Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Modern and Ancient Saline Lakes
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SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MODERN AND ANCIENT SALINE LAKES Based on a Symposium Sponsored by SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Edited by Robin W Renaut University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Canada and William M Last University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada Copyright 1994 by SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Peter A Scholle Editor of Special Publications Special Publication No 50 Tulsa Oklahoma U S A September 1994 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3795095/9781565761759_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 A PUBLICATION OF SEPM SOCIETY FOR SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY ISBN 1 56576 014 X @ 1994 by SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology P O Box 4756 Tulsa Oklahoma 74131 Printed in the United States of America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3795095/9781565761759_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 I CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SALT LAKE SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Robin W Renaut and William M Last v I MODERN SALINE LAKES THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE BRINES OF CHOTT EL DJERID SOUTHERN TUNISIA AFTER AN EXCEPTIONAL RAINFALL EVENT IN JANUARY 1990 Robert G Bryant Nick A Drake Andrew C Millington and Bruce W Sellwood 3 SULFATE REDUCTION RATES IN MICROBIAL MAT SEDIMENTS OF DIFFERING CHEMISTRIES IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIC CARBON PRESERVATION IN SALINE LAKES W Berry Lyons Mark E Hines William M Last and Robert M Lent 13 BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY IN DEVILS LAKE NORTHEAST NORTH DAKOTA Stephen C Komor 21 ON THE MEASUREMENT OF REACTIVE MASS FLUXES IN EVAPORATIVE GROUNDWATER SOURCE LAKES Joseph J Donovan 33 DEEP WATER EVAPORITE MINERAL FORMATION IN LAKES OF WESTERN CANADA William M Last 51 PRECIPITATION OF SALTS FROM Mg2 Na SO CI PLAYA LAKE BRINES THE ENDORHEIC SALINE PONDS OF LA MANCHA CENTRAL SPAIN Salvador Ordonez Sergio Sanchez Moral Maria De Los Angeles Garcia Del Cura and Eduardo Rodriguez Badiola 61 SEDIMENTARY FEATURES PRODUCED BY EFFLORESCENT SALT CRUSTS SALINE VALLEY AND DEATH VALLEY CALIFORNIA Joseph P Smoot and Barbara Castens Seidell 73 SEASONAL EVAPORITE SEDIMENTATION IN DESERT PLAYA LAKES OF THE KARINGA CREEK DRAINAGE SYSTEM CENTRAL AUSTRALIA Aro V Arakel and Tien Hongjun 91 LAKE BOGORIA KENYA RIFT VALLEy A SEDIMENTOLOGICAL OVERVIEW Robin W Renaut and Jean Jacques Tiercelin 101 PLAYA SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY MIXTURE MODELLING ApPLIED TO LANDSAT THEMATIC MAPPER DATA OF CHOTT EL DJERID TUNISIA Nick A Drake Robert G Bryant Andrew C Millington and John R G Townshend 125 II QUATERNARY SALINE LAKES HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS OF THE CRATER LAKE AT MALHA NORTHWESTERN SUDAN Florias Mees and Nigel Rcihardson 135 HOLOCENE FLUCTUATIONS OF MONO LAKE CALIFORNIA THE SEDIMENTARY RECORD Mark S Newton 143 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF LACUSTRINE CLAY MINERALS FROM THE DOUBLE LAKES FORMATION SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS TEXAS Daniel M Webster and Blair F Jones 159 STRATIGRAPHY AND HOLOCENE HISTORY OF LAKE HAYWARD SWAN COASTAL PLAIN WETLANDS WESTERN AUSTRALIA Lee Cosh ell and Michael R Rosen 173 THE EVOLUTION OF SALINE LAKES IN THE RELICT DRAINAGE OF THE YILGARN RIVER WESTERN AUSTRALIA Ramsis B Salama 189 III ANCIENT SALINE LAKES MIOCENE GLAUBERITE DEPOSITS OF ALCANADRE EBRO BASIN SPAIN SEDIMENTARY AND DIAGENETIC PROCESSES Josep M Salvany and Federico Ortl 203 TERTIARY DETRITAL GYPSUM IN THE MADRID BASIN SPAIN CRITERIA FOR INTERPRETING DETRITAL GYPSUM IN CONTINENTAL EVAPORITIC SEQUENCES Marla Esther Sanzo Juan Pablo RodrIguez Aranda Jose Pedro Calvo and Salvador Ordonez 217 DEPOSITION AND DIAGENESIS OF SODIUM CALCIUM SULFATE SALTS IN THE TERTIARY SALINE LAKES OF THE MADRID BASIN SPAIN Salvador Ordonez and Maria De Los Angeles Garcia Del Cura 229 EOCENE FOSSIL LAKE GREEN RIVER FORMATION WYOMING A HISTORY OF FLUCTUATING SALINITY H Paul Buchheim 239 THE JURASSIC EAST BERLIN FORMATION HARTFORD BASIN NEWARK SUPERGROUP CONNECTICUT AND MASSACHUSETTS A SALINE LAKE PLAYA ALLUVIAL PLAIN SYSTEM Elizabeth Gierlowski Kordesch and Brian R Rust 249 PERMIAN SALINE LAKES IN THE ARAG6N BEARN BASIN WESTERN PYRENEES Bias L Valero Garces and Josep Gisbert Aguilar 267 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3795095/9781565761759_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 iv CONTENTS IV ANCIENT SALT LAKE MARINE SYSTEMS THE EVOLUTION OF AN INLAND SEA OF MARINE ORIGIN TO A NON MARINE SALINE LAKE THE PENNSYLVANIAN PARADOX SALT Sherilyn Williams Stroud 293 THE SEDIMENTOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEVRON HALITE A REAPPRAISAL Donald Chipley and T Kurtis Kyser 307 RELATIONSHIP OF ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY TO SEDIMENTATION UNDER HIGHLY VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTS LORCA BASIN SPAIN PRELIMINARY RESULTS Said Benalioulhaj B Charlotte Schreiber and R Paul Philp 315 SUBJECT INDEX 327 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3795095/9781565761759_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 SALT LAKE SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ROBIN W RENAUT Department ofGeological Sciences University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon Canada S7N OWO AND WILLIAM M LAST Department of Geological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada R3T 2N2 INTRODUCTION passing reference in such preeminent monographs and ed ited volumes as Chemical Processes in Lakes Stumm 1985 This volume of papers grew out of a four day symposium Lake Sediments and Environmental History Haworth and entitled Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Lund 1984 Principles of Lake Sedimentology Hakans n Saline Lakes held at Saskatoon Canada in August 1991 and Jansson 1983 and Limnology Wetzel 1983 ThIS The meeting was held as a Canadian contribution to Proj past lack of attention is somewhat surprising considering ects 219 and 324 ofthe International Geological Correlation the widespread occurrence of modem saline lakes and the This international conference co Programme sponsored by fact that the volume of inland salt water is the Canadian National Committee of the International Geo approximately equal to that of freshwater lakes and rivers Williams 1986 Correlation CNC IGCP and the Na logical Programme Hammer 1986 tional Hydrology Research Institute Environment Canada This neglect is currently changing Approximately IO O attracted nearly 100 participants from a dozen countries and papers reports and postgraduate theses on the general tOpiC covered literally all aspects of salt lake sedimentology geo of saline lake geoscience have been done during the past chemistry and paleolimnology decade As shown in Figure 1 the early part of the 1980 s As with most conferences and meetings dealing with la was a period of rapid increase in saline lake publications custrine environments and paleolimnology the Saskatoon Since about 1985 however the rate of production of geo conference was broad in scope Participants had a remark science publications dealing with salt lake topics has e able diversity of backgrounds and scientific specialities in mained relatively constant at 70 per year Although main cluding sedimentologists geochemists hydrologists geo taining a steady output per annum Figure 1 also sho s that graphers paleontologists ecologists and biologists from there has been a significant increase in the proportIOn of universities governments industry and private organiza publications dealing with saline lakes versus freshwater la tions Papers presented at this conference that dealt pri custrine sediments and environments such that over the past marily with biological or biochemical paleolimnology have several years about 30 percent of all lacustrine geoscience been collected and publish d as a e separately special the publications have dealt with salt lakes issue ofJournal ofPaleolimnology Evans 1993 The aIm Most of the salt lake papers from the past decade have of SEPM Special Publication Number 50 is to bring to been published as journal articles with a much smaller pro gether selected papers from this conference that deal spe portion appearing as chapters or articles in monographs cifically with the sedimentological inorganic geochemical published government or masters and and hydrological aspects ofsalt lakes and their reports unpublished stratigraphic doctorate 2 An trend not to degree theses Fig encouraging is records We have tried compile a comprehensive re the recent increase in salt lake research stu view of saline lake sedimentology but rather reflect the by graduate dents not that young have taken scope of current research An excellent review of much of implying only geoscientists an interest in salt lakes but also that the saline lake sedimentological and geochemical literature increasing suggesting the number of with salt lakes has already recently been presented by Smoot and Lowen journal publications dealing should increase at the next In total stein 1991 least over several years for the past decade slightly over 90 percent of the journal articles have been published in just nine journals with Pa HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE laeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology Chem The timing of the Saskatoon salt lake symposium and ical Geology and American Association of Petroleum Ge Bulletin over resulting publications was ideal For many years saline lakes ologists comprising the source for well ha f the have ranked among the least understood and most poorly saline lake references Fig 3 Saline lake research IS studied environments in the entire spectrum of sedimentary flourishing Further evidence of the burgeoning interest came geology Despite the fact that some of the earliest scientific in 1992 with the first issue