The rate consts. and half-lives of individual PCBs in the com. PCB mixt. and St. Lawrence River water were also measured.
L3 ANSWER 644 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:154944 CA TI Decomposition treatment of harmful organic chlorine compounds IN Unoki, Kazuo; Hanai, Hirokore; Mukai, Shigehiko; Shimada, Hideki; Tajima, Naoki PA Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp.
92 CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07313619 A2 19951205 JP 1994-109689 19940524 AB The decompn. treatment comprises decompg. and dechlorinating harmful org. Cl compds. such as PCB, sepg. undecompd. harmful org. Cl compds , and recycling the undecompd. harmful org. Cl compds. to the decompg. and dechlorinating process. The decompg. and dechlorinating process is carried out by light irradn. with UV lamp, UV laser, or radiation in an alk. ale. soln.
L3 ANSWER 649 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:125857 CA TI Purification of organic contaminants in seepage water of a landfill by UV/ozone-technique AU Vollmuth, S.; Wenzel, A.; Niessner, R. CS Institute Hydrochemistry, Technical University Munich, Munich, D-81377, Germany SO Proc. SPIE-Int Soc. Opt. Eng. (1995), 2504(Environmental Monitoring and Hazardous Waste Site Remediation, 1995), 520-30 CODEN: PSISDG; ISSN: 0277-786X DT Journal LA English AB Landfill leachates have high concns. of chlorinated phenols (CP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAH). The concns. of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are usually found at ppq-level. Typical treatment methods based on phys. techniques produce highly contaminated residues, which have to be removed by combustion or deposition in a landfill. An alternative way is to destroy these contaminants by biol. and chem. treatment. The behavior of the trace contaminants during UV/03 treatment is described. Results show no significant effect for PCB and PCDD/PCDF. The CP and PAH were mostly reduced by UV/03 treatment to a degrdn. ratio >90 %. The influence of the pH on the UV/03 treatment of leachate could not be detected. A further expt. showed the degradability of PCDD/PCDF in pure water soln. To reach better results for the degrdn. of org. trace contaminants the leachate 1st can be treated with biol. methods. TOC concn. of 3 g/L is reduced to 50-70%. A combination of biol. and oxidative techniques diminishes the treatment costs and better exploitation of the oxidants is reached. Because of high light absorbance of the leachate between 200 and 300 nm we developed a falling-film-photo-reactor to ensure that every vol. of the soln. is exposed to UV-radiation.
L3 ANSWER 658 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:96500 CA TI Decomposition of polyhalogenated organic compounds at low temperature with UV radiation IN Matsunaga, Kazuyoshi PA Okayama Prefecture, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent
93 LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07265460 A2 19951017 JP 1994-64799 19940401 AB The process comprises mixing the polyhalogenated org. compds. with a mixed soln. of a semiconductor and a ferric salt, irradiating the mixed soln. by low-pressure UV light, and simultaneously adding high-concn. H202 for reaction. The semiconductor is SiC, Ti02 or SiC-Sn02. The process is esp. useful for decompn. of PCBs.
L3 ANSWER 673 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:332257 CA TI Emerging technology report: bench-scale testing of photolysis, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation of PCB contaminated soils, and photolysis of TCDD contaminated soils AU Alperin, E.; Root, D. K. CS IT Corp., Knoxville, TN, USA SO Report (1994), EPA/540/R-94/531; Order No. PB95-159992, 212 pp. Avail.: HTIS From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1995, 95(7), Abstr. No. 517,049 DT Report LA English AB Bench-scale tests were conducted to investigate the feasibility of a two phase detoxification process that would have application to the treatment of soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The first of the process was to degrade the contaminants by using UV radiation facilitated by the addn. of a surfactant to mobilize contaminants. Biol. degrdn., the second step, was then used to further detoxify the soil. Results from UV testing indicated that there was no apparent destruction of the dioxin on the soil. PCB redns. ranged from less than 15% to 69%.
L3 ANSWER 687 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:236903 CA TI Photodecomposition of PCBs absorbed on sediment and industrial waste: Implications for photocatalytic treatment of contaminated solids AU Chiarenzelli, J.; Scrudato, R.; Wunderlich, M.; Rafferty, D.; Jensen, K. ; Oenga, G.; Roberts, R.; Pagano, J. CS Environmental Res. Cent., SUNY, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA SO Chemosphere (1995), 31(5), 3259-72 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in contaminated sediment and soil have been photodegraded in slurry suspension with Ti02 and simulated solar illumination without pre-treatment or amendments. Degrdn. of 81% of the PCBs in St. Lawrence River sediment was achieved in a 24 h irradn. period. Replicate expts. using 5 times as much sediment and half the light intensity yielded similar results. The obsd. degrdn. rates of individual PCB congeners correspond with gas chromatograph retention time and chlorite no. Lesser and ortho chlorinated PCBs are preferentially photodecomposed. The soly. of individual congeners controls the obsd. rate of decompn. by regulation of the transfer of PCBs to the aq. phase and thus effectively retards access to the catalyst (anatase). The rate and degree of photodegrdn. can be enhanced by the use
94 of lower wavelength UV light which leads to hydroxylation of PCB congeners increasing soly and accessibility to photocatalytic reactions. Photodecompn. of PCBs in a slurry composed of furnace ash, core sands, and aluminum-rich (>45% A1203) slag from an aluminum foundry was increased from 45 to 88% during a 24-h irradn. period by using low wattage UVC lamps instead of solar equiv. illumination.
L3 ANSWER 718 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:92655 CA TI Formation of Condensation Products in Advanced Oxidation Technologies: The Photocatalytic Degradation of Dichlorophenols on Ti02 AU Minero, Claudio; Pelizzetti, Ezio; Pichat, Pierre; Sega, Michela; Vincenti, Marco CS Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Turin, 10125, Italy SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1995), 29(9), 2226-34 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X DT Journal LA English AB Photocatalytic treatment of dichlorophenols (DCP) leads to the formation of condensation products identified as polyhydroxy PCB Depending on the initial DCP isomer, different extents and yields of polyhydroxy PCB formation (.ltoreq.1%) and different types of polyhydroxy PCB were obsd. Formation of dehalogenated hydroxyphenols and hydroxytrichlorobiphenyls in the presence of 0 suggested that, in addn. to oxidative pathways, reductive pathways are also operating. In contrast to direct photolysis by UV irradn., no evidence of hydroxypolychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans was found. Polyhydroxy PCB are destroyed in the same time window as the initial DCP. The similarities between this photocatalytic process and other advanced oxidn. processes based on .bul.OH radical chem. are discussed.
L3 ANSWER 719 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:92371 CA TI Photocatalytic destruction of contaminants in solids IN Scrudato, Ronald J.; Zhang, Pengchu PA USA SO PCT Int. Appl., 63 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9511749 Al 19950504 WO 1994-US12357 19941027 W: AM, AT, AU, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, GB, GE, HU, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LK, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MN, MW, NL, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SI, SK, TJ, TT, UA, UZ, VN RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG AU 9480938 Al 19950522 AU 1994-80938 19941027 PRAI US 1993-144134 19931027 WO 1994-US12357 19941027 AB Th einvention provides an app. and method for photocatalytic degrdn./ destruction of contaminants in solids. The app. can be designed for in-situ, on-site, or remote usage, and generally comprises a reactor
95 housing in which solid material is simultaneously exposed to a photoactivatable catalyst and light energy. The reactor housing includes a means for agitating the solid material (38) such as a baffle system, to maximize exposure of the solid material to the catalyst and light energy. The method of the invention utilizes photocatalysis to degrade contaminants in/or sorbed to the solid material. The solid material may be sepd. into a suspended portion within an aq. source of free radicals and a bottom portion. The exposure of a catalyst to light energy causes the prodn. of free radicals which, when in contact with the contaminants in the suspended portion or the bottom portion, react with the contaminants to degrade the contaminants. The method is suitable for use in removing Aroclor 1248 from clays such as kaolinite and clay suspensions, such as pond sediments.
L3 ANSWER 730 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:64888 CA TI Degradation of PCDD, PCDF, PAH, PCB and chlorinated phenols during the destruction-treatment of landfill seepage water in laboratory model reactor (UV, ozone, and UV/ozone) AU Vollmuth, Stefan; Niessner, Reinhard CS Inst. Hydrochemistry, Technical Univ. Munich, Munich, D-81377, Germany SO Chemosphere (1995), 30(12), 2317-31 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB Seepage water from toxic waste landfills is polluted with high concns. of toxic org. compds. In this study, pollutant concns. in seepage water were 2 .mu.g/L to I mg/L for polychlorinated phenols; 800 pg/L to 250 ng/L for polychlorinated biphenyls; 200 ng/L to 12 .mu.g/L for polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons; and 20 pg/L to 1 ng/L for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans. Usual purifn. methods produced highly contaminated residues, which required pyrolysis treatment or re-deposition at a landfill. A better way to destroy these pollutants was UV/03 treatment. Seepage water treatment by UV-irradn., 03, and UV/03 was compared. Results showed no significant effect for any treatment for polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzodioxins, or dibenzofurans. Using UV/03, >90% of chlorinated phenols and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons were destroyed. PH had no effect on UV/03 seepage water treatment.
96 Chemical Methods (Oxidative)
Supercritical Water Oxidation
L6 ANSWER 46 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:4253 POLLUAB TI Photodecomposition of PCBs absorbed on sediment and industrial waste: Implications for photocatalytic treatment of contaminated solids AU Chiarenzelli, J.; Scrudato, R.; Wunderlich, M.; Rafferty, D.; Jensen, K.; Oenga, G.; Roberts, R.; Pagano, J. CS Environ. Res. Cent., 319 Piez Hall, SONY, Oswego, NY 13126, USA SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1995) vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3259-3272. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB PCBs in contaminated sediment and soil have been photodegraded in slurry suspension with TiO sub(2) and simulated solar illumination without pre treatment or amendments. Degradation of 81% of the PCBs in St. Lawrence River sediment was achieved in a 24 n irradiation period. Replicate experiments using five times as much sediment and half the light intensity yielded similar results. The observed degradation rates of individual PCB congeners correspond with gas chromatograph retention time and chlorine number. Lesser and ortho chlorinated PCBs are preferentially photodecomposed. The solubility of individual congeners controls the observed rate of decomposition by regulation of the transfer of PCBs to the aqueous phase and thus effectively retards access to the catalyst (anatase). The rate and degree of photodegradation can be enhanced by the use of lower wavelength ultraviolet light which leads to hydroxylation of PCB congeners increasing solubility and accessibility to photocatalytic reactions. Photodecomposition of PCBs in a slurry composed of furnace ash, core sands, and aluminum-rich (>45% Al sub(2}0 sub(3)) slag from an aluminum foundry was increased from 45 to 88% during a 24 h ^rradiation period by using low wattage UVC lamps instead of solar equivalent illumination.
L6 ANSWER 48 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:3390 POLLUAB TI Degradation of PCDD, PCDF, PAH, PCB and chlorinated phenols during the destruction-treatment of landfill seepage water in laboratory model reactor (UV, ozone, and UV/ozone) AU Vollmuth, S.; Niessner, R. CS Inst. Hydrochem., Tech. Univ. Munich, Marchioninistr 17, D - 81377 Munich, Germany SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1995) vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2317-2331. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB Seepage water of toxic waste landfills is polluted with high concentration^ of toxic organic compounds. The concentrations in the seepage water we applied for chlorinated phenols are between 2 mu g/1 and 1 mg/1, for PCB between 800 pg/1 and 250 ng/1, for PAH between 200 ng/1 and 12 mu g/1 and for PCDD and PCDF between 20 pg/1 and 1 ng/1.
97 Usual purification methods produce highly contaminated residues, which have to be treated by pyrolysis or are deposited again at a landfill. A better way is to destruct these contaminants by UV/ozone treatment . The treatment of seepage water by UV-irradiation, ozone and UV/ozone is compared. Results show no significant effect during all treatments for PCB and PCDD/PCDF. The chlorinated phenols and PAH were mostly destroyed by UV/ozone treatment more than 90%. The pH value has no influence on the UV/ozone treatment of seepage water.
L8 ANSWER 7 OF 9 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:3390 POLLUAB TI Degradation of PCDD, PCDF, PAH, PCB and chlorinated phenols during the destruction-treatment of landfill seepage water in laboratory model reactor (UV, ozone, and UV/ozone) AU Vollmuth, S.; Niessner, R. CS Inst. Hydrochem., Tech. Univ. Munich, Marchioninistr 17, D - 81377 Munich, Germany SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1995) vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2317-2331. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB Seepage water of toxic waste landfills is polluted with high concentrations of toxic organic compounds. The concentrations in the seepage water we applied for chlorinated phenols are between 2 mu g/1 and 1 mg/1, for PCB between 800 pg/1 and 250 ng/1, for PAH between 200 ng/1 and 12 mu g/1 and for PCDD and PCDF between 20 pg/1 and 1 ng/1. Usual purification methods produce highly contaminated residues, which have to be treated by pyrolysis or are deposited again at a landfill. A better way is to destruct these contaminants by UV/ozone treatment. The treatment of seepage water by UV-irradiation, ozone and UV/ozone is compared. Results show no significant effect during all treatments for PCB and PCDD/PCDF. The chlorinated phenols and PAH were mostly destroyed by UV/ozone treatment more than 90%. The pH value has no influence on the UV/ozone treatment of seepage water.
L3 ANSWER 34 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:82912 CA TI Technology for treatment of PCB (polychlorobiphenyl) by UV irradiation and catalytic decomposition AU Nishizawa, Katsushi CS Dev. Prov. Div., Toshiba Power Systems and Service Co., Japan SO Eco Ind. (1999), 4(11), 20-28 CODEN: ECINF8; ISSN: 1342-3037 PB Shi Emu Shi DT Journal LA Japanese AB A soln., contg. PCB 0.6, isoPrOH 45, and NaOH 0.8 kg, was treated by UV irradn. at 55-60.degree.C for 30 min, followed by catalytic decompn. at 75.degree.C for 15 min. PCB and dioxins concns. in the treated soln. were 0.0014 ppm and below the detection limit, resp. The recovery of Cl, biphenyl, and acetone were 99, 80, and 70 %, resp. PCB and dioxins concns. in the surrounding atm. were below the
98 detection limit.
L3 ANSWER 84 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:341294 CA TI Photocatalytic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls in acetonitrile/H2O system using Ti02 thin film AU Funayama, Histoshi; Kurosawa, Mitsuru; Yamakoshi, Yu^i; Sugawara, Katsuyasu; Sugawara, Takuo CS Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Akita National College of Technology, Akita, 011-8511, Japan SO Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu (1999), 25(6), 884-886 CODEN: KKRBAW; ISSN: 0386-216X PB Kagaku Kogakkai DT Journal LA Japanese AB The photocatalytic degrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a plate-type batch recycle photoreactor using a TiO2 thin film was exptl. examd. in an acetonitrile/water system. The concns. of the more highly chlorinated biphenyls (hexa-, hepta, and octachlorobiphenyls) decreased regularly with irradn. time; the less highly chlorinated ones (tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls) increased in the initial period and then decreased slowly. It is suggested that some reactions involving the formation of less chlorinated from more chlorinated biphenyls occurred. The anal, of mass fragmentograms indicated that various PCB decompn./prodn. reactions occurred. The extent of the dechlorination of the total PCBs from tetra- to octachlorobiphenyls was .apprx.35% after 12 h of irradn. with 02(g) being supplied.
L3 ANSWER 111 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:247959 CA TI Removal and destruction of organic compounds in water using adsorption, steam regeneration, and photocatalytic oxidation processes AU Suri, Rominder P. S.; Crittenden, John C.; Hand, David W. CS Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Villanova Univ., Villanova, PA, 19805, USA SO J. Environ. Eng. (Reston, Va. ) (1999), 125(10), 897-905 CODEN: JOEEDU; ISSN: 0733-9372 PB American Society of Civil Engineers DT Journal LA English AB A treatment strategy was examd. whereby aq. phase org. compds. are first removed by fixed-bed adsorption, followed by off-line regeneration of spent adsorbent using satd. steam (160.degree.), and cleanup of steam condensate using fixed-bed photocatalysis. This treatment strategy was examd. with the following org. compds.: tetrachloroethylene (PCE), CC14, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), o-chlorobiphenyl (o-PCB), and Me Et ketone (MEK). For 6 adsorption/regeneration cycles, the steaming process effectively regenerated adsorbent exhausted with PCE, p-DCB, CC14, or MEK. For o- PCB, there is .apprx.20% loss in adsorbent capacity after the first cycle; however, the adsorption capacity for cycles 2-6 is almost the same. Fixed-bed photocatalysis was examd. for decontamination of steam condensate contg. the desorbed orgs.; it is obsd. to be effective to mineralize aq. phase PCE, p-DCB, CC14, and o-"CB. For MEK, although 97% of the compd. was removed, only 16% removal of total org. C was obsd., thereby suggesting some byproducts were produced that were refractory to oxidn.
99 L3 ANSWER 203 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:189168 CA TI The photochemistry of PAHs and PCBs in water and on solids AU Pagni, Richard M.; Sigman, Michael E. CS Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA SO Handb. Environ. Chem. (1999), Volume 2, Issue Pt. L, 139-179. Editor{s): Boule, Pierre. Publisher: Springer, Berlin, Germany. CODEN: 45NZAP DT Conference; General Review LA English AB The photochem. of numerous polycyclic arom. compds. (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) has been studied in water and on solids in environmental and lab. settings. Photoproducts have been identified in many instances. In the presence of 02, the photochem. of PAHs is dominated by oxidn., with either singlet 02 or superoxide serving as oxidant. The factors which dictate whether energy transfer or electron transfer occurs from the PAH excited state to O2 are not well understood. The photochem. of PCBs in water is dominated by hydrolysis in which Cl is replaced by OH, even in the presence of 02. This is a consequence of the large oxygen-hydrogen bond dissocn. energy and dielec. const, of water. Photoisomerization of chlorobiphenyls also occurs in water. On solids the photochem. of PCBs is different. In the presence of 02, hydrogen is replaced by OH. These reactions appear to involve PCB radical cations. A variety of successful photochem. schemes have been developed, involving solids and water, for the destruction of PCBs. Notable in this regard are the numerous studies on the photocatalytic decompn. of PCBs on Ti02. A review with 161 refs.
L3 ANSWER 210 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:157960 CA TI Photochemical Processes AU Muszkat, Lea CS Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Protection, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel SO Pestic. Rem. Soils Water (1998), 307-337. Editor(s): Kearney, Philip C, ; Roberts, Terry. Publisher: Wiley, Chichester, UK. CODEN: 67EFAO DT Conference; General Review LA English AB A review with many refs. covers photochem. processes for water purifn. including photochem. oxidn. water purifn., the titania photooxidn. catalyst, solar pilot plants, photochem. water purifn. and photochem. wastewater treatment, photocatalytic degrdn. of pesticides (atrazine, s-triazine, lindane, monuron, and PCB), photocatalytic degrdn. of surfactants, and kinetics of photocatalytic oxidn.
L3 ANSWER 349 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:44755 CA TI Apparatus and method for decomposition treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in hazardous wastes IN Iwai, Akio PA Iwai, Akio, Japan; Fukuzumi, Kazumichi SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 33 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent
100 LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10118618 A2 19980512 JP 1996-332618 19961023 AB The app. comprises means for extg. waste solids contg. PCS compds. with iso-Pr ale., means for decompg. the extd. fractions in an ultrasonic vibrator under vacuum atm., means for filtering and further decompg. residual PCS compds. under UV irradn., means for vacuum distg. of liq. fractions to sep. oils and light components, means for catalytically decompg. the vacuum residues to recover light oil fractions and incinerating the solid residues.
L3 ANSWER 351 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:19220 CA TI Phototransformations of Polychlorobiphenyls in Bri^ 58 Micellar Solutions AU Chu, Wei; Ja«fvert, Chad T.; Diehl, Claude A.; Marley, Karen; Larson, Richard A. CS School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1284, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1998), 32(13), 1989-1993 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB Our purpose in conducting these studies was to examine photolysis as a destructive process for polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) extd. from soils with surfactant solns. Surfactants have shown promise as agents for removing free-phase and sorbed contaminants from soils, yet information on ultimate disposal options and recycle/recovery strategies for the surfactants is generally lacking. For aryl halides, photodechlonnation may result in decontamination, eliminating the need to phys. sep. these contaminants from the washing soln. Photochem. reactions of the PCB congener mixt., Aroclor 1254, and the specific congener, 2,3,4,5 tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,3,4,5-TeCB), were investigated in aq. solns. contg. surfactant micelles with UV light at 253.7 nm Photoredn. through photodechlonnation was shown to be the main decay pathway in which lesser chlorinated congeners were formed as intermediates. In expts. with 2,3,4,5-TeCB, final noncarbon-contg. products included Cl- and H+, both produced nearly stoichiometrically from the starting materials. The quantum yield for decay of O.l.mu.M 2,3,4,5-TeCB in 0.5 mM Brij 58 micellar solns. was over six times greater than in water alone. Sequential extn from a soil and photoredn. of 2, 3,4, 5-tetrachlorobiphenyl by Bri;j 58 solns. proved to be limited by surfactant loss to the soil.
L3 ANSWER 429 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:267536 CA TI Apparatus for treatment of hazardous chlorine-containing compound by UV-ray radiation IN Aoki, Nobutada; Mukai, Naruhiko; Unoki, Kazuo; Ta]ima, Naoki; Shimada, Hideki; Hayase, Shuji; Hanai, Hirokore; Ashitachi, Shuichi PA Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan; Toshiba Corp. SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 14 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1
101 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 09220550 A2 19970826 JP 1996-26313 19960214 AB The app. includes (1) a photolysis unit having a Cl-contg. compd. (e.g., PCB) tank; a soln. tank; a pump; a reaction tank; an UV light source; and a decompn. product tank, (2) a post-treatment unit for sepg. un-decompd. Cl-contg. compd. from the product and ale. solvent to recover the sepd. ale. for reuse, and (3) a control unit for monitor and control of the operations of two units.
L3 ANSWER 577 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:150081 CA TI Complete degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by a combination of ultraviolet and biological treatments AU Shimura, Minoru; Koana, Takao; Fukuda, Masao; Kimbara, Kazuhide CS Environ. Biotechnol. Lab., Railway Tech. Res. Inst., Tokyo, 185, Japan SO J. Ferment. Bioeng. (1996), 81(6), 573-576 CODEN: JFBIEX; ISSN: 0922-338X DT Journal LA English AB A method combining UV irradn. followed by microbial treatment was successfully applied to the efficient and complete degrdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). By UV irradn., most PCB congeners in a methanol soln. were transformed into less chlorinated compds. contg. fewer than 3 chlorines. The resultant UV-irradiated PCBs were then subjected to microbial degrdn. by Pseudomonas alcaligenes TK102, resulting in their complete degrdn. within a week.
L3 ANSWER 604 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:18027 CA TI Photocatalytic degradation of PCBs in Ti02 aqueous suspensions AU Huang, I.-Wei; Hong, Chia-Swee; Bush, Brian CS Sch. of Public Health, State Univ. of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA SO Chemosphere (1996), 32(9), 1869-1881 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB A generator-column technique was used to prep. aq. solns. of PCBs. The degrdn. of 2-chlorobiphenyl, Aroclor 1248, an Aroclor mixt. (1221, 1016, 1254, and 1260), and St. Lawrence River water by simulated sunlight or sunlight has been investigated in the presence of aq. suspensions of Ti02. The effect of Ti02 concn. and pH on the degrdn. rate of PCBs have been studied. The reaction rate followed apparent first-order kinetics and increased with increasing Ti02 concn. The half-life of the degrdn. process for 2-chlorobiphenyl is 20 min at pH 10 and 9 min at pH in the presence of 25 mg/L of Ti02. Less chlorinated PCBs decompd. faster than more highly chlorinated ones. The rate consts. and half-lives of individual PCBs in the com. PCB mixt. and St. Lawrence River water were also measured.
L3 ANSWER 644 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:154944 CA TI Decomposition treatment of harmful organic chlorine compounds IN Unoki, Kazuo; Hanai, Hirokore; Mukai, Shigehiko; Shimada, Hideki; Tajima, Naoki PA Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co, Japan
102 SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07313619 A2 19951205 JP 1994-109689 19940524 AB The decompn. treatment comprises decompg. and dechlorinating harmful org. Cl compds. such as PCB, sepg. undecompd. harmful org. Cl compds., and recycling the undecompd. harmful org. Cl compds. to the decompg. and dechlorinating process. The decompg. and dechlorinating process is carried out by light irradn. with UV lamp, UV laser, or radiation in an alk. ale. soln.
L3 ANSWER 649 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:125857 CA TI Purification of organic contaminants in seepage water of a landfill by UV/ozone-technique AU Vollmuth, S.; Wenzel, A.; Niessner, R. CS Institute Hydrocheraistry, Technical University Munich, Munich, D-81377, Germany SO Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (1995), 2504(Environmental Monitoring and Hazardous Waste Site Remediation, 1995), 520-30 CODEN: PSISDG; ISSN: 0277-786X DT Journal LA English AB Landfill leachates have high concns. of chlorinated phenols (CP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAH). The concns. of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are usually found at ppq-level. Typical treatment methods based on phys. techniques produce highly contaminated residues, which have to be removed by combustion or deposition in a landfill. An alternative way is to destroy these contaminants by biol. and chem. treatment. The behavior of the trace contaminants during UV/03 treatment is described. Results show no significant effect for PCB and PCDD/PCDF. The CP and PAH were mostly reduced by UV/03 treatment to a degrdn. ratio >90 %. The influence of the pH on the UV/03 treatment of leachate could not be detected. A further expt. showed the degradability of PCDD/PCDF in pure water soln. To reach better results for the degrdn. of org. trace contaminants the leachate 1st can be treated with biol. methods. TOG concn. of 3 g/L is reduced to 50-70%. A combination of biol. and oxidative techniques diminishes the treatment costs and better exploitation of the oxidants is reached. Because of high light absorbance of the leachate between 200 and 300 nm we developed a falling-film-photo-reactor to ensure that every vol. of the soln. is exposed to UV-radiation.
L3 ANSWER 658 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:96500 CA TI Decomposition of polyhalogenated organic compounds at low temperature with UV radiation IN Matsunaga, Kazuyoshi PA Okayama Prefecture, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN• JKXXAF
103 DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07265460 A2 19951017 JP 1994-64799 19940401 AB The process comprises mixing the polyhalogenated org. compds. with a mixed soln. of a semiconductor and a ferric salt, irradiating the mixed soln. by low-pressure UV light, and simultaneously adding high-concn. H202 for reaction. The semiconductor is SiC, TiO2 or SiC-Sn02. The process is esp. useful for decompn. of PCBs.
L3 ANSWER 673 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:332257 CA TI Emerging technology report: bench-scale testing of photolysis, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation of PCB contaminated soils, and photolysis of TCDD contaminated soils AU Alperin, E.; Root, D. K. CS IT Corp., Knoxville, TN, USA SO Report (1994), EPA/540/R-94/531; Order No. PB95-159992, 212 pp. Avail.: HTIS From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1995, 95(7), Abstr. No. 517,049 DT Report LA English AB Bench-scale tests were conducted to investigate the feasibility of a two phase detoxification process that would have application to the treatment of soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls {PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The first of the process was to degrade the contaminants by using UV radiation facilitated by the addn. of a surfactant to mobilize contaminants. Biol. degrdn., the second step, was then used to further detoxify the soil. Results from UV testing indicated that there was no apparent destruction of the dioxin on the soil. PCB redns. ranged from less than 15% to 69%.
L3 ANSWER 687 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:236903 CA TI Photodecomposition of PCBs absorbed on sediment and industrial waste: Implications for photocatalytic treatment of contaminated solids AU Chiarenzelli, J.; Scrudato, R.; Wunderlich, M.; Rafferty, D.; Jensen, K.; Oenga, G.; Roberts, R.; Pagano, J. CS Environmental Res. Cent., SUNY, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA SO Chemosphere (1995), 31(5), 3259-72 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in contaminated sediment and soil have been photodegraded in slurry suspension with Ti02 and simulated solar illumination without pre-treatment or amendments. Degrdn. of 81% of the PCBs in St. Lawrence River sediment was achieved in a 24 h irradn. period. Replicate expts. using 5 times as much sediment and half the light intensity yielded similar results. The obsd. degrdn. rates of individual PCB congeners correspond with gas chromatograph retention time and chlorite no. Lesser and orthc chlorinated PCBs are preferentially photodecomposed. The soly. of individual congeners controls the obsd. rate of decompn. by regulation of the transfer of PCBs to the aq. phase and thus effectively retards access to the catalyst
104 (anatase). The rate and degree of photodegrdn. can be enhanced by the use of lower wavelength UV light which leads to hydroxylation of PCB congeners increasing soly. and accessibility to photocatalytic reactions. Photodecompn. of PCBs in a slurry composed of furnace ash, core sands, and aluminum-rich (>45% A1203) slag from an aluminum foundry was increased from 45 to 88% during a 24-h irradn. period by using low wattage UVC lamps instead of solar equiv. illumination.
L3 ANSWER 718 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:92655 CA TI Formation of Condensation Products in Advanced Oxidation Technologies: The Photocatalytic Degradation of Dichlorophenols on Ti02 AU Minero, Claudio; Pelizzetti, Ezio; Pichat, Pierre; Sega, Michela; Vincenti, Marco CS Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Qniversita degli Studi di Torino, Turin, 10125, Italy SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1995), 29(9), 2226-34 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X DT Journal LA English AB Photocatalytic treatment of dichlorophenols (DCP) leads to the formation of condensation products identified as polyhydroxy PCB Depending on the initial DCP isomer, different extents and yields of polyhydroxy PCB formation (.ltoreq.1%) and different types of polyhydroxy PCB were obsd. Formation of dehalogenated hydroxyphenols and hydroxytrichlorobiphenyls in the presence of 0 suggested that, in addn. to oxidative pathways, reductive pathways are also operating. In contrast to direct photolysis by UV irradn., no evidence of hydroxypolychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins or dibenzofurans was found. Polyhydroxy PCB are destroyed in the same time window as the initial DCP. The similarities between this photocatalytic process and other advanced oxidn. processes based on .bul.OH radical chem. are discussed.
L3 ANSWER 719 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:92371 CA TI Photocatalytic destruction of contaminants in solids IN Scrudato, Ronald J.; Zhang, Pengchu PA USA SO PCT Int. Appl., 63 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9511749 Al 19950504 WO 1994-US12357 19941027 W: AM, AT, AU, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, GB, GE, HU, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LK, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MN, MW, NL, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SI, SK, TJ, TT, UA, UZ, VN RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG AU 9480938 Al 19950522 AU 1994-80938 19941027 PRAI US 1993-144134 19931027 WO 1994-US12357 19941027 AB The invention provides an app. and method for photocatalytic degrdn./ destruction of contaminants in solids. The app. can be designed
105 for in-situ, on-site, or remote usage, and generally comprises a reactor housing in which solid material is simultaneously exposed to a photoactivatable catalyst and light energy. The reactor housing includes a means for agitating the solid material (38) such as a baffle system, to maximize exposure of the solid material to the catalyst and light energy. The method of the invention utilizes photocatalysis to degrade contaminants in/or sorbed to the solid material. The solid material may be sepd. into a suspended portion within an aq. source of free radicals and a bottom portion. The exposure of a catalyst to light energy causes the prodn. of free radicals which, when in contact with the contaminants in the suspended portion or the bottom portion, react with the contaminants to degrade the contaminants. The method is suitable for use in removing Aroclor 1248 from clays such as kaolinite and clay suspensions, such as pond sediments.
L3 ANSWER 730 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:64888 CA TI Degradation of PCDD, PCDF, PAH, PCB and chlorinated phenols during the destruction-treatment of landfill seepage water in laboratory model reactor (UV, ozone, and UV/ozone) AU Vollmuth, Stefan; Niessner, Reinhard CS Inst. Hydrochemistry, Technical Univ. Munich, Munich, D-81377, Germany SO Chemosphere (1995), 30(12), 2317-31 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 DT Journal LA English AB Seepage water from toxic waste landfills is polluted with high concns. of toxic org. compds. In this study, pollutant concns. in seepage water were 2 .mu.g/L to I mg/L for polychlorinated phenols; 800 pg/L to 250 ng/L for polychlorinated biphenyls; 200 ng/L to 12 .mu.g/L for polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons; and 20 pg/L to 1 ng/L for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans. Usual purifn. methods produced highly contaminated residues, which required pyrolysis treatment or re-deposition at a landfill. A better way to destroy these pollutants was UV/03 treatment. Seepage water treatment by UV-irradn., 03, and UV/03 was compared. Results showed no significant effect for any treatment for polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzodioxins, or dibenzofurans. Using UV/03, >90% of chlorinated phenols and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons were destroyed. PH had no effect on UV/O3 seepage water treatment.
106 Thermal Methods
Incineration and Combustion
L3 ANSWER 25 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:112451 CA TI Treatment of waste PCB liquid IN Obata, Take^i PA Hokkaido Rehabili, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 10 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000028124 A2 20000125 JP 1998-199081 19980714 AB The title process comprises combustion of waste PCB liq. carried on activated C, which is fed in a furnace for combastion of waste tire contg. metal wire in the presence of 0, C02, and steam at 800-950.degree., by C, H, S, which are generated from the combustion of waste tire, and the activated C. The process is useful for combustion of waste PCB liq. along with combustion of waste tire.
L3 ANSWER 25 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:112451 CA TI Treatment of waste PCB liquid IN Obata, Takeji PA Hokkaido Rehabili, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 10 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO DATE
PI JP 2000028124 A2 20000125 JP 1998-199081 19980714 AB The title process comprises combustion of waste PCB liq. carried on activated C, which is fed in a furnace for combustion of waste tire contg. metal wire in the presence of 0, CO2, and steam at 800-950.degree., by C, H, S, which are generated from the combustion of waste tire, and the activated C. The process is useful for combustion of waste PCB liq. along with combustion of waste tire.
L6 ANSWER 40 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:7217 POLLUAB TI PCDDs/PCDFs reduction by good combustion technology and fabric filter with/without activated carbon injection CHLORINATED DIOXINS, PCB AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 1994— 1. AU Tejima, H.; Nakagawa, I.; Shinoda, T.-A.; Maeda, I.; Fiedler, H. [editor]; Hutzinger, 0. [editor]; Safe, S. [editor]; Sakai, S. [editor] CS Takuma Co., Ltd. 3-23, Dojima Kama 1-chome Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1996) pp. 169-175. Meeting Info.: 14. International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds 1994 — I. Kyoto (Japan). 21-25 Nov 1994.
107 ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB In order to reduce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in exhaust gases from MSW incineration plants, the treatment of gases by using a fabric filter (FF) is available as one of the applicable methods. It has been reported that a FF removes not only particles and acid gases but heavy metals. Our method using a FF enabled the efficient removal of PCDDs/PCDFs and mercury in operating plants. In particular, the concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs was successfully reduced to 0.1 ng/m super(3)N-TEQ.
L6 ANSWER 41 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 96:7211 POLLUAB TI Experiences gained from the sampling of chlorine aromatics in the raw gas of waste incineration plants. Conclusions with regard to dedusting technology CHLORINATED DIOXINS, PCB AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 1994—I. AU Hunsinger, H.; Kreisz, S.; Vogg, H.; Fiedler, H. [editor]; Hutzinger, 0. [editor]; Safe, S. [editor]; Sakai, S. [editor] CS Forschungszent. Karlsruhe, Inst. Technische Chemie, Bereich Thermische Abfallbehandlung, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, FRG SO CHEMOSPHERE, (1996) pp. 109-118. Meeting Info.: 14, International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds 1994 — I. Kyoto (Japan). 21-25 Nov 1994. ISSN: 0045-6535. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB The findings obtained from sampling of chlorine aromatics by mechanical separation of the dust phase in the raw gas of waste incineration plants demonstrate that above about 200 degree C, a formation preferentially of PCDD and chlorophenoles, and to a lesser extent of PCDF and chlorobenzenes takes place. Formation is mainly caused by the fine dust fraction. The carbon content in the fly ash plays a minor role. From the comparison of these findings with earlier balancing experiments at an ESP a comparable formation mechanism can be suggested. Up to now this mechanism is not well understood. A threshold temperature for all dedusting operations in the raw gas of municipal solid waste incineration plants of a maximum of 200 degree C is recommended.
L8 ANSWER 3 OF 9 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:10194 POLLUAB TI Informational stack emission testing of a U.S. DOE mixed waste incinerator in preparation for proposed emission limits under the draft EPA new hazardous waste combustion strategy AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 89. ANNUAL MEETING. AU Humphreys, M.P.; Adams, V.; Atkins, E.M.; Graves, L. ; Gibson, L. SO [np]. AIR & WAS7E MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION. PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 (USA). Online access: http://www.awma.org/.. Meeting Info.: Air & Waste Management Association 89. Annual Meeting. Nashville, TN (USA). 1996.
108 DT Book TC Conference; Abstract FS P LA English AB The U.S. Department Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation, located near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, encompasses three major DOE installations within its boundaries: the Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and K-25 Site. The K-25 Site is the site of operation of a Mixed Waste Incinerator designed and permitted for thermal destruction of radioactively contaminated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCS) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Wastes. The Incinerator is a rotary kiln with secondary combustion and a wet scrubber air pollution control system, designed for incineration of organic liquid, aqueous, solid, and sludge waste feeds. Thus far, DOE has prioritized operation of the incinerator to burning liquid wastes (1 6,3 1 8,173 pounds burned since start of operation in November 1990) generated by DOE during the Cold War period. Stack emission testing was recently conducted at the Incinerator in preparation for proposed emission limits under the May 1993 Draft EPA Hazardous Waste Combustion Strategy. Stack tests were performed in the late summer of 1995 for comparison of system performance with potential emission limits, under the assumption that the Draft Combustion Strategy will be finalized in some form-at some point in the future. This paper will provide details of stack sampling methodologies employed and stack test results compared with proposed emission limits.
L3 ANSWER 35 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:82769 CA TI Zeolite adsorbent for flue gas treatment, apparatus and method for treatment of incinerator flue gases IN Oka, Nobuki; Yasutake, Akinori; Izumi, Osamu PA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 7 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000015092 A2 20000118 JP 1998-187167 19980702 AB The title adsorbent is prepd. from pentasil-type zeolites, Al-depleted faujasite-type zeolites and/or meso-porous silicates having SiO2/A1203 mol. ratio .gtoreq.10:1. The adsorbent has a sp. surface area of .gtoreq.500 m2/g and is useful for removing dioxins, PCB, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and/or chlorotoluenes from industrial or municipal incinerator flue gases at 100-400.degree.. The flue gases are preferably passed through bag filters or elec. precipitators prior to contacting with the porous adsorbent.
L3 ANSWER 40 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:68368 CA TI PCDD/F isomer pattern in fluidized bed incineration and the correlation to the isomer pattern via de novo synthesis from PAHs AU Weber, R.; lino, F.; Imagawa, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Sakurai, T.; Sadakata, M. CS Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Yokohama, 235, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 41, 301-306
109 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) from polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAH) in waste fluidized bed incinerators (FBI) was studied and the resulting PCDF isomer pattern are compared with the actual FBI pattern. Model fly ashes were prepd. by dry mixing of silica, CuC12.2H2O, and single PAHs. The CuC12-catalyzed heat treatment of all PAHs resulted in the formation of PCDD/Fs, but the PCDF formation was dominant in every homolog with a ratio of .apprx.10. The correlation of the PCDF, PCS, and PCN (polychlorinated naphthalene) pattern in the incinerators with de novo formation expts. in the lab. studies indicated that PAHs, and PAH structures embedded in the soot/ unburnt C as macromols., are the source for PCDF formation.
L3 ANSWER 52 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:39751 CA TI Apparatus and method for treatment of incinerator flue gases by using catalysts on alkali activated carbon fibers IN Yasutake, Akinori; Hattori, Akira; Kobayashi, Keiko; Mochida, Isao PA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 8 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11347409 A2 19991221 JP 1998-159024 19980608 AB Incinerator flue gases contg. noxious pollutants (esp., dioxin, PCB, chlorobenzene, chlorophenols or NOx) are treated by cooling to .Itoreq.400.degree., and then oxidative decompn. with catalysts contg. composite alkali metal oxides (e.g., SnO, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, ZrO2, or ZnO and .gtoreq.l active substances such as Pt, Au, Ti02, W03, and V2O5) on polyacrylonitrile-series activated carbon fibers with sp. surface area .gtoreq.500 m2/g in a catalytic reactor at 100-400.degree.. The catalysts are durable and effective for treating flue gases from incineration of municipal refuse, industrial wastes, dewatered sewage sludges or refuse-derived fuels, etc.
L3 ANSWER 60 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:26169 CA TI Removal, reformation, and destruction of dioxins and related compounds in waste incinerator flue gas AU Unsworth, John; Maaskant, Onno; Andersson, Per; Marklund, Stellan CS Res. Tech. Center, Shell Global Solutions, Chester, CHI 3SH, UK SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 40, 435-439 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The dioxin removing potential of the Shell Denox System (SDS) installed as the final part of the off-gas cleaning system at a municipal waste incinerator was investigated in detail. Flue gas samples were taken at 4 points representing the situation in the whole off-gas cleaning system:
110 the scrubber inlet, the heat exchanger inlet, the Denox reactor inlet, and the stack. Two trials without and with activated C injection were carried out and the contents of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were measured. For the 1st trial the dioxin removing efficiency of the SDS is 99.7%, however, the PCDF/D ratio turns from 2.5 at the scrubber inlet to 220 at the Denox reactor inlet. For the 2nd trial the removing efficiency is 99.98%, but again the content of PCDFs increased. Both trials indicated a generation of PCDFs and a change of the PCDF profile as well between heat exchanger and Denox reactor where they are removed by the Denox catalyst. The dioxins formed prior to the Denox reactor are almost PCDFs, possibly formed from chlorinated arom. hydrocarbons which are not absorbed in the scrubber (e.g. polychlorobiphenyls, PCBs).
L3 ANSWER 61 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:26167 CA TI Effects of oxygen, sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, and peroxides on formation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) on the MWI fly ash AU Grabic, R.; Marklund, S.; Pekarek, V.; Punocha, M., Ullrich, J. CS Chemical Lab., District Public Health Dep., Frydek-Mistek, 73802, Czech Rep. SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 41, 251-254 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB Fly ash from the fabric filter of a municipal waste incinerator was doped with NaCl, CuC12.2H2O, and activated C and used for PCDD/F and PCB formation expts. at 340.degree, in a N/0 stream. Decreasing the 0 concn. from 10 to 1% had little influence on PCB formation, but decreased PCDD/F concns. by 82 and 35%, resp., and shifted the homolog profile to lower chlorinated compds. PCDD/F and PCB formation was stronger inhibited by H2S04 than by S02. H202 inhibits the PCDD formation, contrary to PCDF destruction. The destruction of higher halogenated congeners is prefered The most efficient destruction was found for the mixt. of H2S04 and H202.
L3 ANSWER 62 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:26162 CA TI Dioxins formation on fly ash of pyrolysis-melting process for MSW. Part 1. Formation behavior in a fly ash model system AU Kanda, Nobuyasu; Kawamoto, Katsuya, Ayukawa, Susumu; Ito, Hirotsuna; Miyata, Haruo; Murahashi, Kazuki; Harada, Yasuaki CS Mitsui Engineering Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Ichihara, 290, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 41, 175-178 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The formation potential for PCDD/F and coplanar PCB of fly ash from the pyrolysis-melting process for municipal solid waste was studied by thermal treatment (200-550.degree.) of a Backed bed of pelleted ash in a humid air flow and compared to that of a conventional waste incinerator fly ash. Although similar PCDD/F and PCB concns. were found for both ashes in the reactor outgoing gas, the concn. in the pyrolysis-melting process ash itself was lower by 1-2 orders of
111 magnitude than in the ref. ash. Precursors added (o-chlorophenol, chlorobenzene, benzene, n-octane) had little effect. PCDD/F concn. was max. at 350.degree, in the gas and at lower temp, in the ash.
L3 ANSWER 63 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:25990 CA TI Substance flow approach for the control of PCDDs/DFs. Recent development on emission control and abatement of PCDDs/DFs in Japan AU Sakai, Shinichi CS Environment Preservation Center, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, 606, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 40, 449-452 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with 6 refs. on redn. strategies to meet the regulations of Japan authorities for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) emissions until 2001. The redn. strategies included activated C adsorption of emission gas and its recovery technologies, treatment and recycling of combustion residues and the total PCDDs/Fs released, and development of gasificat_on melting tech-iol. The 1st strategy involved expts. concerning the recovery of the activated C and a sufficient decompn. of the adsorbed PCDDs/PCDFs. For the 2nd strategy investigations in the total release of PCDDs/Fs by incinerators equipped with a residue melting furnace or a thermal dechlorination device and a gasification melting furnace were carried out. According to 3rd strategy 3 types of gasification melting furnaces were developed (blast furnace, external heat kiln, and fluidized bed furnace) and their efficiency examd. A substance flow of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCB) was also elaborated and tested by analyzing the input/output flow of co-PCBs in the existing municipal solid waste incineration processes.
L3 ANSWER 102 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:276313 CA TI Concomitant incineration of screenings in a utilization plant for residues from wastewater treatment (VERA) AU Hanssen, Harald CS Hauptabteilung Klarwerke, Hamburger Stadtentwasserung, Hamburg, D-20097, Germany SO Korresp. Abwasser (1999), 46(10), 1588-1595 CODEN: KOABDC; ISSN: 0341-1478 PB Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Abwassertechnik DT Journal LA German AB A process for the concomitant incineration of screenings and sewage sludge is presented and experiences are reported. Conveying and disintegration of screenings and hygienic precautions on handling (on account of microbiol. contamination) are described. Low levels of heavy metals and org. pollutants and small ash content get screenings suitable for incineration. The addn. of disintegrated screenings had even some favorable effects on the fluidized-bed combustion of sewage sludge. The pollutant concn. of the (purified) flue gas was scarcely influenced by the concomitant incineration of screenings, except tne Hg content which was strikingly decreased by a factor of 5 owing to the relatively high Cl content of screenings. An evaluation of costs indicates that the incineration of screenings is quite less expensive than their deposition
112 on landfills (which in each case will no longer be allowed in Germany after the yr. 2005).
L3 ANSWER 113 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:247582 CA TI Flue gas treatment apparatus having pulse-jet bag filter IN Chigusa, Takemichi; Takahashi, Hideki; Nakai, Koichiro PA Unitika Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11267432 A2 19991005 JP 1998-76959 19980325 AB In the app., activated C filters having air holes running in the direction from the filter cloth surface to the central part are installed at the gas discharge side of the bag filter. The app. can efficiently remove pollutants such as dioxins, PCB, NOx, and Hg from flue gas from incineration equipment for treating municipal or industrial wastes.
L3 ANSWER 197 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:225238 CA TI Effects of the experimental co-combustion of thermally dried sewage sludge in a hard coal-fired power plant AU Maier, H.; Waldhauser, H.; Triebel, W.; Buck, P. CS Energie-Versorgung Schwaben A.-G., Stuttgart, Germany SO VGB Kraftwerkstech. (1999), 79(3), 64-67 CODEN: VGBKB5; ISSN: 0372-5715 PB VGB-Technische Vereinigung der Grosskraftwerksbetreiber DT Journal LA German AB Expts. were performed to the co-combustion of sewage sludge in the hard coal fired combined power plant Heilbronn to det. the emission behavior and the quality of the resulting residuals (ash, fly-ash, and gypsum). Sewage sludge from different origin was added to the hard coal in an amt. of 2-4% of the dry matter. The flue gas emission measurements showed no significant change compared to normal operation. Most of the heavy metals were embedded in the fly ash, and the flue gas desulfurization plant was the major sink for Hg. The quality of the produced residuals was guaranteed for further utilization. PCB PCDD/F.
AN 130:186689 CA TI Apparatus and method for incineration of PCB-containing hazardous wastes IN Hachimaki, Nobuyuki PA Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 7 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT I PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11037440 A2 19990212 JP 1997-195628 19970722 AB The app. comprises means for mixing the pulverized wastes contg.
113 polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) with .gtoreq.20 wt.% fuel oil (esp., gasoline or diesel fuel) and .apprx.5 wt.% water to form an aq. dispersion, means for heating and atomizing the aq. dispersion with 02 gas via spray nozzles under high pressure to form droplets (av. diam. 40-60 .mu.m), means for belowing the droplets to form turbulent flow and completely burning it with 02 at >1200.degree, in a combustion chamber. The app. prevention dioxin emissions in flue gases and reduces operation cost.
L3 ANSWER 246 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:56300 CA TI Dioxin emissions from incinerator for sludge from night soil treatment plants AU Kawakami, Isamu; Sase, Eiichi; Tanaka, Masaru; Sato, Tetsushi CS Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd., Tokyo, 141, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1998), 36(Formation and Sources, Transport and Fate), 213-216 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB The release of PCDD/F from 2 intermittently operated fecal sludge incinerators was measured. During steady-state operation, the PCDD/F concns. in the flue gas (treated with either a multi-cyclone or an electrostatic precipitator and a scrubber) were 0.87 and 0.84 ng TEQ/m3. Essentially higher levels were measured during shutdown. PCDD/F levels in bottom ash and fly ash were close to the detection limit and very low, resp. The proportion of coplanar PCBs measured for 1 plant to PCDD/Fs was almost the same or a little bit less than that encountered at municipal waste incinerators. The low PCDD/F levels may be explained by inhibition due to S02.
L3 ANSWER 301 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:293221 CA TI Oak ridge toxic substances control act (TSCA) incinerator test bed for continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) AU Gibson, Luther V, Jr. CS Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-7272, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. - Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1997), 90th, FA8503/1-FA8503/14 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 PB Air & Waste Management Association DT Journal; (computer optical disk) LA English AB The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator, located on the K-25 Site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, continues to be the only operational incinerator in the country that can process hazardous and radioactively contaminated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) waste. During 1996, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Management Office of Science and Technol. (EM-50) and Lockheed Martin Energy Systems established a continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) test bed and began conducting evaluations of CEMS under development to measure contaminants from waste combustion and thermal treatment stacks. The program was envisioned to promote CEMS technologies meeting requirements of the recently issued Proposed Stds. for Hazardous Waste Combustors as well as monitoring technologies that will allay public concerns about mixed waste thermal treatment and accelerate the
114 development of innovative treatment technologies. Fully developed CEMS, as well as innovative continuous or semi-continuous sampling systems not yet interfaced with a pollutant analyzer, were considered as candidates for testing and evaluation. Complementary to other Environmental Protection Agency and DOE sponsored CEMS testing and within compliant operating conditions of the TSCA Incinerator, prioritization was given to multiple metals monitors also having potential to measure radionuclides assocd. with particulate emissions. In August 1996, developers of two multiple metals monitors participated in field activities at the incinerator and a com. available radionuclide particulate monitor was acquired for modification and testing planned in 1997. This paper describes the CEMS test bed infrastructure and summarizes completed and planned activities.
L3 ANSWER 3J7 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:234828 CA TI Informational stack emission testing of a U.S. DOE mixed waste incinerator in preparation for proposed emission limits under the draft EPA new hazardous waste combustion strategy AU Humphreys, Mallory P.; Adams, Vincent; Atkins, Edwin M.; Graves, Laura; Gibson, Luther CS Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1996), 89th, mpl5a01/l-mpl5a01/18 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 PB Air & Waste Management Association DT Journal; (computer optical disk) LA English AB The U.S. Department Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation, located near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, encompasses three major DOE installations within its boundaries: the Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge National Lab., and K-25 Site. The K-25 Site is the site of operation of a Mixed Waste Incinerator designed and permitted for thermal destruction of radioactively contaminated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Wastes. The Incinerator is a rotary kiln with secondary combustion and a wet scrubber air pollution control system, designed for incineration of org. liq./ aq., solid, and sludge waste feeds. Thus far, DOE has prioritized operation of the incinerator to burning liq. wastes (16,318,173 Ib burned since start of operation in Nov. 1990) generated by DOE during the Cold War period. Stack emission testing was recently conducted at the Incinerator in prepn for proposed emission limits under the May 1993 Draft EPA Hazardous Waste Combustion Strategy'. Stack tests were performed in the late summer of 1995 for comparison of system performance with potential emission limits, under the assumption that the Draft Combustion Strategy will be finalized in some form-at some point in the future.
L3 ANSWER 353 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:8125 CA TI Incinerator equipped with dioxin removing apparatus IN Tanaka, Hideaki PA Tanaka, Hideaki, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 8 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT I
115 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10137719 A2 19980526 JP 1996-332685 19961108 AB This incinerator comprises a dioxin-removing incinerator and a metal box: and the dioxin-removing incinerator comprises a combustion chamber, a redox adjusting chamber as a heat-storage chamber for preheating, a top burner chamber, a suction fan for adjusting combustion pressure, etc., and the metal box is for producing silicone resin as a byproduct of resultant PCB (polychlorobiphenyl). Dioxins are removed from combustion gases emitted by incineration of wastes such as contaminated wastes from hospital, Pachinco stands, poly(vinyl chloride) resin, diaper covers, etc., by cooling the combustion gases, removing dust, carrying out adsorption processes using a soil-derived porous body, activating the resultant combustion gas by UV radiation in a ceramic tube bearing a Ti02 or Hf02 coating, and washing with water. Silicone resin is produced by enclosing PCB in the metal box and reacting with the metal of the box. Dioxin-contg. combustion gases can be detoxicated and recycled.
L3 ANSWER 355 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:8033 CA TI Chemical impact of uncontrolled solid waste combustion to the vicinity of the Kouroupitos Ravine, Crete, Greece AU Martens, D.; Balta-Brouma, K.; Brotsack, R.; Michalke, B.; Schramel, P.; Klimm, C.; Henkelmann, B.; Oxynos, K.; Schramm, K. -W. : Diamadopoulos, E.; Kettrup, A. CS GSF - Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut fur Okologische Chemie, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany SO Chemosphere (1998), 36(14), 2855-2866 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB This study presents the results of an investigation on chem. impact of the uncontrolled combustion of municipal solid wastes in an open landfill. Soil and sand samples were collected in the vicinity and surrounding area of the waste disposal site and the concns. of several toxic substances were measured. A list of these substances includes: Polycyclic Arom. Hydrocarbons (PAH), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF) and heavy metals. The results show that the contamination of soil in the vicinity of the landfill decreases nearly exponentially with the distance between the sampling point and the waste disposal site increasing. The contamination of soil in the vicinity of a near-by village is below current limits. High concns. were found in the soil inside the landfill and in the immediate proximity. In some cases remediation limits of some European countries were exceeded.
L3 ANSWER 379 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:184201 CA TI Incineration of halogenated waste streams AU Kolb, Th.; Christill, M.; Dorn, I. H.; Seifert, H.; Kufferath, A.; Leuckel, W. CS BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1996), 143-147 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 65TTAP DT Conference
116 LA English AB BASF, Ludwigshafen operate eight rotary kilns with a total capacity of 175,000 t/yr. Waste in the form of solids, slurries, pastes and liqs. is fed to the rotary kiln. The secondary combustion chamber (SCC) is operated exclusively on liq. residues. The flue gases emerging from the SCC are cooled to 300.degree, in a boiler, and then fed to one of the three flue gas cleaning lines which are equipped with electrostatic precipitator, catalyst, low-temp, boiler, scrubber, mist eliminator, and induced drought fan. The incineration of halogenated hydrocarbons in combustion systems subject to the 17th German Federal Regulations for the Control of Environmental Pollution requires a temp, of 1200.degree, at a min. residence time of 2 s after the last addn. of combustion air. In large-scale combustion systems (e.g. SCC of a waste incinerator) the destruction of org. trace species depends not only on reaction kinetics, but substantially on turbulent mixing in the combustion chamber. For this reason studies on the thermal destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons were carried out in a semitech combustion system at BASF. The studies were intended to det. the thermal destruction for Me chloride, dichloroethane, dichloropropane and dichlorobenzene under typical combustion conditions, i.e. taking reaction kinetics and turbulent mixing into account. For Me chloride destruction rates of 10-10 at temps, of 900.degree, at the most and a residence time of 2 s were found. Compared with data on reaction kinetics degrdn. in tech. combustion systems is somewhat slower, which is due to turbulent mixing processes in the combustion chamber. The other substances under investigation were degraded even faster. In addn. to the expts. at the semitech plant BASF have done some investigations on thermal destruction of PCBs in the tech. system. Measurement of PCB, PAH and PCDD/F in the flue gas of the BASF waste incinerators at SCC temps, of 1,050 and 1,200.degree., resp., have clearly shown that the emission of org. trace species does not depend on combustion temp, in the range under investigation. Turbulent mixing strongly dominates the process of thermal destruction at temps, above 900.degree.. This finding is supported by math, modeling of the combustion phenomena in the SCC. The investigations reported clearly show that a combustion temp. of 1,000.degree. at a residence time of 2 s is sufficient for the thermal destruction of org. trace species in the SCC of a waste incinerator. From an environmental point of view a temp, of 1,200.degree. is even counter productive, as high combustion temps, can necessitate the use of addnl. fuel (e.g. natural gas or crude oil), which leads to considerable addnl. C02 emissions.
L3 ANSWER 441 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:209875 CA TI Energy recuperative soil remediation system IN Clawson, Lawrence G. PA Cedarapids, Inc, USA SO U.S., 13 pp. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5658094 A 19970819 US 1996-583434 19960105 AB An improved system for remediating soil contaminated with short-chain hydrocarbons, long-chain hydrocarbons and PCB's is described.
117 The system includes an rotary drum having 1st and 2nd heat exchanging regions, each contg. sepd. inner and outer regions. The drum in inclined such that soil fed into the system with a sealed auger for remediation is gravitationally urged through the inner regions whereat thermal energy provided by a burner means, including clamshell ducts, remediates the soil by vaporizing and oxidizing the hydrocarbons and PCB's in a stream of hot gases. After remediation , the soil and the stream of hot gases is transferred to the outer regions whereat the soil is auger-conveyed and fluid-flow urged there-through, in counter-flow relation to the gravitationally urged soil in the inner regions, to transfer thermal energy from the remediated soil and stream of hot gases to the soil being remediated, to reduce the temp, of the remediated soil and the stream of hot gases prior to discharge, and to discharge the remediated soil and the stream of hot gases. An improved method is similarly provided.
L3 ANSWER 571 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:176358 CA TI Experimental study of CFBC technology for decontamination of highly chlorinated PCB wastes AU Desai, Dilip L.; Anthony, E.J.; Mourot, P.L.; Sterling, S.A. CS Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Can. SO Proc. Int. Conf. Fluid. Bed Combust. (1995), 13th(Vol. 1), 65-74 CODEN: PCFCDB; ISSN: 0197-453X DT Journal LA English AB The treatment and disposal of wastes contaminated with PCBs and other org. materials in an environmentally acceptable manner remains a pressing issue at many sites in North America. Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technol. offers an attractive soln. for PCB and other org. waste disposal. PCB-contaminated wastes at 3 sites in Quebec are to be treated using a 36-in. transportable CFBC. The PCB wastes to be incinerated consist of contaminated solids (mainly soils) and liqs. that contain high concns. of PCBs, chlorobenzenes and perchloroethylene. As relatively little reliable data were available on incineration of such highly chlorinated PCB wastes, a test program was carried out using a pilot-scale CFBC. A non-carcinogenic compd., 1,3-dichlorobenzene, was chosen as a surrogate for PCBs because it is an arom. halogenated compd. with the same ring structure which should behave in an analogous manner to PCBs when combusted. The gas and solid phase emissions including benzene, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans were measured and combustion efficiency and destruction and removal efficiency were detd. The results demonstrated a stable and reliable process under the operating conditions and indicated likely compliance with all applicable regulatory and project specific requirements for actual PCB incineration runs.
L3 ANSWER 588 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:94672 CA TI Combustion test of insulating oil contained small amount of PCBs by using combustion facility AU Koyata, Kazuo; Sato, Mikio; Seki, Teruo; Takeuchi, Masao; Imagawa, Takashi CS Yokosuka Res. Lab., Cent. Res. Inst. Electr. Power Ind., Yokosuka, 240-01, Japan SO Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi (1996), 75(6), 414-423 CODEN: NENGEM; ISSN: 0916-8753 DT Journal
118 LA Japanese AB In order to study the incineration method of insulating oil contained small amt. of PCBs (ND-50 ppm) , the combustion test was conducted by using combustion facility which had flue gas treatment equipment's to keep safety supervision and environmental protection. Two type of operating condition was selected. The one was to assumed to actual boiler's condition including air heater and electrostatic precipitator. Another was assumed to the operating condition for the exclusive use of incineration of insulating oil contained PCBs. As a result, it was proved that the small amt. of PCBs contained in insulating oil could be decompd. by the incineration method using spray combustion if high combustion temp, and long residence time should be kept in furnace. Moreover PCDDs was not detected at the exit of boiler flue and at the exit of afterburning furnace.
L3 ANSWER 590 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:94498 CA TI Electrochemical treatment of acid flue gas washing water AU Lidner, Irene; Haertel, Georg CS Friedrich-Alexander-Univ., Erlangen, D-91058, Germany SO Muell Abfall (1996), 28(4), 250-255,258-262 CODEN: MUABD8; ISSN: 0027-2957 DT Journal LA German AB Electrolysis of HCl-contg. flue gas washing water from waste incineration plants was investigated in lab. and pilot scale. A concentric fluidized-bed graphite electrode cell with a PVC/polyvinylidene fluoride diaphragm was used at max. current of 750 A. The max. H and Cl yield was 0.31 m3/h, with a current efficiency of 90-95% at c.d. 1000-3000 A/m2. Metals such as Hg, Cu, Cd, and Zn were simultaneous sepd. in yields of 95-35%. Org. pollutants such as halogenated and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, PCB, and PCDD/F were decompd to residual values of <0.5%. Costs are compared with neutralization cost.
L3 ANSWER 594 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:66393 CA TI Dioxins in stack ash from PCB waste incinerator AU Jiang, Ke; Li, Lingjun; Chen, Yudong CS Res. Cent. Eco-Environmental Sci., Chinese Academy of Sci., Beijing, 100085, Peop. Rep. China SO Huanjing Kexue (1996), 17(1), 68-71 CODEN: HCKHDV; ISSN: 0250-3301 DT Journal LA Chinese AB The contents of the polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans in the stack ash from an exptl. incinerator for destruction of polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) waste were detd. by 13C isotope capillary GC/high resoln. MS for the estn. of the equiv. of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted toxic dioxins congeners were quant, detd.
L3 ANSWER 627 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:269538 CA TI Deposition of solid municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator ashes and sewage sludge as a source of PCDD/F and PCB in the environment9 AU Schuler, Franz; Schmid, Peter; Schlatter, Christian CS Inst. Toxicol., Swiss Federal Inst. Technol., Schwerzenbach, CH-8603,
119 Switz. SO Organohalogen Compd. (1995), 24(Dioxin 95, 15th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, 1995), 95-9 CODEN: ORCOEP DT Journal LA English AB Effluent anal, of both incinerator ash/sewage sludge and unburned MSW disposal sites for title compds. by chromatog. fractionation with subsequent high-resoln. mass spectrometry indicated that the incineration of waste did not lead to any higher release into the environment by leaching of residues than the disposal of unburned waste. PCDD/F release exceeded the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions at both sites by a factor of 2 based on 8 PCB congeners. The soly. of single PCDD/F congeners decreased with increasing chlorination.
L3 ANSWER 629 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:268864 CA TI Specific congeners analysis of dioxins from the emissions of a testing incinerator AU Ke, Ji Ang; Li, Ling Jun; Chen, Yu Dong; Jin, Jun; Zhang, Dai Hui; Shao, Chun Yan CS Res. Center Eco-Environ. Sci., Chinese Acad. Sci., Beijing, 100085, Peop. Rep. China SO Organohalogen Compd. (1995), 23(Dioxin 95, 15th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, 1995), 451-4 CODEN: ORCOEP DT Journal LA English AB Emissions from a PCB incinerator were detd. by GC/MS and GC/ECD and calcd. by the method according to Wells. The contents of PCBs in the flue gas and fly ashes were 3-60 ng/L, in wastewater <0.3 ppb, and the residual PCBs in the bottom ash were 1-25 ppm. The destruction efficiency of high PCB concn. in the incinerator attains 99.9999%. The contents and their 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ values of dioxin-like PCB congeners in incinerator raw material and stack ash are given and show that the toxicity from PCB in stack ash was diminished about 100,000 times from the raw material. The TEQ value in the bottom ash is diminished 2500 times.
L3 ANSWER 664 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:36319 CA TI Measured dioxin emissions from a pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator AU Waterland, Larry R.; Venkatesh, Shyam CS Acurex Environmental Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. - Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1994), 87th(Vol. 13, Hazardous Waste Management & Control), 13pp 94-WA85.04 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 DT Journal LA English AB Measurements of chlorinated dioxin and furan emissions were performed as part of 3 test programs at the USEPA Incineration Research Facility. Two programs evaluated the incinerability of polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB)-polluted materials from Superfund sites; ECB -polluted marine sediments from one site and soil from another site were tested. Native PCB pollution levels of 1200-6200 mg/kg were increased to 4-5% by spiking the sediment/soil with Askarel transformer fluid. The third test program studied incineration characteristics of a
120 mixt. of 45% paper, 10% polyvinyl chloride, 25% polyethylene, and 20% latex used as the design basis for the Department of Energy's Savannah River Plant Consolidated Incineration Facility. Results showed effective org. pollutant destruction; PCB destruction /removal efficiencies for the Superfund site materials was 99.999938% to >99.999999% (all greater than the required 99.9999%). Measured polychlorinated dibenzodioxin/dibenzofuran emission levels are reported.
L3 ANSWER 713 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:121845 CA TI Treatment of incinerator flue gases containing halohydrocarbons by catalytic decomposition IN Ooshita, Takahiro; Ishikawa, Ryuichi; Higo, Tsutomu; Kaneko, Mitsuyoshi PA Ebara Mfg, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, i pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT I PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07088329 A2 19950404 JP 1993-256333 19930921 AB Incinerator flue gases contg. halohydrocarbons (e.g., PCB or dioxins) are treated by catalytic decompn. with a fixed bed of redn. catalysts in a heat exchanger having thermal storage medium (porosity .gtoreq.50% and pore diam. .gtoreq.2 mm) at 300-450.degree., preferably 150-250.degree.. In one embodiment, the cooling medium (esp. air) for the heat exchanger is blown into the incinerator for improved combustion. The method reduces lining cost and prevents energy loss.
L3 ANSWER 714 OF 1914 CA COPYRIG AN 123-121844 CA TI Combustion treatment of PCB was oil IN Tamura, Tetsuto PA Tamura Tetsuto, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07091638 A2 19950404 JP 1993-241419 19930928 JP 08020066 B4 19960304 AB PCB waste oil is mixed with combustion oil, sprayed in a furnace and burned at .gtoreq.1400.degree, to oxidn. decomp. The heated air in the combustion region is used for heating of air.
121 Thermal Methods
Thermal Treatment
L6 ANSWER 19 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:4916 POLLUAB TI Thermal blanket for in-situ remediation of surficial contamination: A pilot test AD Iben, I.E.T.; Edelstein, W.A.*; Sheldon, R.B.; Shapiro, A.P.; Uzgiris, E.E.; Scatena, C.R.; Blaha, S.R.; Silverstein, W.B.; Brown, G.R.; Stegemeier, G.L.; Vinegar, H.J. CS GE Corporate Res. and Dev., P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA SO ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL., (1996) vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 3144-3154. ISSN: 0013-936X. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB Surficial PCB contamination has been successfully and safely removed from soils in a field test at the site of a former dragstrip where oil-containing PCBs had been sprayed to minimize airborne dust. Decontamination was achieved by electrically heating a 9.3-m super(2) area under a thermal blanket, and PCB concentrations were reduced from up to 2000 ppm to less than 2 ppm in 24 h of heating. Initial PCB concentration in some of the more contaminated areas averaged 700 mg/kg from 0 to 7.5 cm deep and 100 mg/kg from 7.5 to 15 cm, with maximum concentrations as high as 2000 mg/kg at the surface. The thermal blanket was operated at temperatures ranging from 815 to 925 degree C. It took about 20-24 h for a 15-cm depth to reach 200 degree C, which was sufficient to reduce the total PCB concentration to below the mandated 2 mg/kg cleanup levels. The variation of times to reach the desired temperature is principally related to soil water content. A vapor stream was drawn by vacuum from the thermal blanket at a rate of 550-1100 L(STP)/min. Vaporized groundwater constitutes from 40% to 70% of the vapor stream at the beginning of each heating cycle and therefore displaces a significant fraction of the air, but enough remains for oxidation of waste stream hydrocarbons in an external thermal oxidizer. We also tested 2.4 m x 6 m thermal blanket modules that could be assembled into large arrays to treat extensive areas. A full-scale thermal blanket system designed to treat this site would consist of 20 modules assembled into 288 m super(2) thermal treatment systems, which require 1.8 MW of power and operate on a three-part cycle: heat and treat soil cool, and move to a new treatment area. Emissions from the blanket consist of organics, which are destroyed by passing through a flameless thermal oxidizer.
L8 ANSWER 5 OF 9 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:2822 POLLUAB TI Thermochemical destruction of PCBs in soils, sludges and sediments AU Bhat, V.K. CS Green Earth Technologies Corp., 81 Caldwell Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45216, USA SO AM. ENVIRON. LAB., (1996) vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 25-26. ISSN: 1051-2306. DT Journal FS P
122 LA English AB Remediation of soils, sludges, and sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a recalcitrant environmental challenge. Incineration has been the most commonly used commercial method of PCB destruction. However, because of much antuncineration sentiment among the press and the public, pressure to replace incineration with other technologies continues. Over the years, a number of alternative PCB remedial technologies have been developed. These include thermal desorption, chemical dehalogenation, solvent extraction, soil washing, solidification/stabilization, bioremediation, and vitrification. Critical reviews of these technologies exist in the published literature. This paper discusses the efficacy of a patented thermochemical technique of PCB destruction, the Reactive Exothermic Liquid-Inorganic Solid Hybrid (RELISH super(TM)) process (Bhat Industries Inc., Cincinnati, OH).
L10 ANSWER 18 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:4916 POLLUAB TI Thermal blanket for in-situ remediation of surficial contamination: A pilot test AU Iben, I.E.T.; Edelstein, W.A.*, Sheldon, R.B ; Shapiro, A.P ; Uzgiris, E.E.; Scatena, C.R.; Blaha, S.R.; Silverstein, W.B.; Brown, G R. ; Stegemeier, G.L.; Vinegar, H.J. CS GE Corporate Res. and Dev., P.O. Box 8, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA SO ENVIRON. SCI TECHNOL., (1996) vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 3144-3154 ISSN: 0013-936X. DT Journal FS P LA English SL English AB Surficial PCB contamination has been successfully and safely removed from soils in a field test at the site of a former dragstrip where oil-containing PCBs had been sprayed to minimize airborne dust. Decontamination was achieved by electrically heating a 9.3-m super (2) area under a thermal blanket, and PCB concentrations were reduced from up to 2000 ppm to less than 2 ppm in 24 h of heating. Initial PCB concentration in some of the more contaminated areas averaged 700 mg/kg from 0 to 7.5 cm deep and 100 mg/kg from 7.5 to 15 cm, with maximum concentrations as high as 2000 mg/kg at the surface. The thermal blanKet was operated at temperatures ranging from 815 to 925 degree C. It took about 20-24 h for a 15-cm depth to reach 200 degree C, which was sufficient to reduce the total PCB concentration to below the mandated 2 mg/kg cleanup levels. The variation of times to reach the desired temperature is principally related to soil water content. A vapor stream was drawn by vacuum from the thermal blanket at a rate of 550-1100 L(STP)/min. Vaporized groundwater constitutes from 40% to 70% of the vapor stream at the beginning of each heating cycle and therefore displaces a significant fraction of the air, but enough remains for oxidation of waste stream hydrocarbons in an external thermal oxidizer. We also tested 2.4m x 6 m thermal blanket modules that could be assembled into large arrays to treat extensive areas. A full-scale thermal blanket system designed to treat this site would consist of 20 module^ assembled into 288 m super (2) thermal treatment systems, which require 1.8 MW of power and operate on a three-part cycle: heat and treat soil cool, and move to a new treatment area Emissions from the blanket consist of organics, which are destroyed by passing through a flameless thermal oxidizer
123 L3 ANSWER 45 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:54190 CA TI Treatment of solid wastes with Molten Salt Oxidation AU Hsu, Peter C.; Foster, Kenneth G.; Ford, Timothy D.; Wallman, P. Henrik; Watkins, Bruce E.; Pruneda, Cesar 0.; Adamson, Martyn G. CS Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551-0808, USA SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1999), 251-256 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 68MNAR DT Conference LA English AB Molten Salt Oxidn. (MSO) is a robust thermal treatment process that can be used to oxidatively and efficiently destroy the org. con .tituents of mixed and hazardous wastes, and energetic materials (1-7) . An integrated pilot-scale MSO demonstration facility has been installed and operated at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL). This facility, which has been operational since Dec. 1997, was built to demonstrate the capability of processing org. feed at a com. useful scale (5 to 7 kg per h). The integrated MSO treatment train consists of several subsystems: a primary MSO processor (reaction vessel), an off-gas conditioning system, a salt recycle system, and a ceramic final forms immobilization system. The MSO/off-gas system began operations in Dec. 1997, while the salt recycle system and the ceramic final forms immobilization system were activated in May 1998 and Sept. 1998, resp. During FY98, we have successfully conducted tests in the MSO facility on a variety of liq. and solid org. feeds: chlorinated solvents, tri-Bu phosphate/kerosene mixts., PCB-contaminated waste oils and solvents, shredded booties and coveralls, plastic pellets, ion-exchange resins, activated carbon, several radioactive-spike orgs., and two well-characterized low-level liq. mixed wastes. This paper presents the results from the operation of the integrated pilot-scale MSO system for the treatment of several solid feeds including activated carbon, ion exchange resin, plastic pellets, and shredded booties and gloves.
L3 ANSWER 59 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:26330 CA TI Photolytic Method for Destruction of Dioxins in Liquid Laboratory Waste and Identification of the Photoproducts from 2,3,7,8-TCDD AU Konstantinov, Alexandre D.; Johnston, Andrea M.; Cox, Brian J.; Petrulis, John R.; Orzechowski, Monika T.; Bunce, Nigel J.; Tashiro, Colleen H. M.; Chittim, Brock G. CS Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, NIG 2W1, Can. SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (2000), 34(1), 143-148 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB Anal, and other research labs, that generate small vols. of dioxin-contg. wastes have no convenient method for their disposal. We have used UV photolysis with a low-pressure mercury lamp to destroy dioxin-like compds., both as individual congeners and in actual waste anal, samples, down to nondetectable levels. Photolysis promises to be an efficient, safe, and inexpensive method for on-site treatment of liq. lab. wastes that are contaminated by dioxin-like compds., allowing the treated materials to be discarded as regular org. solvent waste. Expts. with
124 1,6-[3H]-2,3,7,8-TCDD revealed that the principal photolytic pathway involves cleavage of C-O bonds rather than C-C1 bonds, giving chlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers as the initial products and accounting for the low material balances of reductive dechlorination products previously found upon photolysis of PCDDs. The photolysis products from 2,3,7,8-TCDD do not bind to either the Ah receptor or the estrogen receptor in vitro, making it unlikely that the products from UV treatment of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) in lab. waste will show either Ah or estrogen receptor-mediated toxicol. effects.
L3 ANSWER 104 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:276293 CA TI Thermolytical working-up of contaminated sewage sludges and comparable waste materials in a three-step batch procedure AU Beckers, Werner; Schuller, Dieter CS Okochemie und Umweltanalytik, Department of Chemistry, Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, D-26111, Germany SO Acta Univ. Lodz., Folia Chim. (1998), 12, 141-165 CODEN: AULCD2; ISSN: 0208-6182 PB Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego DT Journal LA English AB A 3-step batch procedure for thermal treatment (drying, pyrolysis, gasification = thermolysis) of polluted waste material is suggested, for 1 reactor regulated by temp. Contaminated wastewater sludge was studied under tech. and material management criteria. Tech. processing yielded gases from a pyrolytic step (823 K, C1-C4 fraction) and from a steam gasification step (1173 K, H2, CO, C02, CH4). A solid residue was leached with water and compared with contemporary legal restrictions. Catalytic treatment (723 K) of volatiles from the pyrolytic step yielded a liq. fraction, including BTX-compds. Contaminated intermediate fractions (water from drying and from reaction in a pyrolytic step, contaminated solid residues) should be gasified under definite conditions. This process, adapted to contaminated material, may be applied to conventional org. feedstocks.
L3 ANSWER 122 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:189165 CA TI Advances in flameless thermal oxidation: a non-incineration technology for destroying waste liquids AU DeCicco, Steven G.; Baer, C. B.; Barkdoll, M. P.; Edgar, B. L.; Martin, R. J. ; McAdams, S. R. CS Thermatrix Inc., Knoxville, TN, 37922, USA SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1998), 349-354 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 67YUAX DT Conference LA English AB Thermatrix's flameless thermal oxidn. (FTO) process is a proprietary and patented technol. that carries out oxidn. of org. vapors without flame and below the lower f1 -rnmability limit ;n a porous inert matrix. FTO technol. achieves very high destruction and removal efficiency (ORE), extremely low CO and NOx emissions, reduced energy consumption, and stability at variable flows and org. concns. Being a pre-mixed technol., FTO achieves high org. destruction without reliance on the traditional concepts of time and turbulence within the reaction vessel. FTO technol. has been used to treat gas phase contaminants including
125 benzene, toluene, acetone, PCB's, CC14, phosgene, methylene chloride, di-Me sulfide, Freon, and formaldehyde. The FTO process has been commercialized with over 70 applications in North America, Europe and Asia. A key aspect of the FTO technol. is its classification by worldwide regulatory agencies as a non-incineration thermal process for treating hazardous and toxic org. compds. These regulatory agencies include: the US EPA, California EPA, UK EPA, Ireland EPA, France and Italy. This paper describes demonstration test results on 2 new FTO configurations destroying org. liqs. An enhanced FTO reactor was tested at full-scale. During the testing period the reactor was operated for over 1000 h. All of the design objectives were successfully demonstrated including operation with liqs., flameless preheat, increased capacity over previous FTO configurations, hot wall design, and integral mixing. The FTO process has also been integrated with other flameless, industrially-proven pretreatment steps to broaden the field of application to include the treatment of liq., solid, and sludge wastes. Demonstration-scale tests on the integrated system have been successfully completed treating hydrocarbon liqs., solids and sludges. This development opens the door to cost effective, high performance, thermal destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes without the use of flame-based technol. This paper describes the process configuration for treating liq. wastes and the present the results of tests on a full-scale FTO reactor.
L3 ANSWER 218 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:127249 CA TI Thermal treatment and utilization of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons by co-combustion in the circulating fluidized bed AU Bethge, F.; Manss, G.; Geisler, O.; Wilbrand, K. CS Thyssen Henschel Industriedienste G.m.b.H., Kassel, Germany SO VGB Kraftwerkstech. (1999), 79(2), 70-74 CODEN: VGBKB5; ISSN: 0372-5715 PB VGB-Technische Vereinigung der Grosskraftwerksbetreiber DT Journal LA German AB The co-combustion of contaminated soils in a brown coal-fired steam generator with circulating fluidized bed was tested. Solid materials (3-5%) such as concrete, rumble, ground, or gravel filter material contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons, PAH, and BTEX were used for tests. Operating behavior of the plant, mass balances, releases, and material and eluate analyses are discussed. The measured flue gas releases did not exceed the limits independently on the type of contamination. The contaminant content in the solid as well as in the eluate of silo and bed slag does not significantly differ from values occurring during the operation without soil. Annually .apprx.2000-5000 metric tons of soil with hydrocarbon contamination would be utilized economically by co-combustion in a heating power station.
L3 ANSWER 222 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:99982 CA TI Treatment of heavy metals and halogenated hydrocarbons by thermal vacuum evaporation and high-temperature reaction with oxygen IN Wanetzky, Erwin; Melber, Albrecht; Hugo, Franz PA Aid Vacuum Technologies G.m.b.H., Germany SO Eur. Pat. Appl., 7 pp. CODEN: EPXXDW DT Patent LA German
126 FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI EP 887429 Al 19981230 EP 1998-107780 19980429 R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO DE 19727565 Al 19990107 DE 1997-19727565 19970628 PRAI DE 1997-19727565 19970628 AB A method for treatment of mixts contg. heavy metals and halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., PCBs) with different b.ps. consists of an initial stepwise thermal evapn. in vacuum, in which mixt. is sent to a treatment chamber for b.p.-based condensation and sepn. of components, followed by feeding of the sepd. components to a reaction chamber where they come in contact with a reactive gas (esp. 02 or O2-contg. gases). The reaction chamber is haated to ensure reaction; the O2 content in the gases after reaction is measured and monitored by a conventional lambda (air-fuel ratio) sensor. The method and app. was tested on Hg-contg. waste batteries.
L3 ANSWER 296 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:293514 CA TI Process for thermal destruction of hazardous materials IN Repetto, Eugenic; Capodilupo, Domenico; Dulcetti, Alessandro PA Acciai Special! Terni S.P.A., Italy SO PCT Int. Appl., 12 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9844992 Al 19981015 WO 1997-EP1797 19970410 W: AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB, GE, HU, IL, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, TJ, TM, TR, TT, UA, UG, OS, UZ, VN, YU, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM RW: GH, KE, LS, MW, SD, SZ, UG, AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG AU 9726956 Al 19981030 AU 1997-26956 19970410 EP 975394 Al 20000202 EP 1997-920651 19970410 R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, LI, SE, FI PRAI WO 1997-EP1797 19970410 AB To dispose of hazardous materials, for instance chlorinated compds. such as PCBs, or of materials polluted with such compds., it is proposed to utilize the technol. capabilities of already known high-temp, processes; in particular, it is proposed to utilize the technologies with high thermal prodn. and capacity, such as the well known treatment of iron-based baths in an elec. furnace, to keep the polluting materials and their cracking and oxidn. derivs. at high temp, for a time sufficient to ensure their complete destruction. The enr1 products of the treatment according to the invention, still contg. aggressive mols. such as HC1, are further treated in conventional ways, for instance with calcium hydroxide.
L3 ANSWER 324 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS
127 AN 129:179129 CA TI Method for thermal removal of halogenated organic compounds from soil IN Krabbenhoft, Herman Otto; Webb, Jimmy Lynn PA General Electric Co., USA SO U.S., 4 pp. Cont. of U.S. Ser. No. 407,454, abandoned. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5797995 A 19980825 US 1996-611609 19960308 PRAI US 1995-407454 19950329 AB A method for removing halogenated org. compds. from contaminated particulate material, e.g., soil, gravel, sludge sediment, sand, and concrete is described. Formic acid is dry mixed with the contaminated material and an external heating means is used at .apprx.250.degree. 450.degree, for 10-50 min to drive the halogentated org. compds. from the soil.
L3 ANSWER 348 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:44777 CA TI Detoxification treatment of industrial wastes containing organic chlorine compounds IN Miyashita, Yoshio; Marukawa, Takeshizu PA Miyashita, Yoshio, Japan; Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 10 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10118613 A2 19980512 JP 1996-297156 19961018 AB The method comprises feeding industrial wastes contg. org. Cl compds. (esp., PCB) into a melting furnace, heating the wastes at .gtoreq.1100.degree. under reducing gas atm., discharging the molten slags and metals from the furnace into a water bath, decompg. the org. Cl compds. in offgases from the melting furnace at .gtoreq.1100.degree. in a tubular reactor, filtering and sepg. HC1 from gaseous effluents from the tubular reactor by adsorption-absorption through an activated carbon beds at down stream.
L3 ANSWER 493 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:320596 CA TI Thermal destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons by reductive pyrolysis AU Ravindran, Varadarajan; Pirbazari, Massoud; Benson, Sydney W.; Badriyha, Badri N.; Evans, Daniel H. CS University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA SO Combust. Sci. Technol. (1997), 122(1-6), 183-213 CODEN: CBSTB9; ISSN: 0010-2202 PB Gordon & Breach DT Journal LA English AB A rigorous thermochem. anal, of the pyrolysis of arom. chlorides shows that destruction efficiencies in excess of 99.999% are possible
128 in a reducing atm. at temps, near 1000 K. This process used for the destruction of chlorinated org. compds. yields non-halogenated hydrocarbons and HC1 as reaction products. Qual. batch expts. on MeCl and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed that such efficiencies were obtained in residence times < 7 min at 1273 K. Qual. continuous flow expts. demonstrated that these efficiencies are actually obtained in residence times < 1.8 s for MeCl and 4.4 s for the PCS mixt. Arochlor 1254. A simple kinetic anal, shows that the Aroclor 1254 radicals are produced by the decompn. of hydrocarbon solvents (n-hexane and iso-octane) used to provide the reducing atm. The difference in residence times between batch and continuous flow reactors is explained by temp, gradient effects in batch reactors and the assocd. heat flux limiting rate phenomenon due to endothermic reaction steps.
L3 ANSWER 551 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:22523 CA TI Thermochemical destruction of PCBs in soils, sludges, and sediments AU Bhat, Vasanth K. CS Green Earth Technologies Corp., Cincinnati, OH, 45216, USA SO Am. Environ. Lab. (1996), 8(8), 25-26 CODEN: AELAEL; ISSN: 1051-2306 PB International Scientific Communications DT Journal LA English AB The efficacy of a patented thermochem. technique of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) destruction, the reactive exothermic liq.-inorg. solid hybrid (RELISH) process, to remediate soils, sludges, and sediments polluted by PCB is discussed. Topics covered include: the process (destruction mechanism, reagents, RELISH process vs. failed lime technol., phys. characteristics of alkasol, chem. processing of alkasol); and waste treatment method (pilot study of PCB-polluted foundry sludge, mass balance and PCB degrdn. byproducts studies).
L3 ANSWER 565 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:229572 CA TI Thermal Blanket for In-Situ Remediation of Surficial Contamination: A Pilot Test AU Iben, I. E. T.; Edelstein, W. A.; Sheldon, R. B.; Shapiro, A. P.; Uzgiris, E. E.; Scatena, C. R. ; Blaha, S. R. , Silverstein, W. B.; Brown, G. R. ; et al. CS GE Corporate Research and Development, Schenectady, NY, 1203, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1996), 30(11), 3144-3154 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X DT Journal LA English AB Surficial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution was successfully and safely removed from soils in a field demonstration at a a former dragstrip site where oil-contg. PCB were sprayed to minimize airborne dust. Decontamination was achieved by elec. heating a 9.3-m2 area under a thermal blanket; PCB concns. were reduced from -ltoreq.2000 ppm to <2 ppm in 24 h of heating. Initial PCB concns. in some of the more polluted areas averaged 700 mg/kg from 0-7.5 cm deep, and 100 mg/kg from 7.5-15 cm, with max. concns. .ltoreq.2000 mg/kg at the surface. The thermal blanket was operated at 815-925.degree.. It took .apprx.20-24 h for a 15-cm depth to reach
129 200.degree., which was sufficient to reduce the total PCB concn. to below the mandated 2 mg/kg cleanup levels. Time variation to reach the desired temp, was principally related to soil water content. A vapor stream was drawn by vacuum from the thermal blanket at a rate of 550-1100 L(STP)/min. Vaporized groundwater constituted 40-70% of the vapor stream at the beginning of each expt. and therefore displaced a significant fraction of the air, but enough remained to oxidize waste stream hydrocarbons in an external thermal oxidizer. A 2.4 .times. 6 m thermal blanket module that could be assembled into large arrays to treat extensive areas was also tested. A full-scale thermal blanket system designed to treat this site would consist of 20 modules assembled into 288 m2 thermal treatment systems, requiring 1.8 MW of power and operating on a 3-part cycle: heat and treat soil, cool, and move to a new treatment area. Blanket emissions consisted of orgs., which were destroyed by passing through a flameless thermal oxidizer.
L3 ANSWER 669 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:349412 CA TI Disposal of waste PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) IN Tamura, Tetsuto PA Tamura Tetsuto, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 4 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07217848 A2 19950818 JP 1994-11789 19940203 AB The title method includes combustion process for combusting waste PCB drawn out from vessels for PCB-contg. equipment at a temp, higher than decompn. temp, of PCB, cooling process for cooling rapidly waste gases from the combustion process, waste gas treatment process for removing pollutants from the waste gases, evapn. process for evapg. PCB remained in the vessels or contained in other substances, combustion process for combusting waste gases at a temp, higher than decompn. temp, of PCB, cooling process for cooling rapidly the waste gases, and waste gas treatment process for removing pollutants from the waste gases.
L3 ANSWER 677 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:321352 CA TI Destruction of undesirable halogens in waste streams by pyrolysis IN Seppa, Raikko Urmas Ilari; Engelbrecht, Willem Johannes; Hearn, Ian Russell; Van Staden, Gideon Francois; Schneider, David Francois PA S. Afr. SO PCT Int. Appl., 33 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9524945 Al 19950921 WO 1995-GB552 19950315 W: AT, AU, BR, CA, CH, CN, CZ, DE, ES, NL, RO, RU, US RW: KE, MW, SD, SZ, UG, AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, IT, NL
130 CA 2184253 AA 19950921 CA 1995-2184253 19950315 AU 9518593 Al 19951008 AU 1995-18593 19950315 AU 698189 B2 19981029 ZA 9502128 A 19951214 ZA 1995-2128 19950315 NL 9520020 A 19970303 NL 1995-20020 19950315 DE 19581565 T 19970507 DE 1995-19581565 19950315 GB 2301353 Al 19961204 GB 1996-19214 19960912 GB 2301353 B2 19980318 FI 9603617 A 19961031 FI 1996-3617 19960913 PRAI ZA 1994-1824 19940315 WO 1995-GB552 19950315 AB Halogenated org. compds. (e.g., PCB's, Lindane, DDT) are pyrolyzed by heating a reactor wall by elec. induction or resistance heating; maintaining the reactor wall at a predetd. reaction temp, of .gtoreq.1500.degree.; and allowing heat to radiate from the reactor wall into a reaction zone adjacent to, and in contact with, the reactor wall. A substantially solids-free gaseous feedstock comprising an undesirable halogenated org. compd. is fed with H or other reducing gas (CH4) into the reductive reaction zone. The stream is heated sufficiently by heat radiated by the reactor wall to pyrolyze the wastes. A gaseous product comprising H and hydrogen halides is withdrawn from the reaction zone.
L3 ANSWER 729 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 123:65083 CA TI Detoxication treatment of spent PCB contaminated transformers IN Hasegawa, Tsunetaka; Tokumasa Kenji; Shimada, Yutaka; Horizoe, Hirotoshi; Hanamoto, Mikio; Kato, Mitsuo Tsutsui, Koyo PA Chugoku Electric Power, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07063313 A2 19950307 JP 1993-232466 19930824 AB The spent contaminated transformers are treated by inductive heating in a sealed thermally insulated container, supplying air to the container to burn off PCB and insulation oil, conducting the combustion gas to a catalytic combustion reactor for further burning, mixing the catalytic combustion gas with air, and recycling the mixt. to the sealed insulated container for heat recovery and as air supply.
131 Other Treatment Technologies
Plasma
L3 ANSWER 129 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:174342 CA TI The study of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) gasification by plasma energy AU Park, Hyun-Seo; Lee, Hwan-No; Ji, Kyu-Il; Kim, Seok-Wan; Lee, Seung-Hyun; Kim, Hyung-Jin; Shin, Duk-Chul; Jung, Jong-Soo CS Energy & Environment Center, Central Research Institute, Samsung Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Taejon, 305-600, S. Korea SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1997), 157-159 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 67YSAR DT Conference LA English AB PCB was widely used as a thermal resistant plasticizer and as an elec. isolator because of superior thermodn. and elec. characteristics. The toxicity of PCB leads the prohibition of its prodn. and makes difficulties to dispose, so that, recently, intensive studies for the treatment of PCB contg. waste have been conducted by several researchers worldwide. In this study, non-transferred DC steam (H20) plasma working with 100 kW is utilized to minimize prodn. of the toxic byproducts such as dioxin and furan of which formation is not avoidable for the conventional incineration.
L3 ANSWER 278 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:320383 CA TI Plasma remediation technology for chlorine, sulfur and phosphorus containing wastes AU Freed, Darryl; Heredy, Laszlo; Poesy, Ferenc; Bruce, Kevin R.; Touati, Abderrahame CS Plasma Environmental Technologies, Inc., Toronto, ON, Can. SO Phys., Chem., Therm. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 69-73. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RLAW DT Conference LA English AB Tests were conducted evaluating a plasma-based non-incineration technol. for the destruction of hazardous liq. org. wastes. In tests performed at the Environmental Research Center of EPA's National Risk Management Research Lab. the following destruction/removal efficiencies (DREs) were achieved: (a) for polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB) surrogates contg. chlorobenzenes and biphenyl >99.9999%; and (b) for simulants of chem. warfare agents and energetics >99.99999%. Minimal formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/PCDFs) was found in the PCB surrogate tests; the toxicity equivalency (TEQ) value was 0.03 ng/m3, nearly one order of magnitude below regulatory limit.
L3 ANSWER 373 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:234619 CA TI Plasma torches: an innovative technology for the treatment of
132 toxic wastes AU Benocci, Roberto; Florio, Riccardo; Galassi, Alessandro; Paolicchio, Marco; Radice, Lorenzo; Sindoni, Elio; Zambon, Giovanni; Piselli, Moreno; Sciascia, Maurizio CS Dip. Fis., Univ. degli Studi di Milano, Italy SO Inquinamento (1999), 40(2), 50-54 CODEN: IQAAAW; ISSN: 0001-4982 PB Gruppo Editoriale Jackson DT Journal LA Italian AB A lab. in Milan University is developing a low environmental impact technol. for hazardous waste treatment. The process exploits thermal plasma high temp, and high energy d. The research includes study, project and realization of a complete toxic waste treatment plant. The work carried out on plasma torch (thermal plasma generating device), enthalpy probe (plasma jet diagnostic tool), PCB treatment plant and PCB monitoring method (including the innovative multicapillary column technique) is presented.
L3 ANSWER 418 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:336176 CA TI An overview of plasma technologies for PCB destruction AU Kolacinski, Z.; Cedzynska, K. CS Technical University Lodz, Pol. SO Anal. Util. Oily Wastes, AUZO '96, Int. Conf. (1996), Volume 1, 255-259. Editor(s): Bokotko, R. Publisher: Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Pol. CODEN: 65GEAH DT Conference LA English AB Compared with conventional incinerators, which are mostly unable to reach >1500 K, thermal plasma technol. offers particular advantages for PCB treatment. Pyrolysis, oxidn., water pyrolysis or H pyrolysis have been identified as the most likely chem. processes to be used in the treatment of PCB. In general, PCB -contaminated oil destruction processes using plasma treatment can be considered to take place in 3 stages: plasma generation, injection and mixing of the waste with the plasma flame operating within 6000-12,000 K, and exhaust quenching and recovery of the residual material. The tests carried out in several pilot plants show that the yield of PCB destruction is >99.9999%.
133 Other Treatment Technologies
High Energy Decomposition Processes
L6 ANSWER 1 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1999:7545 POLLUAB TI Applications of ionizing radiation to the remediation of materials contaminated with heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON RADIATION PROCESSING AU Schmelling, D.; Poster, D.; Chaychian, M.; Neta, P.; McLaughlin, W. ; Silverman, J.; Al-Sheikhly, M.; Clouser, J.F. [editor]; Barker, J. [editor]; Miller, A. [editor] CS Department of Materials & Nuclear Engineering, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA SO Radiation Physics and Chemistry, (19980600) pp. 371-377. Elsevier Science Ltd., Pergamon. Meeting Info : 10. International Meeting on Radiation Processing. Anaheim, CA (USA). 11-16 May 1997. ISSN: 0969-806X. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB We have investigated the removal from water of heavy metals and chelated heavy metal compounds using electron beam and gamma radiation. Parameter analyses include the effect of dissolved oxygen and the influence of adding various buffers and radical scavengers. Complete removal (>99%) of mercury, lead and cadmium ions, both free and chelated within EDTA, was achieved using radiation doses ranging from 3-100 kGy. We have also studied the radiation induced degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous-organic and aqueous micellar systems. Rates and extent of dechlorination have been quantified in different solution matrices; reaction byproducts and intermediate species have been identified; and the influences of dissolved oxygen and pH have been evaluated. The presence of a carbonate buffer was observed to significantly enhance PCB deehlorination yields by reducing concentrations of H sub(3)O super(+). Ionizing radiation was effective in degrading PCBs in micellar solutions but scavenging of e sub(aq) super(-) by the surfactant lowered reaction efficiencies.
L10 ANSWER 1 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 1999:7545 POLLUAB TI Applications of ionizing radiation to the remediation of materials contaminated with heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON RADIATION PROCESSING AU Schmelling, D.; Poster, D.; Chaychian, M.; Neta, P.; McLaughlin, W. ; Silverman, J.; Al-Sheikhly, M.; Clouser, J.F. [editor]; Barker, J. [editor]; Miller, A. [editor] CS Department of Mate-ials & Nuclear Engineering, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742-2115, USA SO Radiation Physics and Chemistry, (19980600) pp. 371-377. Elsevier Science Ltd., Pergamon. Meeting Info.: 10. International Meeting on Radiation Processing. Anaheim, CA (USA) 11-16 May 1997.
134 ISSN: 0969-806X. DT Book TC Conference FS P LA English SL English AB We have investigated the removal from water of heavy metals and chelated heavy metal compounds using electron beam and gamma radiation. Parameter analyses include the effect of dissolved oxygen and the influence of adding various buffers and radical scavengers. Complete removal (>99%) of mercury, lead and cadmium ions, both free and chelated within EDTA, was achieved using radiation doses ranging from 3-100 kGy. We have also studied the radiation induced degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous-organic and aqueous micellar systems. Rates and extent of dechlorination have been quantified in different solution matrices; reaction byproducts and intermediate species have been identified; and the influences of dissolved oxygen and pH have been evaluated. The presence of a carbonate buffer was observed to significantly enhance PCB deehlorination yields by reducing concentrations of H sub(3)0 super(+). Ionizing radiation was effective in degrading PCBs in micellar solutions but scavenging of e sub(aq) super(-) by the surfactant lowered reaction efficiencies.
L3 ANSWER 15 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:156455 CA TI System for decomposition of chloro-series harmful substances such as PCB and trichloroethylene in polluted groundwater by using far IR irradiation, minus ions and metal ions IN Nishikawa, Kazuhiko PA Microaqua Y. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000051850 A2 20000222 JP 1998-263876 19980813 AB The title system comprises means for injecting a predetd. amt. of a metal ion aq. soln. to groundwaters contg. harmful substances such as PCB and trichloroethylene, means for generating far IR ray and minus ions (electrons) to activate air bubbles in a closed chamber, and means for spraying the waters with active air and then decompg. harmful substances at room temp, by utilizing the function of intramol. vibration force from far IR ray, the Coulombian force of minus ions, and the oxidn.-redn. force of the metal ions in the sprayed waters. The system is also employed for detoxification of fly ash and incinerator residues at time of landfilling with the fly ash and residues. The system is further employed for wastewater treatment in incineration facility. The system reduces operation time and maintenance cost.
L3 ANSWER 72 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:11969 CA TI Assessment of radiolysis and chemical dehalogenation for decontamination of PCBs and PCDDs in soil
135 AU Nam, Paul; Liu, Qunhui; Kapila, Shubhen; Tumiattx, Wander; Porciani, Adriana CS Department Chemistry, Univ. Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 40, 507-510 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB Chem. dechlorination with immobilized reagents (GDP) and .gamma.-ray irradn. was evaluated in tandem with solvent extn. for the decontamination of PCB and PCDD laden soils from wood treatment and elec. power stations on lab. scale and semi-pilot scale at contaminated sites. Best extn. efficiency was obtained with 5:1 alkane:EtOH removing >95% PCDD and PCB from the soils. The radiolytic degrdn. was possible in solvent-impregnated soil but required extremely high doses. Tandem treatment removed and degraded >95% PCB.
L3 ANSWER 88 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:326676 CA TI The status of PCB radiation chemistry research; prospects for waste treatment in nonpolar solvents and soils AU Curry, Randy D.; Mincher, Bruce J. CS Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA SO Radiat. Phys. Chem. (1999), 56(4), 493-502 CODEN: RPCHDM; ISSN: 0969-806X PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with 38 refs. on PCB radiolysis in oil, polar and nonpolar solvents and soil. The origins of PCB radiolysis research in alk. isopropanol are discussed, and contrasted with radiolysis in neutral isopropanol and nonpolar solns. Micellar soln. chem. is presented. Addnl., new applications of soil PCB radiolysis will be discussed and the effect of soil on the chem. shown. The applicability of the extn. of PCBs from soil followed by flotation of the solvent and subsequent radiolysis of the PCB in the floatant are reported, along with radiolysis of PCB in soil matrixes.
L3 ANSWER 149 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:77750 CA TI Ionizing Radiation Induced Degradation of Tetrachlorobiphenyl in Transformer Oil AU Chaychian, Mahnaz; Silverman, Joseph; Al-Sheikhly, Mohamad; Poster, Dianne L.; Neta, Pedatsur CS Department of Materials and Nuclear Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, 20742-2115, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1999), 33(14), 2461-2464 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X PB American Chemical Society DT Journal LA English AB Complete degrdn. of 2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-54) in transformer oil is achieved by ionizing radiation without degrading the oil. .gamma.-Irradn. of transformer oil contg. PCB-54 (0.27 mg/g) with a dose of 200 kGy resulted in complete (>99%) destruction of the PCB. Anal, of samples irradiated
136 with various doses demonstrated gradual degrdn. of PCB-54 and successive formation and degrdn. of trichloro-, dichloro-, and monochlorobiphenyi. Final products are mainly biphenyl and inorg. C1-. The reductive degrdn. mechanism was studied using pulse radiolysis. Oil contains many arom. hydrocarbons; the most abundant being biphenyl, fluorene, and phenanthrene. Solvated electrons formed by irradiating oil react either with the PCB leading to dechlorination, or with arom. hydrocarbons in the oil to form radical anions. These species transfer an electron to chlorinated biphenyls relatively rapidly, leading to dechlorination. Rate consts. for several such reactions, detd. in 2-propanol solns., were 107-108 L/mol-s. These rapid reactions explain why PCB can be dechlorinated in oil despite the presence of arom. hydrocarbons in oil and despite the formation of biphenyl as a radiolysis product that reacts rapidly with solvated electrons.
L3 ANSWER 187 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:281391 CA TI In situ decomposition of PCBs in soil using microwave energy AU Abramovitch, Rudolph A.; Bangzhou, Huang; Abramovitch, Dorota A.; Jiangao, Song CS Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-1905, USA SO Chemosphere (1999), 38(10), 2227-2236 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB The decompn. of individual PCBs and of Aroclors in soil using microwave energy and graphite fibers occurs quant, in a machinable ceramic alumina bomb. As a model for in situ remediation, the reactions were then carried out in open vessels equipped with rudimentary condensers, and using either pencil lead (as a cheap graphite rod equiv.) or iron wire. Most of the chlorinated aroms. decompd. (none left in the soil), and a small portion was desorbed, collected, and dechlorinated quant by catalytic hydrogenation. This procedure should allow soil remediation to any preset depth by using the appropriate length of graphite or iron rods. When 14C-2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl was used (with thinner pencil lead) 27% was desorbed and 1-2.5% of 14CO2 was evolved. The remaining material could not be extd. from the soil under any conditions, and this suggests that the dechlorinated fragments are very tightly bound, and possibly encapsulated, by the vitrified soil.
L3 ANSWER 288 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:305828 CA TI Decomposition of PCB's and other polychlorinated aromatics in soil using microwave energy AU Abramovitch, Rudolph A.; BangZhou, Huang; Davis, Mark; Peters, Luke CS Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-1905, USA SO Chemosphere (1998), 37(8), 1427-1436 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English 7*3 Conditions ars described whereby hexachloiobenzene, pentachlorophenol, 2, 2', 5, 5 '-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and 2 , 2' , 4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl are decompd. in soil using microwave energy. The most efficient decompns. are achieved in the presence of Cu20 or Al powder and ION NaOH Minute amts. of mixts. of decompn. products are extractable from the soil following
137 remediation, but the vast majority of the decompn. products are not, and are probably either mineralized or very tightly bound to the soil. The higher the chlorine content of the biphenyl, the less efficient the decompn. A modified ceramic alumina bomb is described which allows the bomb walls to remain much cooler than the one used earlier (Abramovitch, R. A.; Huang, B., 1994).
AN 129:193203 CA TI Process for gamma ray induced degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls IN Meikrantz, David H.; Mincher, Bruce J.; Arbon, Rodney E. PA Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Co., USA SO U.S., 7 pp. Cont. of U.S. Ser. No. 967,306, abandoned. CODEN: USXXAM DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI US 5799257 A 19980825 US 1995-496385 19950629 PRAI US 1992-967306 19921027 AB The invention is a process for the in-situ destruction of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compds. in transformer oils and transformers. These compds. are broken down selectively by irradn. of the object or mixt. using spent nuclear fuel or any isotopic source of high energy gamma radiation. For example, the level of applied dose required to decomp. 400 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyl in transformer oil to less than 50 ppm is 500 kilo-gray. Destruction of polychlorinated biphenyls to levels of less than 50 ppm renders the transformer oil or transformer non-PCB contaminated under current regulations. Therefore, this process can be used to treat PCB contaminated oil and equipment to minimize or eliminate the generation of PCB hazardous waste.
L3 ANSWER 338 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:99342 CA TI Applications of ionizing radiation to the remediation of materials contaminated with heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls AU Schmelling, D.; Poster, D.; Chaychian, M.; Neta, P.; Mclaughlin, W.; Silverman, J.; Al-Sheikhly, M. CS Department of Materials & Nuclear Engineering, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD, 20742-2115, USA SO Radiat. Phys. Chem. (1998), 52(1-6), 371-377 CODEN: RPCHDM; ISSN: 0969-806X PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB Removal of heavy metals and chelated heavy metal compds. from water using electron beam and gamma radiation was studied. Parameter analyses included the effect of dissolved 0 and the affect of adding various buffers and radical scavengers. Complete removal (>99%) of Hg, Pb, and Cd ions, both free and chelated with EDTA, was achieved using radiation doses of 3-100 kGy. Rac" ation-induced de^rdn. of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB) in aq.-org. and aq. micellar systems was also studied. Rates and extent of dechlorination were quantified in different soln. matrixes, reaction byproducts and intermediate species were identified, and the affect of dissolved 0 and pH were evaluated. The presence of a carbonate buffer significantly enhanced PCB dechlorination yields by
138 reducing H30+ concns. Ionizing radiation effectively degraded PCB in micellar solns. but scavenging of eaq- by surfactants lowered reaction efficiency.
L3 ANSWER 630 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:265142 CA TI .gamma.-Ray Destruction of PCBs in Isooctane and Transformer Oil AU Arbon, Rod E.; Mincher, Bruce J.; Knighton, Walter B. CS Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA SO Environ. Sci. Technol. (1996), 30(6), 1866-71 CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN: 0013-936X DT Journal LA English AB The radiolytic degrdn. of PCBs in air-equilibrated isooctane and transformer oil was investigated. Significant degrdn. was obsd. in both solvents studied at moderate absorbed dose. Scavenging studies implicate the electron as the major reactive species responsible for decompn. This is consistent with what has been obsd. in neutral 2-propanol; however, surprising differences between the radiolytic behavior of PCBs in polar 2-propanol and nonpolar isooctane are obsd. PCB degrdn. was found to be enhanced in isooctane relative to neutral 2-propanol. Chlorine no. and substitution pattern have been found to influence degrdn. efficiency but to a lesser extent in isooctane than in 2-propanol. Deviations in PCB degrdn. behavior between isooctane and 2-propanol are interpreted in terms of differences in electron behavior between the two solvents. The products of PCB decompn. appear to be less chlorinated PCBs and PCB-solvent adducts.
139 Separation Technologies
Solvent Extraction
L3 ANSWER 6 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:198588 CA TI Decomposition of harmful organic compounds in wastes by solvent extraction and electrolysis IN Ko^ima, Fumihiro PA PPM K. K., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 7 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 2 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000080489 A2 20000321 JP 1998-286070 19980922 PRAI JP 1998-201172 19980630 AB Industrial wastes or wastewaters contg. harmful org. compds. (e.g., PCB, benzopyrene, or agrochem. residues) are treated by extn. with a non-protonic solvent to strip harmful org. compds. in org. layer, and then decompg. the coned, harmful org. compds. in an electrolysis tank under controlled oxidn. potential above +1.5 V and redn. potential below -2.0 V. The electrolysis tank may comprise a partitioning membrane between anode chamber side and cathode chamber side, and means for utilizing a perchlorate rate as support salt in the ref. electrode side. The harmful org. compds. may be residual bisphenol A as feedstock in manuf. of polycarbonate resins or epoxy resins. The harmful org. compds. may be residual 1,2-benzopyrene in wastewaters from coal-tar treatment, petroleum refining, coke manufg. or kerosene treatment.
L3 ANSWER 9 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:196219 CA TI Supercritical fluid extraction: revalorization of agrofood by-products and other environmental applications AU Acilu, M.; Berganza, J.; Susaeta, I. CS CITMA-GAIKER, Zamudio, 48170, Spain SO REWAS '99—Global Symp. Recycl., Waste Treat. Clean Technol., Proc. (1999), Volume 3, 1895-1903. Editor(s): Gaballah, I.; Hager, J. ; Solozabal, R. Publisher: Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, Pa. CODEN: 68SKAE DT Conference; General Review LA English AB A review with 10 refs. Supercrit. fluid extn. (SFE) is basically a liq. extn. of the compds. present in a solid or semisolid matrix, that takes place above the crit. point. Solvents in supercrit. state work as liq. solvent but maintains the mass transfer properties of real gases. C02 is the most commonly used supercrit. fluid due to its no flammability, no toxicity, is non corrosive and presents low crit. point characteristics, besides it has been regarded as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration). All the social and legal tendencies allow us to present this technol. as an extraordinary tool for
140 the revalorization of agrofood byproducts obtaining high added value raw materials for different productive cycles. Some of the most outstanding examples can be the extn. and fractionation of polyunsatd. fatty acids (PUFAs) from fish oil, obtaining of arom. exts. and essential oils from different natural sources as orange peels, or the prodn. of natural antioxidants from plants and vegetable byproducts. All these products have a great market in pharmaceutical and cosmetic sector. On the other hand, SFE can also be used for the recovery of contaminated soils and detoxification of hazardous wastes. Among the different contaminants capable of being removed from different matrix, are the PAHs, PCB T s and organoclorinated pesticides. Some of these applications, as detoxification of industrial waste waters, or treatment of petrol refinery wastes are implanted at industrial levels in some countries like USA. Applications in these two fields will be presented with some preliminary results of the fractionation and purifn. of PUFAs from different fish oils and the removal of organochlorine compds. from different environmental matrixes.
L3 ANSWER 49 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:39887 CA TI Supercritical fluid extraction/.gamma.-radiolysis of PCBs from contaminated soil AU Yak, H. K.; Mincher, B. J.; Chiu, K.-H.; Wai, C. M CS Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA SO J. Hazard. Mater. (1999), 69(2), 209-216 CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN: 0304-3894 PB Elsevier Science B.V. DT Journal LA English AB Off-line supercrit. fluid extn. (SFE) followed by .gamma.-radiolysis as an alternative treatment technique for PCB-contaminated soil was investigated in this study using BZ # 54 (2,2',6,6' tetrachlorobiphenyl) as the model compd. The preliminary results indicate that removal of BZ 54 from spiked sand and soil using SFE at 150.degree, and 20 MPa is 98% and 93%, resp. The redn. efficiency of 864 mg/L BZ 54 in isooctane by .gamma -radiolysis is 99.8% at an absorbed dose of 500 kGy.
L3 ANSWER 148 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:91939 CA TI Comparison of the efficiency of extraction methods for polychlorinated biphenyls from environmental wastes AU Sulkowski, W.; Rosinska, A. CS University of Silesia, Katowice, 40-006, Pol. SO J. Chromatogr., A (1999), 845(1 + 2), 349-355 CODEN: JCRAEY; ISSN: 0021-9673 PB Elsevier Science B.V. DT Journal LA English AB Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sludge coming from municipal wastewater treatment plants were extd. by different extn. techniques (i.e., in a Soxhlet app., by sound amplification, and by shaking) using methylene chloride and hexane as solvents. Seven chosen PCB isomers with the following codes: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 (according to IUPAC) were detd. by GC-MS. A universal method of
141 extg. PCB isomers analyzed as tested stds. could not be elaborated. Each method of extn. with the use of a particular solvent is effective and selective for particular PCB isomers.
L3 ANSWER 341 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:71605 CA TI Process for removal of contaminants IN Wilde, Peter Frederick PA Advanced Phytonics Limited, UK; Wilde, Peter Frederick SO PCT Int. Appl., 18 pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 DT Patent LA English FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI WO 9824517 Al 19980611 WO 1997-GB3279 19971208 W: IL, US RW: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE GB 2320024 Al 19980610 GB 1997-25895 19971208 PRAI GB 1996-25410 19961206 AB A process for the removal of contaminants from a material, e.g., PCB's, from, e.g., sludge or slurries is described; the process comprises contacting the sludge or slurry with a C1-C4 fluorinated hydrocarbon, esp. tetrafluoroethane, and sepg. the solvent charged with contaminants from the material.
L3 ANSWER 567 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:203656 CA TI The Carver-Greenfield process: dehydration/solvent extraction technology for waste treatment AU Trowbridge, Theodore D.; Holcombe, Thomas C. CS Dehydro-Tech Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA SO Environ. Prog. (1996), 15(3), 213-220 CODEN: ENVPDI; ISSN: 0278-4491 DT Journal LA English AB A combination dehydration/solvent extn. treatment technol., the proprietary Carver-Greenfield (C-G) process, can be used to sep. solid/liq. waste materials into three sep. product streams convenient for reuse or disposal. (1) Clean, dry solids suitable for fixation of non-hazardous landfilling; (2) water virtually free of solids and oils which can be processed in an industrial or public wastewater treatment facility; and, (3) oil indigenous to the feed, a mixt. of extd. hydrocarbon-sol, compds. which typically includes any hazardous contaminants which are present. As normally practiced, this dehydration/solvent extn. technol. involves slurrying water-wet waste in a hydrocarbon solvent which exts. indigenous oil from contaminated solid particles and cones, it in the solvent phase. Dehydration also takes place during the treatment; water is evapd. and condensed as a sep. product. Dry solids are reslurried in fresh solvent one or more addnl. times depending on the degre"* of extn. required. Extd. solids are centrifuged from the solvent and residual solvent in the centrifuge cake vaporized off the final product solids stream Indigenous oil from the waste is sepd. from the solvent by distn. with recovered solvent being recycled to the process For com. applications, this process is very flexible in its ability to be efficiently adapted to waste processability
142 and treatment objectives. This dehydration/solvent extn. technol. has been licensed to over 80 facilities over the past 30 yr to solve waste disposal problems in a wide variety of fields. More than half of the plants were designed to dry and deoil slaughterhouse wastes (in rendering plants). The other units are used to evap. water and ext. indigenous oil from a broad spectrum of other materials, including municipal and industrial sewage sludges, wool scouring wastes, petrochem. sludges, wood-pulp waste, pharmaceutical wastes, dairy and food products, textile wastes and animal manure. This paper discusses the C-G process flexibility and economics as applied to various hazardous waste examples including PCS contaminated sediments, soils and sludges, spent drilling fluids, refinery wastes, manufd. gas plant (MGP) sites, etc.
143 Thermal Desorption
L6 ANSWER 5 OF 62 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:9943 POLLUAB TI Indirectly heated thermal desorption of PCS contaminated soil AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 89. ANNUAL MEETING. AU Pzsanelli, A.J.; McCauley, W.P.; Uchida, A.C. SO [np]. AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION. PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 (USA). Online access: http://www.awma.org/.. Meeting Info.: Air & Waste Management Association 89. Annual Meeting. Nashville, TN (USA). 1996. DT Book TC Conference; Abstract FS P LA English AB Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (MT) has developed and constructed a commercial scale indirectly heated thermal desorption system to remove PCBs from soil. The Indirect System, developed jointly with General Electric Corporate Research and Development represents a direct response to the growing trend away from incineration in favor of indirect thermal desorption. This paper includes the results of a Research and Development Test conducted in December 1995 through February 1996 at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site in Moreau, NY. Results of a Demonstration Test will be presented at the Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting in June 1996. The purpose of the Research and Development (R&D) Test was to (1) evaluate the effectiveness and constraints of the Indirect System and its capability to reduce PCS concentrations in soils, (2) determine optimum operating parameters, and (3) acquire data for a national Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) operating permit application. R&D Test results have shown that the Indirect System is effective in remediating PCB contaminated soil. Following a successful Demonstration Test and review by the EPA, the Indirect System will commence remediating the remaining approximately 13, 000 tons of PCB contaminated soil that exists at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site. The Indirect System is comprised of multiple components to treat contaminated soil and the vapor and liquid streams which result from the process. The System consists of (i) an indirectly heated desorber to remove contaminants from soil, (11) gas treatment components, including a condenser to remove contaminants from the carrier gas, and (111) water treatment system to remove and concentrate contaminants from the water stream. The compact system is contained on mobile trailers and requires only a 70' by 80' footprint. The system can be assembled on-site in less than one week.
L10 ANSWER 10 OF 32 POLLUAB COPYRIGHT 2000 CSA AN 97:9943 POLLUAB TI Indirectly heated thermal desorption of PCB contaminated soil AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 89. ANNUAL MEETING. AU Pisanelli, A.J.; McCauley, W.P.; Uchida, A.C. SO [np]. AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION. PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 (USA). Online access: http://www.awma.org/.. Meeting Info.: Air & Waste Management Association 89. Annual Meeting. Nashville, TN (USA). 1996. DT Book TC Conference; Abstract FS P
144 LA English AB Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (MT) has developed and constructed a commercial scale indirectly heated thermal desorption system to remove PCBs from soil. The Indirect System, developed jointly with General Electric Corporate Research and Development represents a direct response to the growing trend away from incineration in favor of indirect thermal desorption. This paper includes the results of a Research and Development Test conducted in December 1995 through February 1996 at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site in Moreau, NY. Results of a Demonstration Test will be presented at the Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting in June 1996. The purpose of the Research and Development (R&D) Test was to (I) evaluate the effectiveness and constraints of the Indirect System and its capability to reduce PCB concentrations in soils, (2) determine optimum operating parameters, and (3) acquire data for a national Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) operating permit application. R&D Test results have shown that the Indirect System is effective in remediating PCB contaminated soil. Following a successful Demonstration Test and review by the EPA, the Indirect System will commence remediating the remaining approximately 13,000 tons of PCB contaminated soil that exists at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site. The Indirect System is comprised of multiple components to treat contaminated soil and the vapor and liquid streams which result from the process. The System consists of (i) an indirectly heated desorber to remove contaminants from soil, (11) gas treatment components, including a condenser to remove contaminants from the carrier gas, and (111) water treatment system to remove and concentrate contaminants from the water stream. The compact system is contained on mobile trailers and requires only a 70' by 80' footprint. The system can be assembled on-site in less than one week.
L3 ANSWER 20 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:141319 CA TI Ex-situ thermal treatment of contaminated soils using indirect thermal desorption AU Mclntosh, Janice K.; Warren, Stephen A. CS Maxymillian Technologies, Inc., Boston, MA, 02109, USA SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1999), 153-158 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 68MNAR DT Conference LA English AB The indirect thermal desorption system (IDS) is a transportable, indirect-fired rotary desorber, with collection of off-gas orgs. by condensation. Water and condensate from the system is processed through a mobile water treatment system. In the water treatment system, contaminants are removed, coned., and collected. Treated water is used to cool and remoisturize the treated soil, thereby providing a closed loop for the process water. In Sept. of 1998, EPA granted Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. a national permit under authority of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to operate the IDS. The permit is the first of it's kind -1 n permitting the use of a non-incineiation treatment technol. to remove PCBs from contaminated soils. The IDS is used to remediate 21,342 tons of VOC and PCB contaminated soil at the Lockheed Martin Astronautics Site in Littleton, Colorado.
145 L3 ANSWER 44 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:54205 CA TI Fate of PCDD/Fs in thermal treatment of polluted sedzments AU Miglio, R.; Cozzolino, C.; Bassetti, A.; Cristofon, M. C.; Gorni, A.; Berneschi, E.; Rollo, A. CS Power Environment Department, Snamprogetti, Fano, 1-61032, Italy SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 43, 387-391 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal LA English AB Low temp, thermal treatment expts. were performed on pilot scale with the aim to verify the suitability of the process for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) destruction. The modifications of the inorg. components of the original matrix, esp. of toxic heavy and volatile metals, were also investigated. The results confirm that the process effectively removes micropollutants(PCDD/Fs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs)) from the sediment at .apprx.450.degree. The treatment allows to produce a sediment with the same characteristics as the original which was evaluated by leaching tests of metals carried out in extreme acidity
L3 ANSWER 225 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:94990 CA TI A case study of the remediation of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using low temperature thermal desorption AU Norris, G.; Al-Dhahair, Z.; Birnstingl, J. G. A CS Nortel Pic, London, Nil 1HB, UK SO Contain. Soil '98, Proc. Int. FZK/TNO Conf., 6th (1998), Volume 2, 1079-1081 Publisher: Telford, London, UK. CODEN: 66XMAV DT Conference LA English AB The results demonstrate effective remediation of PCS contaminated soil using low temp, thermal desorption Thermal treatment has been shown to remove PCBs from a difficult soil matrix sufficiently for the soil to pass stringent residual contamination values, without unacceptable impacts on the environment and at a cost per ton significant lower than that of high temp, incineration. The remediation using low temp, thermal desorption presented a saving of 75%.
L3 ANSWER 285 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129.305857 CA TI In situ thermal desorption using thermal wells and blankets AU Vinegar, H. J.; De Rouffignac, E. P.; Stegemeier, G. L.; Hirsch, J. M.; Carl, F. G. CS Shell E&P Technology Company, Houston, TX, USA SO Phys., Chem., Therm. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 25-35. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. P> blishei. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RLAW DT Conference LA English AB A new in situ thermal desorption (ISTD) process has been demonstrated to
146 remove high-concn. PCB contaminants such as Aroclor 1260 even from tight clay soils. The ISTD technol. uses thermal blankets for surficial contamination and thermal wells for deeper contaminated soils.
L3 ANSWER 286 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:305855 CA TI Remediation of contaminated soils using thermal desorption AU Nardini, Christine A.; 0'Shaughnessy, James C.; Manz, Robert D. CS Environmental Soil Management, Inc., Loudon, NH, USA SO Phys., Chem., Therm. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 13-18. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RLAW DT Conference LA English AB A three year research and development (R&D) project was undertaken from 1994 to 1997 demonstrating both pilot and full scale thermal desorption of soils contaminated with numerous compds. such as manufd. gas plant (MGP) wastes, low level PCBs and chlorinated solvents. The ability of a bench-scale test unit to predict the performance of full scale thermal desorption for treating contaminated soils was researched. The measure of treatability used for the pilot scale tests was removal efficiency of the contaminant(s) of concern. Upon demonstration of contaminant treatability in the pilot scale, soils were then treated in full scale thermal desorption units, both fixed and mobil facilities. Consistent successful treatment in the pilot scale unit, allowed many types of contaminated soil to be treated in the full scale plants. Removal efficiencies for coal tar contaminated soils were measured as redn. in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) concns. TPH and PAH removal efficiencies ranged from 98.97 to 99.99% and 95.44 to 99.99%, resp. All soils contaminated with low level PCBs (<50 ppm (ppm)) were remediated to below treatment std. of 1 ppm with removal efficiencies ranging from 90.11 to 99.47%. Soils contaminated with chlorinated solvents were successfully treated with removal efficiencies of 95.8 to 99.98% for trichloroethylene (TCE) and 93.5 to 99.98% for perchloroethylene (PCE).
AAA L3 ANSWER 287 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:305853 CA TI Full-scale thermal desorption of soil contaminated with chlorinated compounds AU Vis, Pirn I. M.; Krijger, Piet CS Ecotechniek bv, Maarssen, Neth. SO Phys., Chem., Therm. Technol., Int. Conf. Rem. Chlorinated Recalcitrant Compd., 1st (1998), 1-6. Editor(s): Wickramanayake, Godage B.; Hinchee, Robert E. Publisher: Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio. CODEN: 66RLAW DT Conference LA English AB Ecotechniek successfully treated several types of soils contaminated with HCH, pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans PCDD/F and PCB. In total 6,500 tons of heavily contaminated soils were treated with the thermal desorption plane of Ecotechniek during several full-scale test treatments. The treated soils were cleaned to not detectable levels of contamination for pesticides (HCH and aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, telodrin, and endrin aldehyde) and below the target levels for PCB and PCDD/F. The av. PCDD/F emissions (0.035 ng
147 TEQ/m30) in the smokestack were obtained far below the target value of 0.1 ng TEQ/m30.
L3 ANSWER 316 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:235083 CA TI Indirectly heated thermal desorption of PCB contaminated soil AU Pisanelli, Anthony J.; McCauley, Wayne P.; Uchida, A. Christy CS Maxymillian Technologies Inc., Boston, MA, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1996), 89th, ta4204/l-ta4204/12 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 PB Air & Waste Management Association DT Journal; (computer optical disk) LA English AB Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. developed and constructed a com. scale indirectly heated thermal desorption system to remove PCBs from soil. This paper includes the results of a Research and Development (R&D) Test conducted in Dec. 1995 through Feb. 1996 at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site in Moreau, NY. The purpose of the R&D Test was to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness and constraints of the Indirect System and its capability to reduce PCB concns. in soils, (2) det. optimum operating parameters, and (3) acquire data for a national Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) operating permit application R&D Test results showed that the Indirect System is effective in remediating PCB contaminated soil. Following a successful test and review by the EPA, the Indirect System will commence remediating the remaining .apprx.13,000 tons of PCB contaminated soil that exists at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site. The Indirect System is comprised of multiple components to treat contaminated soil and the vapor and liq. streams which result from the process. The system consists of (1) an indirectly heated desorber to remove contaminants from soil, (2) gas treatment components, including a condenser to remove contaminants from the carrier gas, and (3) water treatment system to remove and cone. contaminants from the water stream. The compact system is contained on mobile trailers and requires a 70 ft by 80 ft footprint. The system can be assembled on-site in
L3 ANSWER 380 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 128:184168 CA TI Indirectly heated thermal desorption of PCB contaminated soil AU Pisanelli, Anthony J.; Maxymillian, Neal A. CS Maxymillian Technologies, Inc., USA SO Proc. Int. Conf. Incineration Therm. Treat. Technol. (1996), 335-340 Publisher: University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif. CODEN: 65TTAP DT Conference LA English AB Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (MT) has developed and constructed a com. scale indirectly heated thermal desorption system to remove PCBs from soil. The Indirect System, developed jointly with General Elec. Corporate Research and Development represents a direct response to a significant trend in the market for thermal treatment of soils by an indirectly heated thermal desorption process. This paper includes the results of a Research and Development Test conducted in Dec. 1995 through Feb. 1996 at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site in Moreau, NY. The purpose of the Research and Development (R&D) Test was to 1) evaluate the effectiveness and constraints of the Indirect System and its capability to
148 reduce PCB concns. in soils, 2) det. optimum operating parameters, and 3) acquire data for a national Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) operating permit application. R&D Test results have shown that the Indirect System is effective in remediating PCB contaminated soil. Following a successful Demonstration Test and review by the EPA, the Indirect System will commence remediating the remaining approx. 13,000 tons of PCB contaminated soil that exists at the South Glens Falls Drag Strip Site. The Indirect System is comprised of multiple components to treat contaminated soil and the vapor and liq. streams which result from the process. The system consists of i) an indirectly heated desorber to remove contaminants from soil, 11) gas treatment components, including a condenser to remove contaminants froir the carrier gas, and 111) a water treatment system to remove and cone contaminants from the water stream. The compact system is contained on mobile trailers and requires only a 70' by 80' footprint. The system can be assembled on-site in less than one week.
L3 ANSWER 431 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 127:267436 CA TI Thermal desorption treatability studies on selected mercury- and PCB-contaminated mixed waste AU Krabill, Robert H.; Shippy, James L., III CS Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-8094, USA SO Proc. Int. Top. Meet. Nad. Hazard. Waste Manage., SPECTRUM '96, 6th (1996), Volume 1, 319-326 Publisher: American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, 111. CODEN: 65AVA4 DT Conference LA English AB Thermal desorption (TD) is a process that has been targeted to remediate selected Department of Energy hazardous/mixed waste soils and sludges by removing Hg, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and volatile orgs. to the satisfaction of the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) and the Federal Facilities Compliance Act. It is a batch process in which waste solids are heated at a given temp, for a specified time to volatilize the contaminants, which are then sepd. from the radioactive components and collected for either immediate disposal or further treatment. This volatilization process depends on such variables as the solids temp., residence time, and carrier gas flow. This paper discusses the effect of these parameters on the contaminant removal during TD. The exptl. program demonstrates through scoping/engineering studies and verification/proof-of principle studies that TD is the method of choice for the removal of these contaminants. The LDR treatment goal for high-Hg wastes is that the retorted residues exhibit a Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure test result <0.02 ppm. However, the intent of this exptl. program is to minimize the abs. quantity of Hg as well. The LDR treatment goal for PCBs is that the treated residue possesses a concn. <2 ppm.
L3 ANSWER 548 OF 1914 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:36458 CA TI Bench-scale demonstration of treatment of mixed waste sediments by thermal desorption Au Grosse, Douglas W.; Morris, Michael I.; Shealy, Stuart E. CS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA SO Proc., Annu. Meet. - Air Waste Manage. Assoc. (1995), 88th(Vol. 15), 95-MP27.04, 11 pp.
149 CODEN: PAMEE5; ISSN: 1052-6102 PB Air & Waste Management Association DT Journal LA English AB Most of the Hg (47,000 ppm) in a storm sewer sediment soils (also contaminated with PCBs) was readily removed by the thermal desorption (at 350-600.degree.)• The residual 50-120 ppm Hg was not leachable nor volatile. However, the treatment conditions will be detd. by conditions required for PCB removal, which is .gtoreq.450.degree..
150 Adsorption/Absorption
L5 ANSWER 1 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:298022 CA TI Correlation between inorganic (heavy metals) and organic (PCBs and PAHs) micropollutant concentrations during sewage sludge composting processes AU Lazzari, L.; Sperni, L.; Bertin, P.; Pavoni, B. CS Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Venice, 30123, Italy SO Chemosphere (2000), 41(3), 427-435 CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN: 0045-6535 PB Elsevier Science Ltd. DT Journal LA English AB The nature and congener compn. of PCBs and PAHs present in sewage sludge composting processes was investigated. These studies included anal, of the most significant process parameters (such as pH, temp., wt. percentage variation) and in addn. heavy metals whose typical composting speciation and behavior were also considered in order to better understand org. compd. time profiles. The significant correlation found between Pb, Cd, Cu and PCBs and between PAHs and Hg implies that quite a strong adsorption of PCBs onto org. matter takes place and also provides evidence for the volatilization of PAHs. Chem. characteristics of inorg. species and org. compds. are summarized to account for the obsd. correlation and time trend profiles. Moreover, single congener concns. demonstrate that the no. of Cl substituents for PCBs and condensed benzene rings for PAHs det. to what extent they can be broken down for biodegrdn. and removed through volatilization resp. RE.CNT 22 RE (1) Alcock, R; Environ Toxicol Chem 1995, V14(4), P553 CA (7) James, R; Copper in Soils and Plants 1981, P47 CA (10) Lazzari, L; Chemosphere 1999, V38{8), P1925 CA (14) Park, K; Environ Toxicol Chem 1990, V9, P187 CA (16) Ryan, J; Chemosphere 1988, V17, P2299 CA ALL CITATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE RE FORMAT
L5 ANSWER 2 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:255334 CA TI Application of chitosan for treatment of wastewaters AU No, Hong Kyoon; Meyers, Samuel P. CS Department of Food Science and Technology, Catholic University of Taegu-Hyosung, Hayang, 712-702, S. Korea SO Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (2000), 163, 1-27 CODEN: RCTOE4; ISSN: 0179-5953 PB Springer-Verlag New York Inc. DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with many refs. on application of chitosan as an effective coagulating agent for treatment of wastewater contg. suspended solids, heavy metals, dyes, phenols, and PCBs. RE.CNT 8 6 RE (1) Asano, T; Proceedings of the First International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan 1978, P231 CA (2) Bough, W; Biotechnol Bioeng 1978, V20, P1945 CA
151 (3) Bough, W; J Dairy Sci 1976, V59(ll), P1874 CA (4) Bough, W; J Food Sci 1975, V40, P297 CA (5) Bough, W; Poult Sci 1975, V54, P1904 CA ALL CITATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE RE FORMAT
L5 ANSWER 3 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:255317 CA TI Apparatus for incinerator flue gas treatment IN Kaneko, Toshio PA Muraoka, Keiko, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 2000107563 A2 20000418 JP 1998-285198 19981007 AB The app. comprises means for passing raw flue gases through a cyclone separator to remove dust, means for treating the flue gases in dual elec. furnaces having an activated carbon bed between two pairs of electrodes for complete combustion at 1,300-1,400.degree. for stripping harmful pollutants (esp., dioxin and PCB) from the flue gases, means for quenching treated gases in a water cooling tower, and means for passing the cooled gases through an activated carbon adsorption tower to further strip residual pollutants at down stream.
L5 ANSWER 4 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 132:25990 CA TI Substance flow approach for the control of PCDDs/DFs. Recent development on emission control and abatement of PCDDs/DFs in Japan AU Sakai, Shinichi CS Environment Preservation Center, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, 606, Japan SO Organohalogen Compd. (1999), 40, 449-452 CODEN: ORCOEP; ISSN: 1026-4892 PB ECO-INFORMA Press DT Journal; General Review LA English AB A review with 6 refs. on redn. strategies to meet the regulations of Japan authorities for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) emissions until 2001. The redn. strategies included activated C adsorption of emission gas and its recovery technologies, treatment and recycling of combustion residues and the total PCDDs/Fs released, and development of gasification melting technol. The 1st strategy involved expts. concerning the recovery of the activated C and a sufficient decompn. of the adsorbed PCDDs/PCDFs. For the 2nd strategy investigations in the total release of PCDDs/Fs by incinerators equipped with a residue melting furnace or a thermal dechlorination device and a gasification melting furnace were carried out. According to 3rd strategy 3 types of gasification melting furnaces were developed (blast furnace, external heat kiln, and fluidized bed furnace) and their efficiency examd. A substance flow of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCB) was also elaborated and tested by analyzing the input/output flow of co-PCBs in the existing municipal solid waste incineration processes. RE.CNT 6 RE
152 (1) Advisory Committee on Dioxins Measures, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI); The second interim report 1998 (2) Calaminus, B; Organohalogen Compounds 1997, V31, P354 CA (3) Hiraoka, M; J the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 1990, VI(1), P20 CA (4) Kawakami, I; Dioxin '99 (6) Sakai, S; to be published in J Material Cycles & Waste Management 1999, VI(1) CA ALL CITATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE RE FORMAT
L5 ANSWER 5 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:341429 CA TI Decompositional treatment of PCB IN Takewaki, Koji; Mitsuwa, Kenchi PA Ishikawa^ima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11319403 A2 19991124 JP 1998-134031 19980515 AB PCB-contg. fluid is contacted with an adsorbent (e.g. Ca-Si type sintered filters, Ca-Si particulate fillers) for removal of PCB and then recovered. The adsorbent is repeatedly used in the process for concn. of PCB in the adsorbent. The adsorbed PCB is decompd. by contacting with high-temp, and high-pressure water, e.g. supercrit. water. Treatment of insulating oil, waste paint, and waste ink for their PCB decompn. is also claimed. PCB is effectively removed independent on the texture of the fluid.
L5 ANSWER 6 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:313510 CA TI Design and use of a mobile air treatment exhaust system for air pollution control during the removal of breached drums of hazardous waste at drum burial area V, Panoche Landfill, Solano County, California AU Frank, Carol D. CS IT Corporation, Martinez, CA, 94553-2233, USA SO Adv. Air Pollut. (1999), 6(Air Pollution VII), 81-90 CODEN: AAPOFM; ISSN: 1369-5886 PB WIT Press DT Journal LA English AB The Panoche Facility is a hazardous waste landfill being remediated. Drum Burial Area V (DBA V) is a 5-acre section of the landfill that was active from 1977 to 1981 and received wastes in the following chem. categories: corrosive acids and caustics, flammable and combustible, water reactive, strong oxidizers and reducing agents, and polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB)-polluted oils. During removal activity, drum emissions were collected and treated before being released to the atm. The challenge of this removal activity was to design a system that could collect volatile org. compd. (VOC) vapors from an open trench on a windy hillside. It was assumed that DBA V contained .apprx.4,000 buried drums of waste and containers of unknown condition (intact vs. breached). It was assumed that VOC emission concns. were 1,000 ppm, that C would be used at a rate of 12,500 Ib/mo; forty 55-gal drums would be handled/day; and the mass of
153 C consumption to mass of VOC emissions ratio would be 0.16 Ib C/lb VOC. Pursuant to Bay Area Air Quality Management District permit conditions, the air treatment system had a collection hood with a mm. 200 ft/mm face velocity, a dust collector upstream from the C beds to handle fugitive landfill dust, 2 granular activated C bins in series, and an industrial exhaust fan. The air treatment system performance exceeded design requirements. Fifty drums are currently being removed per day and air emission VOC concns. were 0-50 ppm, with an occasional spike. Removal activity is 80% complete, and <12,500 Ibs of C was used. Approx. 90% of the drums were breached and nearly empty, which explains the low VOC emissions concn. RE.CNT 5 RE (1) It Corporation; Air Treatment Exhaust System Design Drawings and Specifications 1997 (2) It Corporation; DBA V Drum Removal Action "As-Built" Summary Report 1998 (3) It Corporation; Drum Burial Area V Drum Removal Trench and Backfill Sampling and Analysis Plan IT Corporation Panoche Facility 1997 (4) It Corporation; Drum Burial Area V Work Plan 1997 (5) North Western Carbon Company; Air Treatment Exhaust System As-Built Drawings and Operation And Maintenance Manual 1998
L5 ANSWER 7 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:247959 CA TI Removal and destruction of organic compounds in water using adsorption, steam regeneration, and photocatalytic oxidation processes AU Sun, Reminder P. S.; Crittenden, John C.; Hand, David W. CS Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Villanova Univ., Villanova, PA, 19805, USA SO J. Environ. Eng. {Reston, Va.} (1999), 125(10), 897-905 CODEN: JOEEDU; ISSN: 0733-9372 PB American Society of Civil Engineers DT Journal LA English AB A treatment strategy was examd. whereby aq. phase org. compds. are first removed by fixed-bed adsorption, followed by off-line regeneration of spent adsorbent using satd. steam (160.degree.), and cleanup of steam condensate using fixed-bed photocatalysis. This treatment strategy was examd. with the following org. compds.: tetrachloroethylene (PCE), CC14, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), o-chlorobiphenyl (o-PCB), and Me Et ketone (MEK). For 6 adsorption/regeneration cycles, the steaming process effectively regenerated adsorbent exhausted with PCE, p-DCB, CC14, or MEK. For o- PCB, there is .apprx.20% loss in adsorbent capacity after the first cycle; however, the adsorption capacity for cycles 2-6 is almost the same. Fixed-bed photocatalysis was examd. for decontamination of steam condensate contg. the desorbed orgs.; it is obsd. to be effective to mineralize aq. phase PCE, p-DCB, CC14, and o-PCB. For MEK, although 97% of the compd. was removed, only 16% removal of total org. C was obsd., thereby suggesting some byproducts were produced that were refractory to oxidn. RE.CNT 17 RE (3) Crittenden, J; Water Res 1997, V31(3), P411 CA (4) Glaze, W; Envir Sci and Technol 1993, V27(l), P177 CA (5) Hand, D; J AWWA 1994, V86(8), P64 CA
154 (6) Kraeutler, B; J Am Chemical Soc 1978, V100(19), P5985 CA (7) Matthews, R; J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1 1984, V80, P457 CA ALL CITATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE RE FORMAT
L5 ANSWER 8 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:148616 CA TI Removal of PCB from industrial wastewaters by adsorption IN Maeda, Terunobu PA Hazama-Gumi, Ltd., Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 3 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 11226562 A2 19990824 JP 1998-29636 19980212 AB Industrial wastewaters contg. trace PCB from building construction field or machinery washing effluents are treated by adsorption with 0.01-20 wt.% of powd. polyvinylnorbornene (av. diam. 0.3-0.4 mm) in a mixing tank, and then filtering the treated water to sep. the sludge.
L5 ANSWER 10 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 131:22792 CA TI Biological treatment of leachate from special waste landfills with batch-mode charged, flooded fixed-bed reactors AU Dollerer, Josef CS Technische Univ. Munchen, Garching, D-85748, Germany SO Ber. Wasserguete- Abfallwirtsch., Tech. Univ. Muenchen (1998), 142, 1-121 pp. CODEN: BWAME3; ISSN: 0942-914X PB Gesellschaft zur Foerderung des Lehrstuhls fuer Wasserguete- und Abfallwirtschaft der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen DT Journal LA German AB Lab.-scale studies concerning the treatment of leachate from hazardous waste landfills with a combination of a biol. pretreatment in a sequencing-batch-biofilm-reactor (SBBR) , a wet chem. oxidn. treatment, and a biol. after-treatment in SBBR were carried out. The aim of the oxidn. stage was the degrdn. of nitrification inhibiting and toxic org. substances to optimize the nitrification in the second biol. stage. The first stage showed TOC and DOC decompn. rates of 52% and 61%, resp., and very stabile operation conditions. The second biol. stage showed without an oxidn. stage insufficient nitrification rates. Therefore a oxidn. stage using H202/UV and Fentons reagent was implemented before the second biol. stage for the elimination of inhibiting substances. The influence of the oxidn. stage was investigated with the help of a differential biofilm reactor. In the second biol. stage, DOC degrdn. of addnl. 23% was achieved, the overall DOC degrdn. was >93%. The options of TOC degrdn., nitrification, and denitrification were achieved by the combined leachate treatment. Hazardous and toxic pollutants can be eliminated by oxidative treatment. Post-treatment by adsorption in activated-C filters removes heavy metals and org. compds. nondegraded. RE.CNT 114 RE
155 (9) Beg, S; J Wat Pollut Contr Fed 1982, V54(5), P482 CA (10) Bennemann, H; GWF wasser abwasser 1991, V132(12), P686 CA (12) Boiler, M; Water Science Technology 1994, V29(10-ll), PI CA (13) Braun, A; Angewandte (praperative) Photochemie: Nachrichten aus Chemie und Technik 1991, V39, P515 CA (17) Cooney, J; J Ind Microbiol 1989, V4, P375 CA ALL CITATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE RE FORMAT
L5 ANSWER 11 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 130:342347 CA TI Granular activated carbon and biological activated carbon treatment of dissolved and sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls AU Ghosh, Upal; Weber, A. Scott; Jensen, James N.; Smith, John R. CS Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 'ittsburgh, PA, USA SO Water Environ. Res. (1999), 71(2), 232-240 CODEN: WAERED; ISSN: 1061-4303 PB Water Environment Federation DT Journal LA English AB The most widely practiced treatment method for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aq. wastes is activated C adsorption. However, the presence of particulates in aq. wastes may affect treatment processes primarily designed to treat dissolved PCBs because PCBs tend to partition strongly to solid surfaces. Bench-scale studies were conducted to investigate the performance of granular activated C (GAC) and biol. activated C (BAC) processes for treating aq. wastes contg. dissolved and sorbed PCBs. When all influent PCBs were dissolved, influent PCBs of .apprx.175 .mu.g/L were removed to .apprx.0.2 .mu.g/L in the BAC column, compared to .apprx.0.8 .mu.g/L in the GAC column. A redn. in the extent of PCB removal was obsd. for both GAC and BAC processes when 10 mg/L of 0.5-.mu.m polystyrene particles were added to the influent. In the presence of influent particulates, PCB removal was significantly better in the BAC column and equaled 99% compared to 62% in the GAC column. Performance differences between the GAC and BAC columns were attributed to higher particulate capture efficiency of the biol. film covering the activated C in the BAC column. BAC columns thus seem to offer advantages to conventional GAC processes for aq. wastes contg. either dissolved or sorbed PCBs. RE.CNT 38 RE (1) Aly, O; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1986, V36, P929 CA (3) Bedard, D; Appl Environ Microbiol 1986, V51, P761 CA (4) Bedard, D; Appl Environ Toxicol 1987, V53, P1094 CA (5) Carroll, K; Environ Sci Technol 1994, V28, P253 CA (6) Carter, M; J Am Water Works Assoc 1992, V84, P81 CA ALL CITATIONS AVAILABLE IN THE RE FORMAT
L5 ANSWER 13 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:305806 CA TI Innovative approach to the treatment of PCB-containing waters AU LaPoint, Edward K.; White, Brian E.; Rogers, Jeffrey S.; Komar, Thomas R.; LaManche, John J. CS General Electric Company, USA SO Ind. Wastes Tech. Conf. (1997), 8/1-8/10 Publisher: Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, Va.
156 CODEN: 66RQAD DT Conference LA English AB Equalization/settling, oil/water sepn., air stripping, bag filtration, and granular activated carbon adsorption were used for treatment of effluents from decontamination of PCS -polluted sediments.
L5 ANSWER 16 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:58278 CA TI Apparatus for treatment of polychlorinated aromatic compound -containing insulating oil. IN Utsumi, Takeharu; Kaneda, Naoshi; Watanabe, Yoji; Hirata, Kiyoshi PA Kansai Tek K. K. , Japan; Kansai Electric Power Co. SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 7 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT I PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10156174 A2 19980616 JP 1996-319643 19961129 AB The title app. includes a decompn. reactor, a means for preheating of polychlorinated arom. compd.-contg. insulating oil, an insulating oil feeding means, an insulating oil flow rate control means, a means for quant, supplying an alkali to the supplied insulating oil, a means for cooling the reaction liq. after the decompn. reaction, an oil washing device having oil-water sepn. means and water injection means, and a wastewater treating device with neutralization means and adsorption means. The polychlorinated arom. compd.-contg. insulating oil is PCB-contg. insulating oil. The alkali is K-tertiary butoxide.
L5 ANSWER 17 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 129:44777 CA TI Detoxification treatment of industrial wastes containing orgaric chlorine compounds IN Miyashita, Yoshio; Marukawa, Takeshizu PA Miyashita, Yoshio, Japan; Sumitorro Metal Industries, Ltd. SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 10 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN , CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10118613 A2 19980512 JP 1996-297156 19961018 AB The method comprises feeding industrial wastes contg. org. Cl compds. (esp., PCB) into a melting furnace, heating the wastes at .gtoreq.1100.degree, under reducing gas atm., discharging the molten slags and metals from the furnace into a water bath, decompg. the org. Cl compds. in offgases from the melting furnace at .gtoreq.1100.degree. in a tubular reactor, filtering and sepg. HC1 from gaseou^ effluents from the tubular reactor by adsorption-absorption through an activated carbon beds at down stream.
L5 ANSWER 18 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS
157 AN 129:8125 CA TI Incinerator equipped with dioxin removing apparatus IN Tanaka, Hideaki PA Tanaka, Hideaki, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 8 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 10137719 A2 19980526 JP 1996-332685 19961108 AB This incinerator comprises a dioxin-removing incinerator and a metal box: and the dioxin-removing incinerator comprises a combustion chamber, a redox adjusting chamber as a heat-storage chamber for preheating, a top burner chamber, a suction fan for adjusting combustion pressure, etc., and the metal box is for producing silicone resin as a byproduct of resultant PCB (polychlorobiphenyl). Dioxins are removed from combustion gases emitted by incineration of wastes such as contaminated wastes from hospital, Pachinco stands, poly(vinyl chloride) resin, diaper covers, etc., by cooling the combustion gases, removing dust, carrying out adsorption processes using a soil-derived porous body, activating the resultant combustion gas by UV radiation in a ceramic tube bearing a TiO2 or HfO2 coating, and washing with water. Silicone resin is produced by enclosing PCB in the metal box and reacting with the metal of the box. Dioxin-contg. combustion gases can be detoxicated and recycled.
L5 ANSWER 20 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 126:94257 CA TI Applications of chitosan for the elimination of organochlorine xenobiotics from wastewater AU Thome, J. P.; Jeuniaux, Ch.,- Weltrowski, M. CS Laboratory Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University Liege, Liege, B-4020, Belg. SO Appl. Chitin Chitosan (1997), 309-331. Editor(s): Goosen, Mattheus F. A. Publisher: Technomic, Lancaster, Pa. CODEN: 63UFA8 DT Conference; General Review LA English AB A review, with many refs., on the applications of chitosan in the removal of organochlorine xenobiotics from wastewater, includes PCBs, sorption of PCB on chitin and chitosan, PCB sorption on chem. modified chitosan, efficiency of PCB binding chitosan derivs. in batch and flow-through systems, PCB sorption on cross-linked chitosan as function of the mesh size and PCB Cl content, evaluation of reduced cross-linked chitosan for removal of large vols. of PCB-contaminated stream water, pentachlorophenol adsorption on chitosan derivs., and identification of the most effective chitosan-based pentachlorophenol adsorbent.
L5 ANSWER 22 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 125:41326 CA TI Chemical affinity of chitosan derivatives for PCBs in natural freshwaters: Comparison of the sorption efficiency on chitosan and bioconcentration by Daphnia magna AU Thome, J. P.; Thys, I.; Hugla, J. L.; Patry, J.; Weltrowski, M. CS Institute Zoology, University Liege, B-4020,, Belg.
158 SO Chitin World, [Proc. Int. Conf. Chitin Chitosan], 6th (1994), 255-265. Editor(s): Karnicki, Zbigniew S. Publisher: Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven, Germany. CODEN: 62YQAK DT Conference LA English AB The PCB adsorption efficiency of activated carbon, pure chitosan, and of its derivs. synthesized by crosslinking with glutaral and terephthalic aldehyde have been tested. The adsorption properties of the chitosan derivs. have been compared with the PCB fixation efficiency on chitinous cuticles of two zooplanktonic species (Daphnia magna and Cyclops sp.) according to the bioaccumulation processes. The expts. were performed with six PCB congeners (tri- to heptachlorobiphenyls). It appears that the fixation of PCBs on the different derivs. of chitosan is the result of a combination of two kinds of binding processes: a strong ionic interaction and a weak interaction of hydrophobic type. The chem. affinities of chitosan derivs for PCBs are discussed in terms of derivatization processes. The PCB accumulation in crustaceans is important but more complex than the sorption on chitosan. However, the PCB bioconcn. processes in microcrustaceans appear not as efficient as pure or chem. modified chitosan to remove PCBs from contaminated water. Chitosan, and its cross-linked derivs., appear as powerful PCB adsorbents and their use in remediation of PCB-polluted water is discussed.
L5 ANSWER 24 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 124:96500 CA TI Decomposition of polyhalogenated organic compounds at low temperature with UV radiation IN Matsunaga, Kazuyoshi PA Okayama Prefecture, Japan SO Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 5 pp. CODEN: JKXXAF DT Patent LA Japanese FAN.CNT 1 PATENT NO. KIND DATE APPLICATION NO. DATE
PI JP 07265460 A2 19951017 JP 1994-64799 19940401 AB The process comprises mixing the polyhalogenated org. compds. with a mixed soln. of a semiconductor and a ferric salt, irradiating the mixed soln. by low-pressure UV light, and simultaneously adding high-concn. H202 for reaction. The semiconductor is SiC, TiO2 or SiC-SnO2. The process is esp. useful for decompn. of PCBs.
L5 ANSWER 26 OF 89 CA COPYRIGHT 2000 ACS AN 122:297632 CA TI Effect of nonionic surfactant on the degradation of glass-sorbed PCB congeners by integrated chemical-biological treatment AU Aronstein, Boris N.; Paterek, J. Robert CS Inst. Gas Technology. Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA SO Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (1995), 14(5), 749-54 CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN: 0730-7268 DT Journal LA English AB A study was conducted on the effect of a nonionic surfactant on the
159 efficiency of the integrated chem.-biol. treatment (ICBT) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) sorbed to the glass walls of the exptl. vessels. The addn. of surfactant assocd. with the chem. oxidn. was proposed to overcome two limitations of biodegrdn. of hydrophobic compds.: adsorption to surfaces, and lack of soly. and thus availability to the microorganisms. Two 14C-labeled PCB congeners, 2-chlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, were used as the test compds. The integrated chem.-biol. treatment consisted of sequential applications of Fenton's reagent (5% H202, ImM FeSO4) at pH 4.0 (with and without nonionic surfactant Novel II 1412-60) and the inoculation with a mixed culture of Pseudomonas sp., strain LB400, and Alcaligenes eutrophus, strain H850, at pH 8.0. The chem. treatment in the presence of surfactant affected the removal of the congeners bound to the glass surfaces of the exptl. test systems. As indicated by high-pressure liq. chromatog. anal., these PCBs were converted to unidentified sol. products that are hypothesized to be partial oxidn. products. No parent test compds. were detectable in the system after chem. treatment with or without surfactant. The addn. of the mixed culture of PCB degrading bacteria after completion of chem. treatment in the presence of surfactant resulted in the removal of approx. 45% of 2-chlorobiphenyl and 32% of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in the form of 14C02. This compared to 29% and 23% without the addn. of surfactant, resp. We suggest that the combination of surfactant-induced desorption and chem. oxidn. would increase the availability'of hydrophobic pollutants for microbial degrdn.
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