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Morse De L'atlantique Fisheries Pêches and Oceans et Océans MPO - Sciences Région Centre et Arctique Rapport sur l’état des stocks E5-17, 18, 19, 20 (2002) Morse de l’Atlantique Résumé • Entre 1997 et 2001, les chasseurs ont déclaré les prises moyennes annuelles suivantes pour chaque stock: partie sud et est de la baie d’Hudson – 4/année; baie d’Hudson et détroit de Davis – 48/année; bassin de Foxe – 180/année; baie de Baffin – 9/année. Les données sont incomplètes et ne tiennent pas compte Renseignements de base du nombre d’animaux abattus et non Le morse de l’Atlantique (Odobenus rosmarus récupérés. Les moyennes rosmarus) est divisé en deux populations: côte est du Groenland et côte ouest du Groenland et du quinquennales séquentielles des Canada. Il est retrouvé à l’échelle de la partie est prises pour tous les stocks ont diminué de l’Arctique canadien. Quatre stocks ont été au cours des 20 dernières années. Les reconnus au Canada: partie sud et est de la baie chasseurs attribuent cela à l’utilisation d’Hudson, baie d’Hudson et détroit de Davis, bassin de Foxe et baie de Baffin. Le stock des réduite d’attelages de chiens et/ou à Maritimes, retrouvé autrefois aussi loin au sud que d’autres facteurs. la Nouvelle-Écosse, est maintenant considéré • Les quelques études du taux de comme disparu de cette région. perte des animaux abattus le situe Au Canada, la principale période de chasse commerciale a débuté vers la fin des années 1800, entre 30 et 32 %. Il varie probablement puis s’est prolongée assez loin dans les années selon la saison, le temps, l’endroit, 1900. La chasse commerciale a été interdite en l’expérience du chasseur et le 1928 en vertu du Règlement sur la protection des morses. comportement des animaux. Les La chasse au morse est assujettie aux chasseurs croient que ce taux est dispositions de l’Accord sur les revendications faible (~ 5 %). territoriales du Nunavut et réglementée en vertu du • Le fondement scientifique de Règlement sur les mammifères marins pris en application de la Loi sur les pêches. À l’heure l’identité des stocks repose sur des actuelle, un Indien ou un Inuk peut, sans permis, données sur la distribution, des prendre quatre morses par année sauf si un données génétiques et des données contingent communautaire a été attribué (article sur les teneurs en isotopes du plomb. 26). Voici les contingents communautaires en vigueur: Coral Harbour - 60; Sanikiluaq - 10; Arctic Quatre stocks ont ainsi été identifiés: Bay - 10; et Clyde River - 20. Un non-autochtone partie sud et est de la baie d’Hudson ne peut prendre un morse que s’il est titulaire d’un (SEBH), baie d’Hudson et détroit de permis délivré en vertu du Règlement sur les mammifères marins ou du Règlement sur les Davis (BHDD), bassin de Foxe (BF) et permis de pêche communautaires des baie de Baffin (BB). Il se peut que ces Autochtones. La chasse sportive au morse est de quatre stocks sont des complexes. plus en plus populaire. Le morse n’est inscrit dans • On ne dispose pas d’estimations aucune catégorie du COSEPAC. Le transport des parties du morse entre le Nunavut et les provinces détaillées ou récentes des effectifs des est autorisé en vertu d’un permis du MPO, tandis stocks du Nunavut. Des estimations que le commerce international est autorisé en vertu indicatives sont disponibles pour de la CITES. Le Conseil de gestion des ressources quelques stocks, mais leurs intervalles fauniques du Nunavut revoit actuellement le régime des contingents et examine de nouveaux de confiance sont vastes et elles ne moyens de gérer la chasse. La présente évaluation tiennent pas compte du nombre vise à étayer ces discussions de gestion. d’animaux en plongée ou de la Janvier 2003 Région Centre et Arctique Morse de l’Atlantique dynamique des échoueries. Seules de qui passe l’été près de l’île Coats, très grandes variations dans la taille environ 30-70 (d’après des des populations seraient décelables. dénombrements partiels); échoueries Les estimations actuelles situent la des détroits de Lancaster et de Jones, taille des stocks aux niveaux suivants: 14-15. partie sud et est de la baie d’Hudson – • Les incertitudes qui entourent l’état quelques centaines d’individus; des stocks incluent leur identité, les complexe du stock de la baie d’Hudson estimations de leur taille et de leurs et du détroit de Davis (inclut la partie tendances, les taux de mortalité nord de la baie d’Hudson, le détroit naturelle et de reproduction, l’âge à la d’Hudson, le détroit de Davis et la côte maturité, les relations entre le morse et ouest du Groenland) – 5 500; bassin les variables environnementales, les de Foxe – 5 500; baie de Baffin – données incomplètes sur les prises et 1 700-2 000. les taux de perte des animaux abattus • Des examens des données sur la et les données existantes limitées au distribution du morse indiquent que plan géographique et temporel. celui-ci a disparu de nombreuses • Les incertitudes imposent la régions ou que son aire de répartition prudence dans la prise des décisions dans de nombreuses autres a diminué de gestion. Une gestion faite en depuis les années 1800. fonction des troupeaux locaux et non • Les chasseurs de Coral Harbour et des grandes unités de stock permettra de Cape Dorset disent que le morse de réduire le risque de surexploitation, est maintenant plus abondant que par intimement lié à l’hypothèse que les le passé et s’approche beaucoup plus stocks s’étendent sur de grandes aires près de leurs villages que ce n’était le géographiques. cas auparavant. À Sanikiluaq, les chasseurs signalent qu’il y a moins de Biologie de l’espèce morses près du village et des îles voisines, tandis que les chasseurs du Le morse (aivik en inuktitut) est le plus bassin de Foxe croient que le nombre gros pinnipède présent au Canada. Les de morses n’a pas changé, mais que mâles comme les femelles mesurent sa distribution n’est plus la même environ 1,25 m de longueur à la parce que la distribution des glaces a naissance. Les adultes mâles atteignent changé. Dans la baie Frobisher, les une longueur de 3,15 m, tandis que les chasseurs n’ont pas observé de femelles, plus petites, n’atteignent que changement dans l’abondance ou la 2,77 m (Garlich-Miller et Stewart, 1998). distribution du morse. Chez les deux sexes, les deux canines • D’après la limite inférieure des supérieures prennent des proportions dénombrements minimums et une gigantesques, se transformant en production de remplacement longues défenses, qui commencent à estimative de 2 à 5 % (utilisée pour les apparaître lorsque l’animal a environ cétacés ayant des régimes de deux ans. Chez les adultes mâles du reproduction semblables), les bassin de Foxe, les défenses mesurent rendements équilibrés estimatifs se en moyenne quelque 28,5 cm de situent aux niveaux suivants: bassin de longueur et 16,7 cm de circonférence à Foxe, 110-275; partie du stock de la la base. Les défenses des femelles baie d’Hudson et du détroit de Davis peuvent être tout aussi longues 2 Région Centre et Arctique Morse de l’Atlantique Figure 1. Aire de répartition et distribution des stocks de morse de l’Atlantique dans l’Est du Canada. (~ 28,1 cm), mais elles sont plus grêles, banquise ou le rivage et reviennent leur circonférence à la base faisant presque toujours aux mêmes environ 13,2 cm (Orr et al., 1986). échoueries et aires d’alimentation. On Tous les morses, régulièrement, quelle croit que les femelles, accompagnées que soit la saison, se hissent sur la de leur petit, sont plus fidèles à certains 3 Région Centre et Arctique Morse de l’Atlantique endroits que les mâles adultes. Bien La chasse que des groupes, à terre ou sur la banquise, puissent comprendre des Les prises annuelles signalées ont été prélevées au cours de la période du individus de tous les âges et des deux er sexes, le morse a tendance à afficher 1 avril au 31 mars (MPO, 1991, 1992a, une nette ségrégation des âges et des 1992b, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, sexes presque toute l’année. On croit 1999; Itorcheak, comm. pers.). Pour les que sa distribution est fonction non données manquantes, des moyennes à seulement de la disponibilité long terme ou des moyennes d’échoueries, mais aussi de la présence quinquennales sont présentées. d’eau peu profonde, où il peut se nourrir Des estimations du nombre de morses de mollusques bivalves, sa principale abattus mais non récupérés n’étant pas proie, et d’autres invertébrés (Fisher et disponibles pour la plupart des régions Stewart, 1997). Il semble que ce et des saisons, on a appliqué un taux de pinnipède recherche ses proies dans perte de 30 % dans la région est de des eaux de moins de 100 m de l’Arctique canadien dans les années profondeur, bien qu’il puisse plonger 1950 pour obtenir une estimation plus profondément. Un certain nombre approximative (Mansfield, 1966). Les de morses mangent aussi des phoques, chasseurs sont toutefois d’avis que le un comportement qui peut être plus taux de perte est faible (~ 5 %). commun là où il n’y a pas d’eaux peu Partie sud et est de la baie d’Hudson – profondes. Les chasseurs peuvent On croit que ce stock alimente les identifier les morses mangeurs de chasseurs de Sanikiluaq, au Nunavut, phoques à leurs défenses jaunes. mais on ne connaît pas avec certitude Le type d’accouplement du morse voit les collectivités du Nunavik (Nouveau- les mâles se disputer les faveurs des Québec) qu’il alimente.
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