68 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL

The library is open to members of the bar of the Court, attorneys for the various Federal departments and agencies, and Members of Congress. Only members of the bar of the Court may practice before the Supreme Court. The term of the Court begins, by law, the first Monday in October of each year and continues as long as the business before the Court requires, usually until about the end of June. Six members constitute a quorum. Approximately 7,000 cases are passed upon in the course of a term. In addition, some 1,200 applications of various kinds are filed each year that can be acted upon by a single Justice.

Jurisdiction According to the and Fact, with such Exceptions, and Constitution (art. III, sec. 2), ‘‘[t]he under such Regulations as the Congress judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, shall make.’’ in Law and Equity, arising under this Appellate jurisdiction has been Constitution, the Laws of the United conferred upon the Supreme Court by States, and Treaties made, or which shall various statutes, under the authority be made, under their Authority;—to all given Congress by the Constitution. The Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all basic statute effective at this time in Cases of admiralty and maritime conferring and controlling jurisdiction of Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the Supreme Court may be found in 28 the shall be a Party;—to U.S.C. 1251, 1253, 1254, 1257–1259, Controversies between two or more and various special statutes. Congress States;—between a State and Citizens of has no authority to change the original another State;—between Citizens of jurisdiction of this Court. different States;—between Citizens of the Rulemaking Power Congress has from same State claiming Lands under Grants time to time conferred upon the of different States, and between a State, Supreme Court power to prescribe rules or the Citizens thereof, and foreign of procedure to be followed by the States, Citizens or Subjects. lower courts of the United States. ‘‘In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, Pursuant to these statutes there are now other public Ministers and Consuls, and in force rules promulgated by the Court those in which a State shall be Party, the to govern civil and criminal cases in the supreme Court shall have original district courts, bankruptcy proceedings, Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before admiralty cases, appellate proceedings, mentioned, the supreme Court shall have and the trial of misdemeanors before appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law U.S. magistrate judges.

For further information concerning the Supreme Court, contact the Public Information Office, United States Supreme Court Building, One First Street NE., Washington, DC 20543. Phone, 202–479–3211.

Lower Courts

Article III of the Constitution declares, in office during good behavior, with no section 1, that the judicial power of the power in Congress to provide United States shall be invested in one otherwise.’’ Supreme Court and in ‘‘such inferior United States Courts of Appeals The Courts as the Congress may from time to courts of appeals are intermediate time ordain and establish.’’ The Supreme appellate courts created by act of March Court has held that these constitutional 3, 1891 (28 U.S.C. ch. 3), to relieve the courts ‘‘. .. share in the exercise of the Supreme Court of considering all appeals judicial power defined in that section, in cases originally decided by the can be invested with no other Federal trial courts. They are empowered jurisdiction, and have judges who hold to review all final decisions and certain

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00068 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 JUDICIAL BRANCH 69

interlocutory decisions (18 U.S.C. 3731; judge of each circuit and a district judge 28 U.S.C. 1291, 1292) of district courts. elected from each of the 12 geographical They also are empowered to review and circuits, together with the chief judge of enforce orders of many Federal the Court of International Trade, serve as administrative bodies. The decisions of members of the Judicial Conference of the courts of appeals are final except as the United States, over which the Chief they are subject to review on writ of Justice of the United States presides. This certiorari by the Supreme Court. is the governing body for the The United States is divided administration of the Federal judicial geographically into 12 judicial circuits, system as a whole (28 U.S.C. 331). including the District of Columbia. Each United States Court of Appeals for the circuit has a court of appeals (28 U.S.C. Federal Circuit This court was 41, 1294). Each of the 50 States is established under Article III of the assigned to one of the circuits, and the Constitution pursuant to the Federal Territories are assigned variously to the Courts Improvement Act of 1982 (28 first, third, and ninth circuits. There is U.S.C. 41, 44, 48), as successor to the also a Court of Appeals for the Federal former United States Court of Customs Circuit, which has nationwide and Patent Appeals and the United jurisdiction defined by subject matter. At States Court of Claims. The jurisdiction present each court of appeals has from 6 of the court is nationwide (as provided to 28 permanent circuit judgeships (179 by 28 U.S.C. 1295) and includes appeals in all), depending upon the amount of from the district courts in patent cases; judicial work in the circuit. Circuit appeals from the district courts in judges hold their offices during good contract, and certain other civil actions behavior as provided by Article III, in which the United States is a section 1, of the Constitution. The judge defendant; and appeals from final senior in commission who is under 70 decisions of the U.S. Court of years of age (65 at inception of term), International Trade, the U.S. Court of has been in office at least 1 year, and Federal Claims, and the U.S. Court of has not previously been chief judge, Appeals for Veterans Claims. The serves as the chief judge of the circuit jurisdiction of the court also includes the for a 7-year term. One of the justices of review of administrative rulings by the the Supreme Court is assigned as circuit Patent and Trademark Office, U.S. justice for each of the 13 judicial International Trade Commission, circuits. Each court of appeals normally Secretary of Commerce, agency boards hears cases in panels consisting of three of contract appeals, and the Merit judges but may sit en banc with all Systems Protection Board, as well as judges present. The judges of each circuit (except the rulemaking of the Department of Federal Circuit) by vote determine the Veterans Affairs; review of decisions of size of the judicial council for the the U.S. Senate Select Committee on circuit, which consists of the chief judge Ethics concerning discrimination claims and an equal number of circuit and of Senate employees; and review of a district judges. The council considers the final order of an entity to be designated state of Federal judicial business in the by the President concerning circuit and may ‘‘make all necessary and discrimination claims of Presidential appropriate orders for [its] effective and appointees. expeditious administration . . .’’ (28 The court consists of 12 circuit judges. U.S.C. 332). The chief judge of each It sits in panels of three or more on each circuit may summon periodically a case and may also hear or rehear a case judicial conference of all judges of the en banc. The court sits principally in circuit, including members of the bar, to Washington, DC, and may hold court discuss the business of the Federal courts wherever any court of appeals sits (28 of the circuit (28 U.S.C. 333). The chief U.S.C. 48).

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00069 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 70 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Judicial CircuitsÐUnited States Courts of Appeals

Circuit Judges Official Station

District of Columbia Circuit

(Clerk: Mark J. Langer; Circuit Justice Circuit Executive: Jill C. Sayenga; Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist Washington, DC) Circuit Judges Harry T. Edwards, Chief Judge Washington, DC Patricia M. Wald Washington, DC Laurence H. Silberman Washington, DC Stephen F. Williams Washington, DC Douglas H. Ginsburg Washington, DC David Bryan Sentelle Washington, DC Karen LeCraft Henderson Washington, DC A. Raymond Randolph Washington, DC Judith W. Rogers Washington, DC David S. Tatel Washington, DC Merrick B. Garland Washington, DC (Vacancy)

First Circuit

Districts of Maine, New Circuit Justice Hampshire, Massachusetts, Justice David H. Souter Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico (Clerk: Phoebe Morse; Circuit Judges Circuit Executive: Juan R. Torruella, Chief Judge Hato Rey, PR Vincent F. Flanagan; Bruce M. Selya Providence, RI Boston, MA) Boston, MA Norman H. Stahl Concord, NH Sandra L. Lynch Boston, MA Kermit V. Lipez Portland, ME

Second Circuit

Districts of Vermont, Circuit Justice Connecticut, northern New Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg York, southern , eastern New York, and Circuit Judges western New York Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Chief Judge New Haven, CT (Clerk: Carolyn Clark Campbell; New York, NY Circuit Executive: Karen Milton, John M. Walker, Jr. New Haven, CT Acting ;New York, NY) Dennis G. Jacobs New York, NY Pierre N. Leval New York, NY New Haven, CT Jose A. Cabranes New Haven, CT Fred I. Parker Burlington, VT Rosemary S. Pooler Syracuse, NY Robert D. Sack New York, NY Sonia Sotomayor New York, NY Chester J. Straub New York, NY (Vacancy)

Third Circuit

Districts of , Circuit Justice eastern , Justice David H. Souter middle Pennsylvania, western Pennsylvania, Circuit Judges , and the Virgin Edward R. Becker, Chief Judge Philadelphia, PA Islands Dolores Korman Sloviter Philadelphia, PA (Clerk: P. Douglas Sisk; Walter K. Stapleton Wilmington, DE Circuit Executive: Carol Los Mansmann Pittsburgh, PA Toby D. Slawsky; Morton I. Greenberg Trenton, NJ Philadelphia, PA) Anthony J. Scirica Philadelphia, PA Erie, PA Samuel A. Alito, Jr. Newark, NJ Jane R. Roth Wilmington, DE Timothy K. Lewis Pittsburgh, PA Theodore A. McKee Philadelphia, PA Marjorie O. Rendell Philadelphia, PA (2 vacancies)

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00070 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 JUDICIAL BRANCH 71

Judicial CircuitsÐUnited States Courts of Appeals—Continued

Circuit Judges Official Station

Fourth Circuit

Districts of Maryland, Circuit Justice northern West , Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist southern West Virginia, eastern Virginia, western Circuit Judges Virginia, eastern North James Harvie Wilkinson III, Chief Judge Charlottesville, VA Carolina, middle North Sam J. Ervin III Morganton, NC Carolina, western North H. Emory Widener, Jr. Abingdon, VA Carolina, and South Francis D. Murnaghan, Jr. Baltimore, MD Carolina William W. Wilkins, Jr. Greenville, SC (Clerk: Patricia S. Connor; Paul V. Niemeyer Baltimore, MD Circuit Executive: Clyde H. Hamilton Columbia, SC Samuel W. Phillips; J. Michael Luttig Alexandria, VA Richmond, VA) Karen J. Williams Orangeburg, SC M. Blane Michael Charleston, WV Baltimore, MD Robert B. King Charleston, WV William B. Traxler, Jr. Greenville, SC (2 vacancies)

Fifth Circuit

Districts of northern Circuit Justice Mississippi, southern Mississippi, Justice Antonin Scalia eastern Louisiana, middle Louisiana, western Louisiana, Circuit Judges northern , southern , Chief Judge Houston, TX Texas, eastern Texas, and Henry A. Politz Shreveport, LA western Texas E. Grady Jolly Jackson, MS (Clerk: Charles R. Fulbruge III; Patrick E. Higginbotham Dallas, TX Circuit Executive: W. Eugene Davis Lafayette, LA Gregory A. Nussel; Edith H. Jones Houston, TX New Orleans, LA) Houston, TX John M. Duhe, Jr. Lafayette, LA Rhesa H. Barksdale Jackson, MS Jacques L. Wiener, Jr. New Orleans, LA Emilio M. Garza San Antonio, TX Harold R. Demoss, Jr. Houston, TX Fortunado P. Benavides Austin, TX Carl E. Stewart Shreveport, LA Robert M. Parker Tyler, TX James L. Dennis New Orleans, LA (Vacancy)

Sixth Circuit

Districts of northern Ohio, Circuit Justice southern Ohio, eastern Justice John Paul Stevens , western Michigan, eastern Kentucky, Circuit Judges western Kentucky, eastern Boyce F. Martin, Jr., Chief Judge Louisville, KY Tennessee, middle Tennessee, Gilbert S. Merritt Nashville, TN and western Tennessee David A. Nelson Cincinnati, OH (Clerk: Leonard Green; James L. Ryan , MI Circuit Executive: Danny J. Boggs Louisville, KY James A. Higgins; Alan E. Norris Columbus, OH Cincinnati, OH) Richard F. Suhrheinrich Lansing, MI Eugene E. Siler, Jr. London, KY Alice M. Batchelder Medina, OH Nashville, TN Cleveland, OH Ransey Guy Cole, Jr. Columbus, OH Eric L. Clay Detroit, MI Memphis, TN (2 vacancies)

Seventh Circuit

Districts of northern Indiana, Circuit Justice southern Indiana, northern Justice John Paul Stevens Illinois, central Illinois, southern Illinois, eastern Circuit Judges

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00071 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 72 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Judicial CircuitsÐUnited States Courts of Appeals—Continued

Circuit Judges Official Station

Wisconsin, and western Richard A. Posner, Chief Judge Chicago, IL Wisconsin Walter J. Cummings Chicago, IL (Clerk: Gino J. Agnello; John L. Coffey Milwaukee, WI Circuit Executive: Joel M. Flaum Chicago, IL Collins T. Fitzpatrick; Frank H. Easterbrook Chicago, IL Chicago, IL) Kenneth F. Ripple South Bend, IN Daniel A. Manion South Bend, IN Michael S. Kanne Lafayette, IN Ilana Diamond Rovner Chicago, IL Diane P. Wood Chicago, IL Terence T. Evans Milwaukee, WI

Eighth Circuit

Districts of Minnesota, Circuit Justice northern Iowa, southern Justice Clarence Thomas Iowa, eastern Missouri, western Missouri, eastern Circuit Judges Arkansas, western Arkansas, Pasco M. Bowman II, Chief Judge Kansas City, MO Nebraska, North Dakota, Richard S. Arnold Little Rock, AR and South Dakota Theodore McMillian St. Louis, MO (Clerk: Michael Ellis Gans; George G. Fagg Des Moines, IA Circuit Executive: Roger L. Wollman Sioux Falls, SD Millie B. Adams; Clarence Arlen Beam Lincoln, NE St. Louis, MO) James B. Loken Minneapolis, MN David R. Hansen Cedar Rapids, IA Morris S. Arnold Little Rock, AR Diana E. Murphy Minneapolis, MN (Vacancy)

Ninth Circuit

Districts of northern Circuit Justice California, eastern Justice Sandra Day O'Connor California, central California, southern California, Oregon, Circuit Judges Nevada, Montana, eastern Procter Hug, Jr., Chief Judge Reno, NV Washington, western James R. Browning San Francisco, CA Washington, Idaho, Arizona, Mary M. Schroeder Phoenix, AZ Alaska, Hawaii, Territory Harry Pregerson Woodland Hills, CA of Guam, and District Stephan Reinhardt Los Angeles, CA Court for the Northern Melvin Brunetti Reno, NV Mariana Islands Alex Kozinski Pasadena, CA (Clerk: Cathy A. Catterson; Diarmuid F. O'Scannlain Portland, OR Circuit Executive: Stephen S. Trott Boise, ID Gregory B. Walters; Ferdinand F. Fernandez Pasadena, CA San Francisco, CA) Pamela A. Rymer Pasadena, CA Thomas G. Nelson Boise, ID Andrew J. Kleinfeld Fairbanks, AK Michael D. Hawkins Phoenix, AZ A. Wallace Tashima Pasadena, CA Sidney R. Thomas Billings, MT Barry G. Silverman Phoenix, AZ William A. Fletcher San Francisco, CA Susan P. Graber Portland, OR M. Margaret McKeown Seattle, WA Kim M. Wardlaw Pasadena, CA (7 vacancies)

Tenth Circuit

Districts of Colorado, Circuit Justice Wyoming, Utah, Kansas, Justice Stephen G. Breyer eastern Oklahoma, western Oklahoma, northern Circuit Judges Oklahoma, and New Stephanie K. Seymour, Chief Judge Tulsa, OK Mexico John C. Porfilio Denver, CO (Clerk: Patrick J. Fisher; Stephen H. Anderson Salt Lake City, UT Circuit Executive: Deanell Reece Tacha Lawrence, KS Robert L. Hoecker; Bobby R. Baldock Roswell, NM Denver, CO) Cheyenne, WY David M. Ebel Denver, CO Paul J. Kelly, Jr. Santa Fe, NM

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00072 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 JUDICIAL BRANCH 73

Judicial CircuitsÐUnited States Courts of Appeals—Continued

Circuit Judges Official Station

Robert H. Henry Oklahoma City, OK Topeka, KS Carlos F. Lucero Denver, CO Michael R. Murphy Salt Lake City, UT

Eleventh Circuit

Districts of northern Circuit Justice , middle Georgia, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy southern Georgia, northern , middle Florida, Circuit Judges southern Florida, northern R. Lanier Anderson III, Chief Judge Macon, GA Alabama, middle Alabama, Gerald B. Tjoflat Jacksonville, FL southern Alabama J.L. Edmondson Atlanta, GA (Clerk: Thomas Kahn; Emmett Ripley Cox Mobile, AL Circuit Executive: Stanley F. Birch, Jr. Atlanta, GA Norman E. Zoller; Joel F. Dubina Montgomery, AL Atlanta, GA) Susan H. Black Jacksonville, FL Edward E. Carnes Montgomery, AL Rosemary Barkett Miami, FL Frank Mays Hull Atlanta, GA Miami, FL (Vacancy)

Federal CircuitÐWashington, DC the court (28 U.S.C. 2284). The judge Circuit Justice senior in commission who is under 70 Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist years of age (65 at inception of term), Chief Judge has been in office for at least 1 year, and Judges has not previously been chief judge, Giles S. Rich serves as chief judge for a 7-year term. Paul R. Michel There are altogether 610 permanent S. Jay Plager district judgeships in the 50 States and Alan D. Lourie 15 in the District of Columbia. There are Raymond C. Clevenger III Randall R. Rader 7 district judgeships in Puerto Rico. Alvin A. Schall District judges hold their offices during William C. Bryson Arthur J. Gajarsa good behavior as provided by Article III, (Vacancy) section 1, of the Constitution. However, Clerk: Jan Horbaly Congress may create temporary Administrative Services Officer: Ruth A. Butler judgeships for a court with the provision United States District Courts The that when a vacancy occurs in that district courts are the trial courts of district, such vacancy shall not be filled. general Federal jurisdiction. Each State Each district court has one or more has at least one district court, while the United States magistrate judges and larger States have as many as four. bankruptcy judges, a clerk, a United Altogether there are 89 district courts in States attorney, a United States marshal, the 50 States, plus the one in the District probation officers, court reporters, and of Columbia. In addition, the their staffs. The jurisdiction of the district Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has a courts is set forth in title 28, chapter 85, district court with jurisdiction of the United States Code and at 18 corresponding to that of district courts in U.S.C. 3231. the various States. Cases from the district courts are At present, each district court has from reviewable on appeal by the applicable 2 to 28 Federal district judgeships, court of appeals. depending upon the amount of judicial Territorial Courts Pursuant to its work within its territory. Only one judge authority to govern the Territories (art. is usually required to hear and decide a IV, sec. 3, clause 2, of the Constitution), case in a district court, but in some Congress has established district courts limited cases it is required that three in the territories of Guam and the Virgin judges be called together to comprise Islands. The District Court of the Canal

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00073 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 74 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL

Zone was abolished on April 1, 1982, the United States arising from Federal pursuant to the Panama Canal Act of laws governing import transactions. This 1979 (22 U.S.C. 3601 note). Congress includes classification and valuation has also established a district court in cases, as well as authority to review the Northern Mariana Islands, which certain agency determinations under the presently is administered by the United Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (19 States under a trusteeship agreement U.S.C. 2501) involving antidumping and with the United Nations. These countervailing duty matters. In addition, Territorial courts have jurisdiction not it has exclusive jurisdiction of civil only over the subjects described in the actions to review determinations as to judicial article of the Constitution but the eligibility of workers, firms, and also over many local matters that, within communities for adjustment assistance the States, are decided in State courts. under the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. The district court of Puerto Rico, by 2101). Civil actions commenced by the contrast, is established under Article III, United States to recover customs duties, is classified like other ‘‘district courts,’’ to recover on a customs bond, or for and is called a ‘‘court of the United certain civil penalties alleging fraud or States’’ (28 U.S.C. 451). There is one negligence are also within the exclusive judge each in Guam and the Northern jurisdiction of the court. Mariana Islands, and two in the Virgin The court is composed of a chief Islands. The judges in these courts are judge and eight judges, not more than appointed for terms of 10 years. five of whom may belong to any one political party. Any of its judges may be For further information concerning the lower temporarily designated and assigned by courts, contact the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Federal the Chief Justice of the United States to Judiciary Building, One Columbus Circle NE., sit as a court of appeals or district court Washington, DC 20544. Phone, 202–273–0107. judge in any circuit or district. The court United States Court of International has a clerk and deputy clerks, a Trade This court was originally librarian, court reporters, and other established as the Board of United States supporting personnel. Cases before the General Appraisers by act of June 10, court may be tried before a jury. Under 1890, which conferred upon it the Federal Courts Improvement Act of jurisdiction theretofore held by the 1982 (28 U.S.C. 1295), appeals are district and circuit courts in actions taken to the U.S. Court of Appeals for arising under the tariff acts (19 U.S.C. the Federal Circuit, and ultimately ch. 4). The act of May 28, 1926 (19 review may be sought in appropriate U.S.C. 405a), created the United States cases in the Supreme Court of the Customs Court to supersede the Board; United States. The principal offices are located in by acts of August 7, 1939, and June 25, New York, NY, but the court is 1948 (28 U.S.C. 1582, 1583), the court empowered to hear and determine cases was integrated into the United States arising at any port or place within the court structure, organization, and jurisdiction of the United States. procedure. The act of July 14, 1956 (28 U.S.C. 251), established the court as a For further information, contact the Clerk, United court of record of the United States States Court of International Trade, One Federal Plaza, New York, NY 10007. Phone, 212–264– under Article III of the Constitution. 2814. The Customs Court Act of 1980 (28 U.S.C. 251) constituted the court as the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation United States Court of International The Panel, created by act of April 29, Trade and revised provisions relating to 1968 (28 U.S.C. 1407), and consisting of its jurisdiction. The Court of International seven Federal judges designated by the Trade has all the powers in law and Chief Justice from the courts of appeals equity of a district court. and district courts, is authorized to The Court of International Trade has temporarily transfer to a single district, jurisdiction over any civil action against for coordinated or consolidated pretrial

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00074 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12 JUDICIAL BRANCH 75

proceedings, civil actions pending in For further information, contact the Clerk, Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, Room G–255, different districts that involve one or Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building, One more common questions of fact. Columbus Circle NE., Washington, DC 20002. Phone, 202–502–2800.

Special Courts

The Supreme Court has held that year terms by the President with the ‘‘. .. Article III [of the Constitution] advice and consent of the Senate. does not express the full authority of The court has jurisdiction over claims Congress to create courts, and that other seeking money judgments against the Articles invest Congress with powers in United States. A claim must be founded the exertion of which it may create upon either: the United States inferior courts and clothe them with Constitution; an act of Congress; the functions deemed essential or helpful in regulation of an executive department; carrying those powers into execution.’’ an express or implied-in-fact contract Such courts, known as legislative courts, with the United States; or damages, have functions which ‘‘. .. are directed liquidated or unliquidated, in cases not to the execution of one or more of such sounding in tort. If a bidder files a claim with the court powers and are prescribed by Congress either before or after the award of a independently of section 2 of Article III; Government contract, it has jurisdiction and their judges hold office for such to grant declaratory judgments and term as Congress prescribes, whether it equitable relief. Under the Contract be a fixed period of years or during good Disputes Act (41 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), the behavior.’’ Appeals from the decisions of court may render judgments upon a these courts, with the exception of the claim by or against a contractor, or any U.S. Tax Court and the U.S. Court of dispute between a contractor and the Appeals for the Armed Forces, may be United States Government arising under taken to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the act. the Federal Circuit. Appeals from the The Congress, from time to time, also decisions of the Tax Court may be taken grants the court jurisdiction over specific to the court of appeals in which judicial types of claims against the United States. circuit the case was initially heard. The National Vaccine Injury Certain decisions of the U.S. Court of Compensation Program, established by Appeals for the Armed Forces are 42 U.S.C. 300aa–10 (the Vaccine Act), is reviewable by writ of certiorari in the an example of such special jurisdiction. Supreme Court. The court also reports to Congress on United States Court of Federal Claims bills referred by either the House of The Claims Court was established on Representatives or the Senate. October 1, 1982, as an Article I court Judgments of the court are final and (28 U.S.C. 171, Article I, U.S. conclusive on both the claimant and the Constitution). The Claims Court succeeds United States. All judgments are subject to the original trial jurisdiction of the to appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals former Court of Claims, as provided for for the Federal Circuit. Collateral to any in 28 U.S.C. 1491 et seq. Its name was judgment, the court may issue orders changed to the United States Court of directing the restoration to office or Federal Claims by the Federal Courts status of any claimant or the correction Administration Act of 1992 (28 U.S.C. 1 of applicable records. note, 106 Stat. 4516). The court is The court’s jurisdiction is nationwide. composed of 16 judges, one of whom is Trials are conducted before individual designated by the President as chief judges at locations most convenient and judge. All judges are appointed for 15- least expensive to citizens.

VerDate 18-JUN-99 11:09 Jul 20, 1999 Jkt 185193 PO 00000 Frm 00075 Fmt 6997 Sfmt 6997 C:\RECORD\185193.009 pfrm12 PsN: pfrm12