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Las Feromonas En El Control De Insectos Pheromones in Insect Control

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Las Feromonas En El Control De Insectos Pheromones in Insect Control Volumen 1. Agentes de control biológico Capítulo 8 Contenido Las feromonas Introducción . .414 en el control de insectos Antecedentes históricos . 415 Mecanismos de acción de las feromonas . .418 Estrategias de control de insectos plaga utilizando feromonas . .420 Chapter 8 Monitoreo . .420 Capturas masivas y las feromonas como atracticidas . .421 Pheromones La interrupción de la cópula . .421 Evaluación de resistencia . 422 in insect control Las cairomonas y su interacción con las feromonas . .422 Las feromonas en el panorama internacional . 424 Las feromonas en el panorama latinoamericano . .429 Algodón . .430 Felipe Borrero-Echeverry,1 Nancy Barreto-Triana,1 Palma de aceite . .430 Sandra Milena Aragón-Rodríguez,1 Hugo Fernando Rivera-Trujillo,1 Cam Oehlschlager,2 Alba Marina Cotes1 Tomate . 432 Las feromonas en el panorama colombiano . 433 1 Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (agrosavia) Algodón . 433 2 ChemTica Internacional S. A. Moscas de la fruta . .435 Tomate . .435 Palmas . .435 Estudio de semioquímicos en guayaba y aguacate . .436 Estudios de semioquímicos en papa . .437 Productos disponibles en el mercado . .440 Factores limitantes . .442 Conclusiones y perspectivas . .444 Agradecimientos . 444 Referencias . .445 Resumen Abstract En la década de los años setenta, los entomólogos e investigadores agrope- In the 1970s entomologists and agricultural researchers realized that cuarios se dieron cuenta que la manipulación de la comunicación entre insectos manipulating the communication channels that insects use could be used podía ser utilizada para el manejo de plagas . Las feromonas sexuales y de agregación to control pest insects . Pheromones, the chemical signals that insects use in son señales químicas que los insectos utilizan para localizar parejas para la cópula, mate-finding, were quickly identified as potential candidates in this context . y fueron identificadas como potenciales herramientas de gran utilidad para Since then the pheromones of over 3000 insect species have been identified su control . Desde entonces, se han identificado las feromonas de más de 3 000. and those of hundreds of species have been evaluated and developed as means especies de insectos y cientos de ellas se han evaluado y desarrollado para el control to control pest insects . Nowadays, insect pheromones are used in integrated de plagas agrícolas . En la actualidad, las feromonas se utilizan dentro de estrategias pest management programs to monitor populations, in mass trapping or de manejo integrado para monitorear poblaciones, llevar a cabo capturas masivas lure and kill strategies, or in mating disruption programs . In this chapter we o utilizarlas como atracticidas, o para instaurar programas de interrupción de discuss the different strategies involving pheromones for pest control, and cópula . En este capítulo se resumen las diferentes estrategias de control con el uso summarize the development and use of pheromones at the international, de feromonas, y se hace un recorrido sobre el estado del arte de las feromonas de Latin-American, and Colombian levels . insectos y su aplicación a nivel internacional, latinoamericano y colombiano . Keywords Palabras clave Aggregation pheromones, integrated pest management, lure and kill, mass Atracticidas, captura masiva, feromonas de agregación, feromonas sexuales, trapping, mating disruption, monitoring, sex pheromones interrupción de la cópula, manejo integrado de plagas, monitoreo 412 Capítulo 8. Las feromonas en el control de insectos Felipe Borrero-Echeverry, Nancy Barreto-Triana, Sandra Milena Aragón-Rodríguez, Hugo Fernando Rivera-Trujillo, Cam Oehlschlager, Alba Marina Cotes-Prado 413 Control biológico de fitopatógenos, insectos y ácaros Durante décadas, las feromonas han sido estudiadas feromonas . Entre estas técnicas es importante resaltar y utilizadas en el control de plagas agrícolas . Su alta el desarrollo del electroantenógrafo (Schneider, especificidad y capacidad para atraer insectos a bajas 1969; Schneider & Kaissling, 1957) (ver capítulo Introducción concentraciones las ha convertido en herramientas 15 de este libro sobre investigación y desarrollo de ideales para cebar trampas . Además, el hecho de ser feromonas), así como el uso de la cromatografía de La comunicación química es la más antigua de la frecuente en áfidos o de defensa, en abejas, avispas elementos clave en la localización de parejas y en el gases, la espectrometría de masas y la resonancia naturaleza; además, es utilizada por todos los seres y termitas (Vilela & Della, 2001) . Las feromonas proceso de cópula ha permitido que la manipulación magnética nuclear . Además, se llevaron a cabo los vivos sin excepción . Los compuestos químicos invo- de reclutamiento son utilizadas por insectos con de estas se utilice para interrumpir el sistema de primeros estudios sobre el control de insectos con lucrados en dicha comunicación son denominados cierto grado de sociabilidad y sirven para reunir más comunicación y reducir las poblaciones efectivas . el uso de feromonas, para interrumpir el sistema de semioquímicos y, tradicionalmente, han sido sub- individuos, con el fin de aprovechar un recurso o para comunicación entre machos y hembras de una polilla divididos en cuatro categorías: alomonas, sinomonas, ocupar un nicho (Vander Meer, Breed, Espelie, & (Gaston, Shorey, & Saario, 1967) . cairomonas y feromonas (Regnier, 1971) . Las alo- Winston, 1998; Yew & Chung, 2015) . Las feromonas monas, sinomonas y cairomonas son compuestos de territorialidad son utilizadas por hormigas y abejas Antecedentes históricos En la década de los años setenta, se desarrollaron el involucrados en la comunicación interespecífica: las para marcar el área específica donde se establecerá electroantenógrafo acoplado a un cromatógrafo de alomonas presentan un beneficio al organismo que la colonia, para indicar la entrada al nido o para gases (Arn, Städler, & Rauscher, 1975) (GC-EAD) y La importancia de la comunicación química entre las produce y costo al organismo que las percibe; por diferenciar un nido de otra colonia . Las feromonas los túneles de viento (Kennedy & Marsh, 1974), dos insectos y entre plantas e insectos ha sido reconocida otra parte, las cairomonas presentan un costo para el de trilla o de marcación del camino, son utilizadas de las técnicas más utilizadas hasta la fecha (ver desde mediados del siglo xix en los trabajos de Ernst emisor y beneficio para el receptor, y las sinomonas por insectos sociales como hormigas y termitas para capítulo 15) . También se comenzaron a utilizar las Stahl, Anton Kerner von Marilaun y Léo Herrera, benefician tanto al emisor como al receptor . En la orientación de individuos de su colonia hacia la feromonas en cultivos comerciales para monitorear entre otros (Harborne, 2001; Hartmann, 2008) . cambio, las feromonas son compuestos químicos fuente de alimento o nuevos sitios de vivienda (Vilela poblaciones y para reducir el uso de insecticidas químicos, En 1879, el entomólogo francés Jean-Henri Fabre utilizados en la comunicación intraespecífica y son el & Della, 2001) . Tanto las feromonas sexuales como registrándose en 1978, en los Estados Unidos, la primera describió por primera vez que machos de la polilla enfoque de este capítulo (Eisner & Meinwald, 1995; las de agregación son atrayentes fuertes y han sido las feromona para el control de la lagarta rosada (Pectinophora pavo real (Saturnia pyri) eran atraídos por hembras Regnier, 1971) . más estudiadas para el control de plagas . gossypiella) mediante interrupción de la cópula . Las mantenidas en jaulas a kilómetros de distancia (Fabre, décadas de los años ochenta y noventa vieron el rápido Las feromonas son los semioquímicos más estu- 1879) . Al mismo tiempo, el entomólogo americano desarrollo de las feromonas para el control de un gran Las feromonas sexuales de las polillas son las más diados en la ecología química de los insectos . Decenas Joseph Lintner llevó a cabo observaciones similares número de insectos y su establecimiento en el mercado estudiadas, dado que incitan un comportamiento de miles de compuestos han sido identificados co- y propuso que los olores emitidos por los insectos como herramientas fundamentales del manejo inte- de vuelo estereotípico en los machos al ser la prin- mo feromonas, o parte de una feromona, en más podían ser utilizados para controlar especies plaga grado de plagas . cipal señal que utilizan para localizar hembras de 3 000. especies de insectos (El-Sayed, 2014) . (Leal, 2014) . Cincuenta años después, en la década conespecíficas . Además, las feromonas producidas Aunque algunas feromonas pueden contener un solo de 1930, se confirmó la existencia de las feromonas de El siglo xxi se ha caracterizado por estudios ecológicos, por las hembras también sirven como afrodisíacos compuesto químico, la mayoría consisten en mezclas insectos, utilizando trampas con hembras de polillas etológicos y aplicados, apoyados por herramientas bio- y hay evidencia de que feromonas producidas por de varios compuestos en proporciones específicas y, en frutales en Checoslovaquia (Farský, 1938) . En químicas, fisiológicas, anatómicas y genéticas que los machos pueden ejercer la misma función en en esos casos, es a esta mezcla a la que se denomina 1939 comenzó la monumental tarea de identificar han ampliado el conocimiento y presentan nuevas algunas especies ( Jacobson, 2012) . Las feromonas “feromona” (Borrero-Echeverry, 2016) . Cambios en la primera feromona de una polilla y, al cabo de 20 oportunidades para el desarrollo
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