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Targeted Radiotherapy of Brain Tumours
British Journal of Cancer (2004) 90, 1469 – 1473 & 2004 Cancer Research UK All rights reserved 0007 – 0920/04 $25.00 www.bjcancer.com Minireview Targeted radiotherapy of brain tumours ,1 MR Zalutsky* 1Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, PO Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA The utility of external beam radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant brain tumours is compromised by the need to avoid excessive radiation damage to normal CNS tissues. This review describes the current status of targeted radiotherapy, an alternative strategy for brain tumour treatment that offers the exciting prospect of increasing the specificity of tumour cell irradiation. British Journal of Cancer (2004) 90, 1469–1473. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601771 www.bjcancer.com Published online 6 April 2004 & 2004 Cancer Research UK Keywords: glioblastoma multiforme; radiotherapy; radioimmunotherapy; glioma; anaplastic astrocytoma Even with aggressive multi-modality treatment strategies, the life present both on glioma as well as normal neural tissue (Hopkins expectancy for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the et al, 1998). However, the vast majority of targeted radiotherapy most common and virulent primary brain tumour, is less than a studies in brain tumour patients have utilised radiolabelled mAbs year from the time of diagnosis (Stewart, 2002). The vast majority reactive with the tenascin molecule (Table 1). of glioma patients experience local recurrence, with a median survival of only 16–24 weeks for those with recurrent disease (Wong et al, 1999). Conventional radiotherapy continues to play a TENASCIN AND ANTI-TENASCIN MABS primary role in brain cancer treatment; however, its lack of tumour Tenascin-C is a hexabrachion polymorphic glycoprotein that is specificity is a severe limitation of this form of therapy. -
Radiation Therapy – a Technicians Overview By: Stephanie Corsi, CVT
Radiation Therapy – A technicians overview By: Stephanie Corsi, CVT Senior Radiation Oncology nurse, PennVet What is radiation therapy? Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation or high energy particle (electrons) to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. How does radiation therapy work? Radiation kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA. Cells that are rapidly dividing, like cancer cells, are more susceptible to radiation. The damage is by a high energy photon ejecting a high energy electron that then reacts with a water molecule to create charged particle, also called free radicals, within the cell that will damage the DNA. Most cells die what is called a “mitotic death”, meaning the cancer cells whose DNA is damaged beyond repair will stop dividing and die. Goal of Radiation: The purpose of radiation is to maximize the likelihood of tumor control while minimizing side-effects to the patient. Radiation may be used alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, or both. “Curative” intent/ definitive therapy: This is given when the prognosis is good. The hope is that treatment will cure a cancer by eliminating a tumor and preventing recurrence. For tumors that are inherently sensitive, relatively small, and localized. Also used to treat residual cancer left behind after surgery, or before surgery to shrink a tumor. Examples: localized lymphomas, certain mast cell tumors, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas Palliative intent: Not intended to cure, but rather relieve symptoms and reduce suffering. Given when prognosis is poor and quality of life is the primary focus. Used with bulky tumors. Examples: alleviate bone pain associated with osteosarcoma, a tumor pressing on the spine, tumors pressing on the esophagus interfering with breathing/eating, etc. -
Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Cyberknife Stereotactic
Que et al. BMC Cancer (2016) 16:451 DOI 10.1186/s12885-016-2512-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of cyberknife stereotactic body radiation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma Jenny Que1*, Hsing-Tao Kuo2, Li-Ching Lin1, Kuei-Li Lin1, Chia-Hui Lin1, Yu-Wei Lin1 and Ching-Chieh Yang1 Abstract Background: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been an emerging non-invasive treatment modality for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) when curative treatments cannot be applied. In this study, we report our clinical experience with Cyberknife SBRT for unresectable HCC and evaluate the efficacy and clinical outcomes of this highly sophisticated treatment technology. Methods: Between 2008 and 2012, 115 patients with unresectable HCC treated with Cyberknife SBRT were retrospectively analyzed. Doses ranged from 26 Gy to 40 Gy were given in 3 to 5 fractions for 3 to 5 consecutive days. The cumulative probability of survival was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: The median follow-up was 15.5 months (range, 2-60 months). Based on Response Evaluation and Criteria inSolidTumors(RECIST).Wefoundthat48.7%ofpatients achieved a complete response and 40 % achieved a partial response. Median survival was 15 months (4-25 months). Overall survival (OS) at 1- and 2-years was 63. 5 %(54-71.5 %) and 41.3 % (31.6-50.6 %), respectively, while 1- and 2- years Progression-free Survival (PFS) rates were 42.8 %(33.0-52.2 %) and 38.8 % (29.0-48.4 %). -
Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation
Continuing Medical Education societies regarding the definition of a Intracavitary balloon (Mammosite and Clinical evidence for partial- suitable candidate. Briefly, these include Contura) or strut-based brachytherapy breast irradiation early-stage, low-risk breast cancer: T1 or (SAVI) are another modality of breast The TARGIT, a phase III non- T2 invasive ductal breast carcinoma less brachytherapy. These devices come in The Department of Radiation Oncology offers free Continuing Medical Education credit to readers who read the inferiority trial, compared single-dose than 3 cm; estrogen positive; age greater different sizes, have single or multiple designated CME article and successfully complete a follow-up test online. You can complete the steps necessary targeted intraoperative radiotherapy than 60; and node negative12 (see Table lumens (strut-based or balloon-based to receive your AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ by visiting (TARGIT) versus fractionated external cme.utsouthwestern.edu/content/target-news- 1 for ASTRO consensus guidelines). catheters), and the entire device is placed beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for breast letter-accelerated-partial-breast-irradiation-apbi-options-and-new-horizons-em150 into the lumpectomy cavity. The lumens cancer.14 From 2000-2012, a total of Treatment options are then connected to an HDR unit, and 3,451 patients were randomized between Partial-breast radiation can be deliv- treatments are given twice daily for five APBI and whole-breast radiation in 33 ered via several different modalities, days to a dose of 34 Gy in 10 fractions. centers in 11 countries. Fifteen percent including interstitial brachytherapy, This treatment is invasive, and the device of women in the APBI arm were treated Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI): intracavitary brachytherapy (SAVI, stays within the lumpectomy cavity for the with additional EBRT due to adverse Contura, or Mammosite), intraopera- duration of the radiation treatments (five pathological features. -
(IORT) for Surgically Resected Brain Metastases: Outcome Analysis of an International Cooperative Study
Journal of Neuro-Oncology https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-019-03309-6 CLINICAL STUDY Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) for surgically resected brain metastases: outcome analysis of an international cooperative study Christopher P. Cifarelli1,3 · Stefanie Brehmer5 · John Austin Vargo2 · Joshua D. Hack3 · Klaus Henning Kahl4 · Gustavo Sarria‑Vargas6 · Frank A. Giordano6 Received: 19 August 2019 / Accepted: 5 October 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Background and objective The ideal delivery of radiation to the surgical cavity of brain metastases (BMs) remains the subject of debate. Risks of local failure (LF) and radiation necrosis (RN) have prompted a reappraisal of the timing and/or modality of this critical component of BM management. IORT delivered at the time of resection for BMs requiring surgery ofers the potential for improved local control (LC) aforded by the elimination of delay in time to initiation of radiation following surgery, decreased uncertainty in target delineation, and the possibility of dose escalation beyond that seen in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). This study provides a retrospective analysis with identifcation of potential predictors of outcomes. Methods Retrospective data was collected on patients treated with IORT immediately following surgical resection of BMs at three institutions according to the approval of individual IRBs. All patients were treated with 50kV portable linear accelerator using spherical applicators ranging from 1.5 to 4.0 cm. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS with endpoints of LC, DBC, incidence of RN, and overall survival (OS) and p < 0.05 considered signifcant. Results 54 patients were treated with IORT with a median age of 64 years. -
PRIOR AUTHORIZATION for RADIATION THERAPY For
PRIOR AUTHORIZATION for RADIATION THERAPY For authorization, please complete this form, include patient chart notes to document information and FAX to the PEHP Prior Authorization Department at (801) 366‐7449 or mail to: 560 East 200 South Salt Lake City, UT 84102. If you have prior authorization or benefit questions, please call PEHP Customer Service at (801) 366‐7555 or toll free at (800) 753‐7490. Section I: PATIENT INFORMATION Name (Last, First MI): DOB: Age: PEHP ID #: Section II: PROVIDER INFORMATION Date Requested: Service Provider Name: Service Provider NPI #: Service Provider Tax ID #: Service Provider Address: Contact Person: Phone: Facsimile: ( ) ( ) Section III: PRE-AUTHORIZATION REQUEST Nature of Request: Please check. Requested Date (s) of Service: Place of Service: Please check. Auth Extension Pre‐Auth Retro Auth Urgent Ambulatory Surgical Center Inpatient Office Outpatient Facility Name: Facility NPI #: Facility Tax ID #: Facility Address: Facility Phone: Facility Facsimile: ( ) ( ) Primary Diagnosis/ICD‐10 Code: Secondary Diagnosis/ICD‐10 Code: A. Stage of Disease (T, N, M): B. Metastatic Site (s): N/A C. Karnofsky/ECOG Score: D. Indication for Radiation Therapy: Please check. Adjuvant Chemoradiation Consolidative Curative Neoadjuvant Palliative Other (please specify): ___________________________ E. Type of Radiation Modality/Technique Being Requested: Please check all that apply. 1. Accelerated 2. Accelerated‐Fractionated 3. Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) 4. Accelerated Whole Breast Irradiation/AWBI 5. Boost 6. Conformal/3D (3D‐CRT) 7. Conventional/2D (2DRT) 8. External Beam/EBRT 9. High Dose/HDR Brachytherapy 10. Hyperfractionated (or Superfractionated) 11. Hypofractionated 12. Image Guided/IGRT 13. Intensity Modulated/IMRT 14. Internal (Brachytherapy) 15. Interstitial Brachytherapy 16. -
Immunoscintigraphy and Radioimmunotherapy in Cuba: Experiences with Labeled Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment (1993–2013)
Review Article Immunoscintigraphy and Radioimmunotherapy in Cuba: Experiences with Labeled Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment (1993–2013) Yamilé Peña MD PhD, Alejandro Perera PhD, Juan F. Batista MD ABSTRACT and therapeutic tools. The studies conducted demonstrated the good INTRODUCTION The availability of monoclonal antibodies in Cuba sensitivity and diagnostic precision of immunoscintigraphy for detect- has facilitated development and application of innovative techniques ing various types of tumors (head and neck, ovarian, colon, breast, (immunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy) for cancer diagnosis lymphoma, brain). and treatment. Obtaining different radioimmune conjugates with radioactive isotopes OBJECTIVE Review immunoscintigraphy and radioimmunotherapy such as 99mTc and 188Re made it possible to administer radioimmuno- techniques and analyze their use in Cuba, based on the published lit- therapy to patients with several types of cancer (brain, lymphoma, erature. In this context, we describe the experience of Havana’s Clini- breast). The objective of 60% of the clinical trials was to determine cal Research Center with labeled monoclonal antibodies for cancer pharmacokinetics, internal dosimetry and adverse effects of mono- diagnosis and treatment during the period 1993–2013. clonal antibodies, as well as tumor response; there were few adverse effects, no damage to vital organs, and a positive tumor response in a EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Basic concepts concerning cancer and substantial percentage of patients. monoclonal antibodies were reviewed, as well as relevant inter- national and Cuban data. Forty-nine documents were reviewed, CONCLUSIONS Cuba has experience with production and radiola- among them 2 textbooks, 34 articles by Cuban authors and 13 by beling of monoclonal antibodies, which facilitates use of these agents. -
Antibody-Radionuclide Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Historical Considerations and New Trends
CCR FOCUS Antibody-Radionuclide Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Historical Considerations and New Trends Martina Steiner and Dario Neri Abstract When delivered at a sufficient dose and dose rate to a neoplastic mass, radiation can kill tumor cells. Because cancer frequently presents as a disseminated disease, it is imperative to deliver cytotoxic radiation not only to the primary tumor but also to distant metastases, while reducing exposure of healthy organs as much as possible. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, labeled with therapeutic radionuclides, have been used for many years in the development of anticancer strategies, with the aim of concentrating radioactivity at the tumor site and sparing normal tissues. This review surveys important milestones in the development and clinical implementation of radioimmunotherapy and critically examines new trends for the antibody-mediated targeted delivery of radionuclides to sites of cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6406–16. Ó2011 AACR. Introduction are immunogenic in humans and thus prevent repeated administration to patients [this limitation was subse- In 1975, the invention of hybridoma technology by quently overcome by the advent of chimeric, humanized, Kohler€ and Milstein (1) enabled for the first time the and fully human antibodies (7)]. Of more importance, production of rodent antibodies of single specificity most radioimmunotherapy approaches for the treatment (monoclonal antibodies). Antibodies recognize the cog- of solid tumors failed because the radiation dose deliv- nate -
The Future of Radiation Therapy Safe and Innovative Options, Including the Cyberknife® System
The future of radiation therapy Safe and innovative options, including the CyberKnife® System Could a nonsurgical treatment be right for you? When you’ve been diagnosed with a cancerous or noncancerous tumor, it’s natural to have questions and concerns about your treatment options. While surgery is sometimes the recommended treatment, in many cases, there are nonsurgical options. At CyberKnife® of Long Island, we offer noninvasive radiation therapy treatments that provide benefits over traditional surgery, including: – More comfort – Better accuracy – Fewer side effects – Quicker recovery times With two locations in western Suffolk, our services are also close to home. You have an experienced and Gain the advantage of trusted team dedicated to comprehensive, innovative care your treatment CyberKnife of Long Island is part of the At CyberKnife of Long Island, you can be Northwell Health Cancer Institute, one of confident that you’re being treated by the largest cancer programs in the New York experts in cancer care. metropolitan area. – For almost two decades (originally as We work with a wide range of cancer North Shore Radiation Therapy), we have specialists (nearly 200 members in over been using innovative technology to 25 different specialties). treat a wide variety of cancers, including prostate, lung, brain, skin, breast, head Patients have access to a robust research and and neck, spinal and rectal tumors. clinical trials program and an array of cancer support services — as well as a vast range of – We are the first in Suffolk County to primary care physicians, specialists, emergency use CyberKnife and have been treating rooms, imaging centers, laboratories, home patients with the technology since care and hospice. -
Getting Oral Or Systemic Radiation Therapy
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Getting Oral or Systemic Radiation Therapy What is systemic radiation therapy? Systemic therapy involves treatment that travels through your entire body rather than being aimed at one area. Systemic radiation therapy uses radioactive drugs (called radiopharmaceuticals or radionuclides) to treat certain types of cancer, including thyroid, bone, and prostate cancer. These are liquid drugs made up of a radioactive substance. They can be given by mouth or put into a vein; they then travel throughout the body. Although these drugs travel through your whole body, they can find and collect in places where the cancer cells are located. This helps them deliver radiation doses exactly to the tumor or area where the cancer cells are found. In some cases, a radioactive drug might be used to help find cancer, such as bone metastasis (when cancer has spread to the bone). There are also radioactive drugs that are used to help diagnose other non-cancer health problems. Radioimmunotherapy One type of radiopharmaceutical is called radioimmunotherapy. This treatment combines a small amount of radioactive material with a special drug called a monoclonal antibody1. The radioactive material acts as a tracer that can find and attach to cancer cells, then the monoclonal antibody is delivered directly to the cells. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) Another type of radiopharmaceutical is called peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). This treatment combines radioactive material with a special protein called a peptide to make a radiopeptide. When given, the radiopeptide finds and attaches to 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 certain types of cancer cells, then delivers a high dose of radiation directly to the cells. -
Cyberknife Boost for Patients with Cervical Cancer Unable to Undergo Brachytherapy
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 March 2012 doi: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00025 CyberKnife boost for patients with cervical cancer unable to undergo brachytherapy Jonathan Andrew Haas 1*, Matthew R. Witten2, Owen Clancey 2, Karen Episcopia2, Diane Accordino1 and Eva Chalas 3 1 Division of Radiation Oncology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA 2 Division of Medical Physics, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA 3 Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA Edited by: Standard radiation therapy for patients undergoing primary chemosensitized radiation for Brian Timothy Collins, Georgetown carcinomas of the cervix usually consists of external beam radiation followed by an intra- Hospital, USA cavitary brachytherapy boost. On occasion, the brachytherapy boost cannot be performed Reviewed by: Sean Collins, Georgetown University due to unfavorable anatomy or because of coexisting medical conditions. We examined the Hospital, USA safety and efficacy of using CyberKnife stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) as a boost Brian Timothy Collins, Georgetown to the cervix after external beam radiation in those patients unable to have brachytherapy Hospital, USA to give a more effective dose to the cervix than with conventional external beam radiation *Correspondence: alone. Six consecutive patients with anatomic or medical conditions precluding a tandem Jonathan Andrew Haas, Division of Radiation Oncology, and ovoid boost were treated with combined external beam radiation and CyberKnife boost Winthrop-University Hospital, 264 Old to the cervix. Five patients received 45 Gy to the pelvis with serial intensity-modulated radi- Country Road, Mineola, NY 11501, ation therapy boost to the uterus and cervix to a dose of 61.2Gy.These five patients received USA. -
Releasing Nuclear Medicine Patients to the Public
Educational Objectives • Introduce participants to the medical conditions that are Releasing Nuclear Medicine treated with radioiodine. • Review the regulatory considerations regarding Patients to the Public: inpatient and outpatient radioiodine procedures. Dose Calculations and Discharge • Review ways in which the regulatory requirements may be satisfied, including “public” radiation dose Instructions computations, content of post-discharge instructions and addressing the concerns of patients and their families. Robert E. Reiman, MD Radiation Safety Division • Introduce Web-based methods to facilitate Duke University Medical Center documentation of outpatient treatment. Durham, NC Medically Useful Iodine Isotopes Treatment of Toxic Goiter Isotope Half-life Primary Use Emissions I-123 13.3 hours γ (0.158 MeV) Diagnosis • Surgery (not done, except for very large thyroid, low iodine uptake, cancer or I-124 4.2 days β+ and γ (0.511 Diagnosis, pregnancy) MeV +) Therapy(?) I-125 59.4 days γ (0.035 MeV) Brachytherapy • Drugs (propylthiouracil) and beta blockers (short-term) I-131 8.0 days β- (0.606 MeV), Diagnosis, • Ablation with radioactive iodine γ (0.364 MeV) Therapy Radioiodine Treatment Thyroid Carcinoma • I-131 sodium iodide solution, orally • 8 – 15 millicuries for diffuse toxic goiter • Incidence: about 3 per 100,000 per year • 15 – 40 millicuries for toxic multinodular • Females > Males (2:1) goiter • About 80% papillary type; remainder • Must know the % uptake at 24 hours to follicular or medullary types. compute administered activity and • Medullary thyroid carcinoma does not clearance rates take up radioiodine. 1 Diagnosis of Thyroid Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma Carcinoma • Surgical removal of thyroid gland and • Usually asymptomatic except for a dissection of local lymph nodes.