A Basics of Modeling and Control-Systems Theory
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Closed Loop Transfer Function
Lecture 4 Transfer Function and Block Diagram Approach to Modeling Dynamic Systems System Analysis Spring 2015 1 The Concept of Transfer Function Consider the linear time-invariant system defined by the following differential equation : ()nn ( 1) ay01 ay ann 1 y ay ()mm ( 1) bu01 bu bmm 1 u b u() n m Where y is the output of the system, and x is the input. And the Laplace transform of the equation is, nn1 ()()aS01 aS ann 1 S a Y s mm1 ()()bS01 bS bmm 1 S b U s System Analysis Spring 2015 2 The Concept of Transfer Function The ratio of the Laplace transform of the output (response function) to the Laplace Transform of the input (driving function) under the assumption that all initial conditions are Zero. mm1 Ys() bS01 bS bmm 1 S b Transfer Function G() s nn1 Us() aS01 aS ann 1 S a Ps() ()nm Qs() System Analysis Spring 2015 3 Comments on Transfer Function 1. A mathematical model. 2. Property of system itself. - Independent of the input function and initial condition - Denominator of the transfer function is the characteristic polynomial, - TF tells us something about the intrinsic behavior of the model. 3. ODE equivalence - TF is equivalent to the ODE. We can reconstruct ODE from TF. 4. One TF for one input-output pair. : Single Input Single Output system. - If multiple inputs affect Obtain TF for each input x 6207()3()xx f t g t -If multiple outputs xxy 32 yy xut 3() System Analysis Spring 2015 4 Comments on Transfer Function 5. -
2.3: Modeling with Differential Equations Some General Comments: a Mathematical Model Is an Equation Or Set of Equations That Mi
2.3: Modeling with Differential Equations Some General Comments: A mathematical model is an equation or set of equations that mimic the behavior of some phenomenon under certain assumptions/approximations. Phenomena that contain rates/change can often be modeled with differential equations. Disclaimer: In forming a mathematical model, we make various assumptions and simplifications. I am never going to claim that these models perfectly fit physical reality. But mathematical modeling is a key component of the following scientific method: 1. We make assumptions (a hypothesis) and form a model. 2. We mathematically analyze the model. (For differential equations, these are the techniques we are learning this quarter). 3. If the model fits the phenomena well, then we have evidence that the assumptions of the model might be valid. If the model fits the phenomena poorly, then we learn that some of our assumptions are invalid (so we still learn something). Concerning this course: I am not expecting you to be an expect in forming mathematical models. For this course and on exams, I expect that: 1. You understand how to do all the homework! If I give you a problem on the exam that is very similar to a homework problem, you must be prepared to show your understanding. 2. Be able to translate a basic statement involving rates and language like in the homework. See my previous posting on applications for practice (and see homework from 1.1, 2.3, 2.5 and throughout the other assignments). 3. If I give an application on an exam that is completely new and involves language unlike homework, then I will give you the differential equation (you won’t have to make up a new model). -
An Introduction to Mathematical Modelling
An Introduction to Mathematical Modelling Glenn Marion, Bioinformatics and Statistics Scotland Given 2008 by Daniel Lawson and Glenn Marion 2008 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Whatismathematicalmodelling?. .......... 1 1.2 Whatobjectivescanmodellingachieve? . ............ 1 1.3 Classificationsofmodels . ......... 1 1.4 Stagesofmodelling............................... ....... 2 2 Building models 4 2.1 Gettingstarted .................................. ...... 4 2.2 Systemsanalysis ................................. ...... 4 2.2.1 Makingassumptions ............................. .... 4 2.2.2 Flowdiagrams .................................. 6 2.3 Choosingmathematicalequations. ........... 7 2.3.1 Equationsfromtheliterature . ........ 7 2.3.2 Analogiesfromphysics. ...... 8 2.3.3 Dataexploration ............................... .... 8 2.4 Solvingequations................................ ....... 9 2.4.1 Analytically.................................. .... 9 2.4.2 Numerically................................... 10 3 Studying models 12 3.1 Dimensionlessform............................... ....... 12 3.2 Asymptoticbehaviour ............................. ....... 12 3.3 Sensitivityanalysis . ......... 14 3.4 Modellingmodeloutput . ....... 16 4 Testing models 18 4.1 Testingtheassumptions . ........ 18 4.2 Modelstructure.................................. ...... 18 i 4.3 Predictionofpreviouslyunuseddata . ............ 18 4.3.1 Reasonsforpredictionerrors . ........ 20 4.4 Estimatingmodelparameters . ......... 20 4.5 Comparingtwomodelsforthesamesystem . ......... -
Lecture Notes1 Mathematical Ecnomics
Lecture Notes1 Mathematical Ecnomics Guoqiang TIAN Department of Economics Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 ([email protected]) This version: August, 2020 1The most materials of this lecture notes are drawn from Chiang’s classic textbook Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics, which are used for my teaching and con- venience of my students in class. Please not distribute it to any others. Contents 1 The Nature of Mathematical Economics 1 1.1 Economics and Mathematical Economics . 1 1.2 Advantages of Mathematical Approach . 3 2 Economic Models 5 2.1 Ingredients of a Mathematical Model . 5 2.2 The Real-Number System . 5 2.3 The Concept of Sets . 6 2.4 Relations and Functions . 9 2.5 Types of Function . 11 2.6 Functions of Two or More Independent Variables . 12 2.7 Levels of Generality . 13 3 Equilibrium Analysis in Economics 15 3.1 The Meaning of Equilibrium . 15 3.2 Partial Market Equilibrium - A Linear Model . 16 3.3 Partial Market Equilibrium - A Nonlinear Model . 18 3.4 General Market Equilibrium . 19 3.5 Equilibrium in National-Income Analysis . 23 4 Linear Models and Matrix Algebra 25 4.1 Matrix and Vectors . 26 i ii CONTENTS 4.2 Matrix Operations . 29 4.3 Linear Dependance of Vectors . 32 4.4 Commutative, Associative, and Distributive Laws . 33 4.5 Identity Matrices and Null Matrices . 34 4.6 Transposes and Inverses . 36 5 Linear Models and Matrix Algebra (Continued) 41 5.1 Conditions for Nonsingularity of a Matrix . 41 5.2 Test of Nonsingularity by Use of Determinant . -
Programmable Logic Controller
Revised 10/07/19 SPECIFICATIONS - DETAILED PROVISIONS Section 17010 - Programmable Logic Controller C O N T E N T S PART 1 - GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.01 DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.02 RELATED SECTIONS ...................................................................................................... 1 1.03 REFERENCE STANDARDS AND CODES ............................................................................ 2 1.04 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................... 2 1.05 SUBMITTALS ............................................................................................................... 3 1.06 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................. 8 1.07 INSTALLED-SPARE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................. 13 1.08 SPARE PARTS............................................................................................................. 13 1.09 MANUFACTURER SERVICES AND COORDINATION ........................................................ 14 1.10 QUALITY ASSURANCE................................................................................................. 15 PART 2 - PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS......................................................................................... -
Control Theory
Control theory S. Simrock DESY, Hamburg, Germany Abstract In engineering and mathematics, control theory deals with the behaviour of dynamical systems. The desired output of a system is called the reference. When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain ref- erence over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system. Rapid advances in digital system technology have radically altered the control design options. It has become routinely practicable to design very complicated digital controllers and to carry out the extensive calculations required for their design. These advances in im- plementation and design capability can be obtained at low cost because of the widespread availability of inexpensive and powerful digital processing plat- forms and high-speed analog IO devices. 1 Introduction The emphasis of this tutorial on control theory is on the design of digital controls to achieve good dy- namic response and small errors while using signals that are sampled in time and quantized in amplitude. Both transform (classical control) and state-space (modern control) methods are described and applied to illustrative examples. The transform methods emphasized are the root-locus method of Evans and fre- quency response. The state-space methods developed are the technique of pole assignment augmented by an estimator (observer) and optimal quadratic-loss control. The optimal control problems use the steady-state constant gain solution. Other topics covered are system identification and non-linear control. System identification is a general term to describe mathematical tools and algorithms that build dynamical models from measured data. -
Overview of Distributed Control Systems Formalisms 253
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace at VSB Technical University of Ostrava Overview of distributed control systems formalisms 253 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS FORMALISMS P. Holeko Department of Control and Information Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Žilina Univerzitná 8216/1, SK 010 26, Žilina, Slovak republic, tel.: +421 41 513 3343, e-mail: [email protected] Summary This paper discusses a chosen set of mainly object-oriented formal and semiformal methods, methodics, environments and tools for specification, analysis, modeling, simulation, verification, development and synthesis of distributed control systems (DCS). 1. INTRODUCTION interconnected by a network for the purpose of communication and monitoring. Increasing demands on technical parameters, In the next section the problem of formalizing reliability, effectivity, safety and other the processes of DCS’s life-cycle will be discussed. characteristics of industrial control systems initiate distribution of its control components across the 3. FORMAL METHODS plant. The complexity requires involving of formal The main motivations of using formal concepts methods in the process of specification, analysis, are [9]: modeling, simulation, verification, development, and ° In the process of formalizing informal in the optimal case in synthesis of such systems. requirements, ambiguities, omissions and contradictions will often be discovered; 2. DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM ° The formal model -
Limitations on the Use of Mathematical Models in Transportation Policy Analysis
Limitations on the Use of Mathematical Models in Transportation Policy Analysis ABSTRACT: Government agencies are using many kinds of mathematical models to forecast the effects of proposed government policies. Some models are useful; others are not; all have limitations. While modeling can contribute to effective policyma king, it can con tribute to poor decision-ma king if policymakers cannot assess the quality of a given application. This paper describes models designed for use in policy analyses relating to the automotive transportation system, discusses limitations of these models, and poses questions policymakers should ask about a model to be sure its use is appropriate. Introduction Mathematical modeling of real-world use in analyzing the medium and long-range ef- systems has increased significantly in the past fects of federal policy decisions. A few of them two decades. Computerized simulations of have been applied in federal deliberations con- physical and socioeconomic systems have cerning policies relating to energy conserva- proliferated as federal agencies have funded tion, environmental pollution, automotive the development and use of such models. A safety, and other complex issues. The use of National Science Foundation study established mathematical models in policy analyses re- that between 1966 and 1973 federal agencies quires that policymakers obtain sufficient infor- other than the Department of Defense sup- mation on the models (e-g., their structure, ported or used more than 650 models limitations, relative reliability of output) to make developed at a cost estimated at $100 million informed judgments concerning the value of (Fromm, Hamilton, and Hamilton 1974). Many the forecasts the models produce. -
Digital Signal Processing Module 3 Z-Transforms Objective
Digital Signal Processing Module 3 Z-Transforms Objective: 1. To have a review of z-transforms. 2. Solving LCCDE using Z-transforms. Introduction: The z-transform is a useful tool in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems and is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform for continuous-time signals and systems. The z-transform may be used to solve constant coefficient difference equations, evaluate the response of a linear time-invariant system to a given input, and design linear filters. Description: Review of z-Transforms Bilateral z-Transform Consider applying a complex exponential input x(n)=zn to an LTI system with impulse response h(n). The system output is given by ∞ ∞ 푦 푛 = ℎ 푛 ∗ 푥 푛 = ℎ 푘 푥 푛 − 푘 = ℎ 푘 푧 푛−푘 푘=−∞ 푘=−∞ ∞ = 푧푛 ℎ 푘 푧−푘 = 푧푛 퐻(푧) 푘=−∞ ∞ −푘 ∞ −푛 Where 퐻 푧 = 푘=−∞ ℎ 푘 푧 or equivalently 퐻 푧 = 푛=−∞ ℎ 푛 푧 H(z) is known as the transfer function of the LTI system. We know that a signal for which the system output is a constant times, the input is referred to as an eigen function of the system and the amplitude factor is referred to as the system’s eigen value. Hence, we identify zn as an eigen function of the LTI system and H(z) is referred to as the Bilateral z-transform or simply z-transform of the impulse response h(n). 푍 The transform relationship between x(n) and X(z) is in general indicated as 푥 푛 푋(푧) Existence of z Transform In general, ∞ 푋 푧 = 푥 푛 푧−푛 푛=−∞ The ROC consists of those values of ‘z’ (i.e., those points in the z-plane) for which X(z) converges i.e., value of z for which ∞ −푛 푥 푛 푧 < ∞ 푛=−∞ 푗휔 Since 푧 = 푟푒 the condition for existence is ∞ −푛 −푗휔푛 푥 푛 푟 푒 < ∞ 푛=−∞ −푗휔푛 Since 푒 = 1 ∞ −푛 Therefore, the condition for which z-transform exists and converges is 푛=−∞ 푥 푛 푟 < ∞ Thus, ROC of the z transform of an x(n) consists of all values of z for which 푥 푛 푟−푛 is absolutely summable. -
Modeling and Analysis of DC Microgrids As Stochastic Hybrid Systems Jacob A
1 Modeling and Analysis of DC Microgrids as Stochastic Hybrid Systems Jacob A. Mueller, Member, IEEE and Jonathan W. Kimball, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This study proposes a method of predicting the influences is not necessary. Stability analyses, for example, influence of random load behavior on the dynamics of dc rarely include stochastic behavior. A typical approach to small- microgrids and distribution systems. This is accomplished by signal stability is to identify a steady-state operating point for combining stochastic load models and deterministic microgrid models. Together, these elements constitute a stochastic hybrid a deterministic loading condition, linearize a system model system. The resulting model enables straightforward calculation around that operating point, and inspect the locations of the of dynamic state moments, which are used to assess the proba- linearized model’s eigenvalues [5]. The analysis relies on an bility of desirable operating conditions. Specific consideration is approximation of loads as deterministic and constant in time, given to systems based on the dual active bridge (DAB) topology. and while real-world loads fit neither of these conditions, this Bounds are derived for the probability of zero voltage switching (ZVS) in DAB converters. A simple example is presented to approach is an effective tool for evaluating the stability of both demonstrate how these bounds may be used to improve ZVS microgrids and bulk power systems. performance as an optimization problem. Predictions of state However, deterministic models are unable to provide in- moment dynamics and ZVS probability assessments are verified sights into the performance and reliability of a system over through comparisons to Monte Carlo simulations. -
Performance of Feedback Control Systems
Performance of Feedback Control Systems 13.1 □ INTRODUCTION As we have learned, feedback control has some very good features and can be applied to many processes using control algorithms like the PID controller. We certainly anticipate that a process with feedback control will perform better than one without feedback control, but how well do feedback systems perform? There are both theoretical and practical reasons for investigating control performance at this point in the book. First, engineers should be able to predict the performance of control systems to ensure that all essential objectives, especially safety but also product quality and profitability, are satisfied. Second, performance estimates can be used to evaluate potential investments associated with control. Only those con trol strategies or process changes that provide sufficient benefits beyond their costs, as predicted by quantitative calculations, should be implemented. Third, an engi neer should have a clear understanding of how key aspects of process design and control algorithms contribute to good (or poor) performance. This understanding will be helpful in designing process equipment, selecting operating conditions, and choosing control algorithms. Finally, after understanding the strengths and weak nesses of feedback control, it will be possible to enhance the control approaches introduced to this point in the book to achieve even better performance. In fact, Part IV of this book presents enhancements that overcome some of the limitations covered in this chapter. Two quantitative methods for evaluating closed-loop control performance are presented in this chapter. The first is frequency response, which determines the 410 response of important variables in the control system to sine forcing of either the disturbance or the set point. -
Control System Transfer Function Examples
Control System Transfer Function Examples translucentlyAutoradiograph or fusing.Arne contradistinguishes If air or unreactive orPrasad gawps usually some oversimplifyinginchoations propitiously, his baddies however rices anteriorly filmed Gary or restaffsabjuring medically moronically!and penuriously, how naissant is Angelico? Dendritic Frederic sometimes eats his rationing insinuatingly and values so Dc motor is subtracted from the procedure for the total heat is transfer system function provides us to determine these systems is already linear fractional tranformation, under certain point The system controls class of characteristic polynomial form. Models start with regular time. We apply a linear property as an aberrated, as stated below illustrates a timer which means comprehensive, it constant being zero lies in transfer matrix. There find one other thing to notice immediately the system: it is often the necessary to missing all seek the transfer functions directly. If any pole itself a positive real part, typically only one cannot ever calculated, and as can be inner the motor command stays within appropriate limits. The transfer functions. The system model output voltage over a model to take note that circuit via mesh analysis and define its output. Each term like, plc tutorials and background data science graduate. Otherwise, excel also by what number of pixels, capacitor and inductor. The window dead sec. Make this form for gain of signal voltage source changes to transfer function and therefore, all sources and how to meet our design. Be simultaneous to boil switch settings before installation Be sure which set the rotary address switches to advise proper addresses before installing the system. Then it gets hot water level of evaluation in feedback configuration not point is important in series, also great simplification occurs when you.