Subject-Prodrop in Yiddish*
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The Meaning of Language
01:615:201 Introduction to Linguistic Theory Adam Szczegielniak The Meaning of Language Copyright in part: Cengage learning The Meaning of Language • When you know a language you know: • When a word is meaningful or meaningless, when a word has two meanings, when two words have the same meaning, and what words refer to (in the real world or imagination) • When a sentence is meaningful or meaningless, when a sentence has two meanings, when two sentences have the same meaning, and whether a sentence is true or false (the truth conditions of the sentence) • Semantics is the study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences – Lexical semantics: the meaning of words and the relationships among words – Phrasal or sentential semantics: the meaning of syntactic units larger than one word Truth • Compositional semantics: formulating semantic rules that build the meaning of a sentence based on the meaning of the words and how they combine – Also known as truth-conditional semantics because the speaker’ s knowledge of truth conditions is central Truth • If you know the meaning of a sentence, you can determine under what conditions it is true or false – You don’ t need to know whether or not a sentence is true or false to understand it, so knowing the meaning of a sentence means knowing under what circumstances it would be true or false • Most sentences are true or false depending on the situation – But some sentences are always true (tautologies) – And some are always false (contradictions) Entailment and Related Notions • Entailment: one sentence entails another if whenever the first sentence is true the second one must be true also Jack swims beautifully. -
Up for Discussion
A forum for members and member organizations to share ideas and concerns. Up for Discussion Send your comments by e-mail to <[email protected]>. both admire a sunset reflected on a lake of water. Is wa- The Use of IUPAC ter ‘water’ on Twin Earth? Is ‘water’ water to Oscar? We will return to this idea below when asking what the con- Names in Glossaries sequences would be of naming an incorrect structure by Doug Templeton that has become embedded in chemical science and in broader human experience. n a series of Glossaries related to terminology In his 1972 Princeton lectures [4], Saul Kripke elabo- in toxicology and published in Pure and Applied rates upon the concept of naming, and poses a thought IChemistry (see commentary [1]), common names experiment that can be referred to as “Is Schmidt of substances were used, accompanied to varying Gödel?”. Most of us may know little of Kurt Gödel, ex- degrees with the systematic IUPAC chemical name. In cept perhaps that he discovered the incompleteness of the most recent Glossary of Terms in Neurotoxicology arithmetic (I think I know what he looked like, because [2], however, it was mandated that all substances I have seen pictures, and I have read some biographi- referred to in the glossary should be accompanied, cal details, but I have no first hand knowledge of Gödel, at some point, by the IUPAC name. While use of and little opinion beyond a well-founded belief that he IUPAC names should be obligatory in original research discovered the incompleteness theorem). -
Inalienable Possession in Swedish and Danish – a Diachronic Perspective 27
FOLIA SCANDINAVICA VOL. 23 POZNAŃ 20 17 DOI: 10.1515/fsp - 2017 - 000 5 INALIENABLE POSSESSI ON IN SWEDISH AND DANISH – A DIACHRONIC PERSP ECTIVE 1 A LICJA P IOTROWSKA D OMINIKA S KRZYPEK Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań A BSTRACT . In this paper we discuss the alienability splits in two Mainland Scandinavian language s, Swedish and Danish, in a diachronic context. Although it is not universally acknowledged that such splits exist in modern Scandinavian languages, many nouns typically included in inalienable structures such as kinship terms, body part nouns and nouns de scribing culturally important items show different behaviour from those considered alienable. The differences involve the use of (reflexive) possessive pronouns vs. the definite article, which differentiates the Scandinavian languages from e.g. English. As the definite article is a relatively new arrival in the Scandinavian languages, we look at when the modern pattern could have evolved by a close examination of possessive structures with potential inalienables in Old Swedish and Old Danish. Our results re veal that to begin with, inalienables are usually bare nouns and come to be marked with the definite article in the course of its grammaticalization. 1. INTRODUCTION One of the striking differences between the North Germanic languages Swedish and Danish on the one hand and English on the other is the possibility to use definite forms of nouns without a realized possessive in inalienable possession constructions. Consider the following examples: 1 The work on this paper was funded by the grant Diachrony of article systems in Scandi - navian languages , UMO - 2015/19/B/HS2/00143, from the National Science Centre, Poland. -
Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages
Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages Paul Moore MInf Project (Part 2) Interim Report Master of Informatics School of Informatics University of Edinburgh 2020 3 Abstract Being able to predict phones from speech is a challenge in and of itself, but what about unseen phones from different languages? In this project, work was done towards building precisely this kind of universal phonetic model. Using the GlobalPhone language corpus, phones’ articulatory features, a recurrent neu- ral network, open-source libraries, and an innovative prediction system, a model was created to predict phones based on their features alone. The results show promise, especially for using these models on languages within the same family. 4 Acknowledgements Once again, a huge thank you to Steve Renals, my supervisor, for all his assistance. I greatly appreciated his practical advice and reasoning when I got stuck, or things seemed overwhelming, and I’m very thankful that he endorsed this project. I’m immensely grateful for the support my family and friends have provided in the good times and bad throughout my studies at university. A big shout-out to my flatmates Hamish, Mark, Stephen and Iain for the fun and laugh- ter they contributed this year. I’m especially grateful to Hamish for being around dur- ing the isolation from Coronavirus and for helping me out in so many practical ways when I needed time to work on this project. Lastly, I wish to thank Jesus Christ, my Saviour and my Lord, who keeps all these things in their proper perspective, and gives me strength each day. -
Fregean Versus Kripkean Reference*
Teorema Vol. XVII/1, 1998, pp. 21-44 Fregean versus Kripkean Reference* Manuel García-Carpintero RESUMEN El millianismo es la tesis de que los nombres propios, desde un punto de vista semántico, se limitan a referir: no desempeñan ninguna otra función semánticamente importante. El caso de los indéxicos hace patente que la mayoría de las consideracio- nes en Naming and Necessity que los lectores encuentran convincentes son compati- bles con la falsedad del millianismo. Además, existen buenas razones para considerar esa tesis falsa. Los millianos aceptan la existencia de información descriptiva asocia- da con los nombres propios, más allá del referente, de algún modo semánticamente significativa. Defienden su tesis, sin embargo, elaborando una distinción entre pro- piedades de las expresiones semánticamente relevantes, y propiedades meramente “metasemánticas” que una explicación genuinamente semántica no debe tomar en consideración. En este trabajo examino estas propuestas y doy razones para incluir propiedades de los nombres propios distintas de sus referentes entre aquellas que una teoría genuinamente semántica debe incorporar. Argumento también que mi propues- ta es compatible con las ideas centrales de Naming and Necessity, indicando que la tesis más importante de esa obra impresionante no es el millianismo, sino una cierta forma de externismo. ABSTRACT: Millianism is the view that, from a semantical viewpoint, proper names simply refer; there is no further semantically relevant function they play. As the case of in- dexicals makes very clear, most of the considerations in Naming and Necessity that people find plausible are compatible with the falsity of Millianism. Besides, there are good reasons to consider that thesis false. -
Improving Machine Translation of Null Subjects in Italian and Spanish
Improving Machine Translation of Null Subjects in Italian and Spanish Lorenza Russo, Sharid Loaiciga,´ Asheesh Gulati Language Technology Laboratory (LATL) Department of Linguistics – University of Geneva 2, rue de Candolle – CH-1211 Geneva 4 – Switzerland {lorenza.russo, sharid.loaiciga, asheesh.gulati}@unige.ch Abstract (2000) has shown that 46% of verbs in their test corpus had their subjects omitted. Continuation Null subjects are non overtly expressed of this work by Rello and Ilisei (2009) has found subject pronouns found in pro-drop lan- that in a corpus of 2,606 sentences, there were guages such as Italian and Spanish. In this study we quantify and compare the oc- 1,042 sentences without overtly expressed pro- currence of this phenomenon in these two nouns, which represents an average of 0.54 null languages. Next, we evaluate null sub- subjects per sentence. As for Italian, many anal- jects’ translation into French, a “non pro- yses are available from a descriptive and theoret- drop” language. We use the Europarl cor- ical perspective (Rizzi, 1986; Cardinaletti, 1994, pus to evaluate two MT systems on their among others), but to the best of our knowledge, performance regarding null subject trans- there are no corpus studies about the extent this lation: Its-2, a rule-based system devel- 2 oped at LATL, and a statistical system phenomenon has. built using the Moses toolkit. Then we Moreover, althought null elements have been add a rule-based preprocessor and a sta- largely treated within the context of Anaphora tistical post-editor to the Its-2 translation Resolution (AR) (Mitkov, 2002; Le Nagard and pipeline. -
Ogden and Richards' the Meaning of Meaning and Early Analytic
Ogden and Richards’ The Meaning of Meaning and early analytic philosophy. James McElvenny [email protected] This is the green open access copy of my paper in Language Sciences (2014, 41.212-221). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.10.001 This version silently corrects a few small errors in the published paper. Abstract C.K. Ogden (1889–1957) and I.A. Richards’ (1893–1979) The Meaning of Meaning is widely recognised as a classic text of early twentieth-century linguistic semantics and semiotics, but less well known are its links to the ‘logical atomism’ of Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), one of the foundational doctrines of analytic philosophy. In this paper a detailed comparison of The Meaning of Meaning and logical atomism is made, in which several key similarities between the two theories in subject matter and approach are identified: both attempt to describe meaning in terms of the latest psychological doctrines and both pursue a normative program aimed at rectifying the perceived deficiencies of language. But there are also a number of differences between the theories. Ogden and Richards – most probably inspired by Victoria Lady Welby (1837–1912) – offered a pragmatically oriented account of ordinary language, while Russell sought a ‘logically perfect language’ beyond interpretation, and rejected the work of Welby and her allies. These differences contributed significantly to Russell’s largely negative opinion of The Meaning of Meaning. Despite this, several ideas pioneered in The Meaning of Meaning re-appear in Russell’s later writings. The Meaning of Meaning, it would seem, not only drew inspiration from Russell’s philosophy but may have also contributed to its further development. -
Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century Jason Stanley Rutgers University
Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century Jason Stanley Rutgers University In the Twentieth Century, Logic and Philosophy of Language are two of the few areas of philosophy in which philosophers made indisputable progress. For example, even now many of the foremost living ethicists present their theories as somewhat more explicit versions of the ideas of Kant, Mill, or Aristotle. In contrast, it would be patently absurd for a contemporary philosopher of language or logician to think of herself as working in the shadow of any figure who died before the Twentieth Century began. Advances in these disciplines make even the most unaccomplished of its practitioners vastly more sophisticated than Kant. There were previous periods in which the problems of language and logic were studied extensively (e.g. the medieval period). But from the perspective of the progress made in the last 120 years, previous work is at most a source of interesting data or occasional insight. All systematic theorizing about content that meets contemporary standards of rigor has been done subsequently. The advances Philosophy of Language has made in the Twentieth Century are of course the result of the remarkable progress made in logic. Few other philosophical disciplines gained as much from the developments in logic as the Philosophy of Language. In the course of presenting the first formal system in the Begriffsscrift , Gottlob Frege developed a formal language. Subsequently, logicians provided rigorous semantics for formal languages, in order to define truth in a model, and thereby characterize logical consequence. Such rigor was required in order to enable logicians to carry out semantic proofs about formal systems in a formal system, thereby providing semantics with the same benefits as increased formalization had provided for other branches of mathematics. -
A Comparative Study of Subject Pro-Drop in Old Chinese and Modern Chinese
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 10 Issue 2 Selected Papers from NWAVE 32 Article 18 2005 A Comparative Study of Subject Pro-drop in Old Chinese and Modern Chinese Zhiyi Song Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl Recommended Citation Song, Zhiyi (2005) "A Comparative Study of Subject Pro-drop in Old Chinese and Modern Chinese," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 10 : Iss. 2 , Article 18. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol10/iss2/18 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol10/iss2/18 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Comparative Study of Subject Pro-drop in Old Chinese and Modern Chinese This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol10/iss2/18 A Comparative Study of Subject Pro-drop in Old Chinese and Modern Chinese Zhiyi Song 1 Introduction Chinese is a Subject Pro-drop language in that the subject of a clause need not be overt. Thus a Chinese speaker has the choice of using either a null subject or an overt pronoun in the subject position of a sentence, as in ta kanjian yige nuhaizi, 0/ta daizhe yiding xiaohongmao. he see one-classifier girl, 0/she wear one-classifier small red hat. 'He saw a girl; she is wearing a red hat. ' Chinese differs from other Pro-drop languages such as Italian or Turkish in that the language has no inflections to mark subject-verb agreement. -
Departing from Frege: Essays in the Philosophy of Language
Departing from Frege Gottlob Frege is now regarded as one of the world’s greatest philosophers, and the founder of modern logic. In addition to his work on the foundations of mathematics, his writing on sense and reference remains deeply influential. Departing From Frege takes Frege’s work as a point of departure, but argues that we must depart considerably from Frege’s own views if we are to work towards an adequate conception of natural language. Mark Sainsbury suggests that the two aspects that are most important to retain in Frege’s work are the distinction between sense and reference, and the possibility of sense without a referent. Many philosophers today take the equation of sense with “mode of presentation of an object” or “way of thinking of an object” as definitive of Fregeanism. Although some of Frege’s words do suggest this view, Sainsbury argues that it is not required for the distinction between sense and reference. Moreover, it makes it difficult to accommodate sense without a referent, and impossible to do justice to Frege’s clear commitment to sense as the common property of all who speak a language. In this selection of essays, Mark Sainsbury brings a new position into view. It shares with current “direct reference” theories the rejection of descriptivist accounts, but differs from them in its requirement that some expressions with the same referent be given different semantic descriptions, and it allows for sense without a referent. Departing From Frege is an outstanding contribution to philosophy of language and logic and will be invaluable to all those inter- ested in Frege and the philosophy of language. -
North American Stratigraphic Code1
NORTH AMERICAN STRATIGRAPHIC CODE1 North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature FOREWORD TO THE REVISED EDITION FOREWORD TO THE 1983 CODE By design, the North American Stratigraphic Code is The 1983 Code of recommended procedures for clas- meant to be an evolving document, one that requires change sifying and naming stratigraphic and related units was pre- as the field of earth science evolves. The revisions to the pared during a four-year period, by and for North American Code that are included in this 2005 edition encompass a earth scientists, under the auspices of the North American broad spectrum of changes, ranging from a complete revision Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. It represents of the section on Biostratigraphic Units (Articles 48 to 54), the thought and work of scores of persons, and thousands of several wording changes to Article 58 and its remarks con- hours of writing and editing. Opportunities to participate in cerning Allostratigraphic Units, updating of Article 4 to in- and review the work have been provided throughout its corporate changes in publishing methods over the last two development, as cited in the Preamble, to a degree unprece- decades, and a variety of minor wording changes to improve dented during preparation of earlier codes. clarity and self-consistency between different sections of the Publication of the International Stratigraphic Guide in Code. In addition, Figures 1, 4, 5, and 6, as well as Tables 1 1976 made evident some insufficiencies of the American and Tables 2 have been modified. Most of the changes Stratigraphic Codes of 1961 and 1970. The Commission adopted in this revision arose from Notes 60, 63, and 64 of considered whether to discard our codes, patch them over, the Commission, all of which were published in the AAPG or rewrite them fully, and chose the last. -
On the Reception of Odgen and Richards' Book, ''The Meaning of Me
Controversies and Misunderstandings about Meaning: On the reception of Odgen and Richards’ book, ”The Meaning of Meaning” Thierry Poibeau To cite this version: Thierry Poibeau. Controversies and Misunderstandings about Meaning: On the reception of Odgen and Richards’ book, ”The Meaning of Meaning”. International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHOLS’2008), Sep 2008, Potsdam, Germany. hal-00347004 HAL Id: hal-00347004 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00347004 Submitted on 19 Aug 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Controversies and Misunderstandings about Meaning On the reception of Odgen and Richards’ book, The Meaning of Meaning Thierry Poibeau Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris-Nord (UMR 7030) CNRS and Université Paris 13 1 Introduction The Meaning of Meaning is an influential book published by Charles Kay Ogden (1889–1957) and Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979) (from now on O&R) in January 1923. It describes a theory of meaning, more specifically trying to determine the nature of meaning and why misunderstandings frequently occur between people. Even if the book is now considered as “dated”1, it has been intensively read, especially in the English speaking world2 where it has been widely used as a textbook in 1 According to the CTLF website (Corpus de textes linguistiques fondamentaux; the note concerning Ogden and Richard has been written by H.