ROMAN HISTORY EXAMINATION Georgia Junior Classical League - 2011
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1 Gallo-Roman Relations Under the Early Empire by Ryan Walsh A
Gallo-Roman Relations under the Early Empire By Ryan Walsh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Ryan Walsh 2013 1 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them. -
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome William E. Dunstan ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ................. 17856$ $$FM 09-09-10 09:17:21 PS PAGE iii Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright ᭧ 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All maps by Bill Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. The cover image shows a marble bust of the nymph Clytie; for more information, see figure 22.17 on p. 370. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunstan, William E. Ancient Rome / William E. Dunstan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6833-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1 (electronic) 1. Rome—Civilization. 2. Rome—History—Empire, 30 B.C.–476 A.D. 3. Rome—Politics and government—30 B.C.–476 A.D. I. Title. DG77.D86 2010 937Ј.06—dc22 2010016225 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48–1992. Printed in the United States of America ................ -
Peter Mountford, Alesia: the Climax of Julius Caesar's Campaigns
Alesia: the Climax of Julius Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul Alesia: the Climax of Julius Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul PETER MOUNTFORD In 2012 an impressive museum was opened on the plain below the village of Alise-Ste- Reine (Alesia). A combined ticket for the museum and the Gallo-Roman site on the t the beginning of June 2016 I made a hilltop costs €11,50. The museum is obviously pilgrimage to Alesia, something that I a popular place for school groups to visit, as had wanted to do for many years. There there were several there at the time of our A visit. The circular museum is on two levels is nothing like a visit to the site of an ancient event for clarifying one’s understanding of that and has impressive views of the site of the event. The topography is so important. events of Alesia from its rooftop (pl.1). My wife and I were very lucky, as we had In the open space in the centre of the ground arrived in France at a time when record floor displays are put on of both Gallic and rainfall had led to severe flooding of the Roman fighting equipment and methods of Seine and other rivers. Thankfully the rain fighting (pl.2). stopped just before we reached Alesia and did not start again until after we left, although These are designed especially for students. it was overcast. Alesia can be easily accessed There is also a good bookshop, although from the motorway from Paris to Lyon. It is almost all books are in French. -
Prefekci Pretorianów Cesarza Kommodusa*
Artykuły KLIO. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym PL ISSN 1643-8191, t. 20 (1) 2012, s. 3–44 Karol Kłodziński (Toruń) Prefekci pretorianów cesarza Kommodusa* ◆ okresie wczesnego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego sprawowanie godności prefekta gwardii pretoriańskiej (dalej: PPO) przez dwóch ekwi- tów stanowiło zasadę sformułowaną przez Oktawiana Augusta W 1 w 2 r. p.n.e. Prefektura gwardii pretoriańskiej w epoce pryncypatu była naj- wyższą godnością w ekwickim cursus honorum2. Nie bez znaczenia jest też fakt, że w tym okresie również senatorowie zostawali PPO3. * Niniejszy artykuł jest częścią obronionej w czerwcu 2009 roku pracy licencjackiej o tak samo brzmiącym tytule. Promotorowi pracy, Panu dr. hab. Szymonowi Olszańcowi dziękuję za wszelkie uwagi i sugestie, jednocześnie podkreślam, że autor pracy ponosi wyłączną odpowie- dzialność za jej treść. 1 Cass. Dio, 55, 10, 10; Mommsen 1877, 831; Passerini 1939, 217; De Laet 1943, 73– –95; Durry 1954, 1620; Syme 1980, 64; Brunt 1983, 59; Watson 1985, 16; Dąbrowa 1990, 364; Le Bohec 1994, 21; Southern 2007, 116. Na temat okoliczności powołania praefecti praeto- rio w 2 roku przed narodzeniem Chrystusa zob. Syme 1939, 357, przypis 3; Ensslin 1954, 2392; Syme 1980, 64; Campbell 1984, 116–117. Pojawiające się w niniejszej pracy daty, jeśli nie za- znaczono, że jest inaczej, odnoszą się do czasów po narodzeniu Chrystusa. 2 Alföldy 2003, 171. W latach 70–235 dla czternastu prefektów Egiptu prefektura gwar- dii pretoriańskiej stanowiła najwyższy szczebel w ekwickim cursus honorum. Przed rokiem 70 tylko dla czterech PPO prefektura Egiptu stanowiła najwyższe stanowisko, Brunt 1975, 124; Demougin 1988, 733. 3 Ensslin 1954, 2398; Absil 1997, 31–32. -
ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 5-2011 ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Emerson T. Brooking University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Brooking, Emerson T., "ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72" 01 May 2011. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Abstract This study evaluates the military history and practice of the Roman Empire in the context of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. It purports that the majority of Rome’s security challenges fulfill the criteria of insurgency, and that Rome’s responses demonstrate counterinsurgency proficiency. These assertions are proven by means of an extensive investigation of the grand strategic, military, and cultural aspects of the Roman state. Fourteen instances of likely insurgency are identified and examined, permitting the application of broad theoretical precepts -
Caesar's Gaul, Vercingetorix's France
Caesar’s Gaul, Vercingetorix’s France: Nationalism and Identity in the 19th Century After Caesar defeated Vercingetorix at Alesia in 52 BCE, he paraded the conquered Gaul in his triumph in Rome, and produced a denarius, Rome’s standard coin, showing Vercingetorix in profile, striking with his unkempt hair, long moustache, and gaunt features. This image gave Romans a close-up view of Rome’s enemy, and greatly contributed to Caesar’s prestige and renown during the power struggle that engulfed Italy in the 40s BCE. Caesar’s Roman denarii only depicted Vercingetorix; his name existed solely in Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War. But in 1837, the third issue of the recently founded Revue de la Numismatique Françoise featured the first ancient coin inscribed with the name of Vercingetorix, a Gallic coin likely minted by Vercingetorix himself in 52 BCE. The appearance of this coin in a prominent journal publicized the ancient Gaul to a society looking for national heroes in a century in which national identity was being formed and shaped by symbols, history, and myth. Thus Napoleon III used Vercingetorix’s regal lineage to further his own imperial aspirations by erecting a statue of Vercingetorix near Alesia in 1867. Auguste Bartholdi shortly thereafter created a second statue, of Vercingetorix on horseback crushing a Roman soldier, for placement near Gergovie, where Vercingetorix had defeated Caesar earlier in 52 BCE. After France’s humiliating loss in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, an amplified display of nationalism paired Vercingetorix with Joan of Arc in a sculpture erected in Ham, France. -
Vercingetorix Author(S): GB Malleson Source: Transactions Of
Vercingetorix Author(s): G. B. Malleson Source: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 4 (1889), pp. 1-40 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3678158 Accessed: 26-06-2016 14:59 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Historical Society, Cambridge University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Royal Historical Society This content downloaded from 128.205.114.91 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 14:59:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. VERCINGETORIX. By COLONEL G. B. MALLESON, C.S.I., F.R.Hist.S. (Read March I7, I887.) THE knowledge possessed by the general public of the con- quest of Gaul by Julius Caesar rests mainly on the famous Commentaries, the eternal monument to the genius and literary ability of their author. That the writer of the cam- paigns which had for their object the subjugation of a great country, inhabited by tribes warlike and loving freedom, should have been likewise the planner and executor of those campaigns, and that his story should be practically the only story, are circumstances which, whilst allowing posterity to see the hero as he wished posterity to see him, have tended to obscure the merits, sometimes even to darken unjustly the characters, of the patriots who struggled, often with tem- porary success, against him. -
RULES of PLAY by Andrew Ruhnke and Volko Ruhnke
2nd Edition COIN Series, Volume VI RULES OF PLAY by Andrew Ruhnke and Volko Ruhnke TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................ 2 6. Winter .................................... 15 2. Sequence of Play ............................ 5 7. Victory .................................... 17 3. Commands ................................. 6 8. Non-Players ................................ 18 4. Special Abilities. 11 Setup & Scenarios .............................. 28 5. Events .................................... 14 Key Terms Index ............................... 35 © 2015, 2018 GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com 2 Falling Sky renders that Faction Ineligible to do so on the next card. Winter 1.0 INTRODUCTION cards mixed in trigger periodic victory checks and other activities. Falling Sky is a board game about the latter part of the Roman conquest of Gaul, when numerous tribes rose in revolt. It adapts 1.2 Components GMT Games’ “COIN Series” system about modern insurgencies to A complete set of Second Edition Falling Sky includes: depict the political, military, and economic affairs of ancient Gaul. • A 17" x 22" mounted board (1.3). An Ariovistus expansion to Falling Sky, sold separately, adds the early years of the Gallic War. • A deck of 77 playing cards (5.0). • 200 wooden Forces pieces, cylinders, and pawns (1.4, 1.8, 2.2, In Falling Sky, one to four players each take the roles of one or more 3.1.1). Factions in Gaul: the Roman Republic seeking to secure Julius Cae- • A sheet of markers. sar’s recent conquests; an anti-Roman confederation led by the Celtic Arverni tribe and its young king Vercingetorix; its Celtic rival, the • Five heavy-cardboard Available Forces displays (1.4.1). -
Raetia: Las Relaciones Socioeconómicas De Una Provincia Romana Centroeuropea Con Las Provincias Mediterráneas
Raetia: las relaciones socioeconómicas de una provincia romana centroeuropea con las provincias mediterráneas Juan Manuel Bermúdez Lorenzo ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. -
By CHRISTER BRUUN King Decebalus of the Dacians Has His
THE LEGEND OF DECEBALus· By CHRISTER BRUUN 1. Introduction King Decebalus of the Dacians has his given place in the series of great en emies of Rome, a series including names such as Hannibal, Viriathus, lugur tha, Mithridates, and Boudicca. Classicists working in many different fields are today very much aware of the king: epigraphers, art historians who ad mire Trajan's Column in Rome, students of Roman military history, scholars who write about the emperor Trajan, and - why not - those with an interest in anthropology who study the ancient practice of beheading enemies or col lecting their heads. 1 Decebalus is also of obvious interest to those who focus on the province of Dacia, and - true to the topic of this volume - the relations between the imperial centre and one of the last provinces to be acquired by Rome will be explored in this paper by means of an investi gation of what I call "the legend of Decebalus". In other words, this study concerns how the memory of King Decebalus lived on in a somewhat different form in Dacia than it did elsewhere. The interest of modem anthropologists in the fate of the Dacian king was of course spurred by the sensational presentation by Professor Michael P. Speidel of the "autobiography" of the "Captor ofDecebalus" in 1970. The funerary inscription commemorating the career of the Roman cavalry officer Ti. Claudius Maximus contains a dramatic description of how Decebalus ended his life: quod cepisset Decebalu(m) et caput eius pertulisset ei Ra- • For helpful comments in Leiden I wish to thank in particular J. -
ROMAN JURISTS and the CRISIS of the THIRD CENTURY A.D. in the ROMAN EMPIRE by LUKAS DE BLOIS
ROMAN JURISTS AND THE CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY A.D. IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE By LUKAS DE BLOIS In this paper I would like to discuss the following questions: did the crisis of the third century A.D. in the Roman Empire finish the strong position of jurists and juridically skilled bureaucrats at the Roman imperial court? Did this crisis usher in the end oftheir scholarly production? The period ofthe Severan dynasty, which preceded the Third Century crisis, has always been regarded as the great age of juridically trained administrators, when Rome's most noted jurists of all time, all of them equites. were appointed to important posts and dominated the imperial council. At least three of them, Papinian, Messius, and Ulpian, became praefecti praetorio'. Even though most of the praetorian prefects during the early third century were not lawyers, the influence of jurists was out of all proportion to their numbers and to the length of time during which they were praetorian prefects2• After about A.D. 240, however, original scholarly work of learned jurists almost vanished from the earth and military men took the lead in the imperial council and in other key positions. Why did this happen? Severan emperors regularly appointed two praetorian prefects, a military man next to a jurist or an administrator. This was just a matter of practical expediency, not a fixed system3• The jurists among the men they appointed belonged to a kind of learned group, within which the younger ones borrowed ideas from their predecessors and which produced books and treatises that have become classics' in Roman law. -
A SOCIAL HISTORY of ROMAN SAGALASSOS* the Most
LOCAL ELITE, EQUESTRIANS AND SENATORS: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF ROMAN SAGALASSOS* Piae memoriae magistri Edmundi Van ’t Dack The most remarkable feature of the social structure of the Principate was the gradual and progressive integration of the local peripheral elites into the military command and the administration of the immense Roman Empire. Was it this integration, this ‘new blood’, that enabled the Empire to survive for so many centuries? Or was this phenomenon rather also responsible for the desintegration and breakup of the Imperium Romanum? It is beyond the scope of the present inquiry to give a definitive answer to this complex question. But fact is that the Roman social order attained its peak during the first and second centuries AD. The social strata as well as the elevators, the channels, of social promotion were quite strictly defined. Formal legal criteria concerning assets and the attendant social position were rather firmly fixed in the proportions 1:4:12. The decurions and the * Note the following abbreviations: H. DEVIJVER, Neon-Library: The Inscriptions of the Neon-Library of Roman Sagalassos, in M. WAELKENS – J. POBLOME (eds.), Sagalassos II (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae 6), Leuven 1993, p. 107-123. H. DEVIJVER, Relations sociales: Les relations sociales des chevaliers romains, in S. DEMOUGIN – H. DEVIJVER – M.-Th. RAEPSAET-CHARLIER (eds.), L’ordre équestre. Histoire d’une aristocratie. Actes du colloque international Bruxelles–Leuven, 5-7 oct. 1995 (Collection de l’École Française de Rome), forthcoming. PME: H. DEVIJVER, Prosopographia Militiarum Equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum (Symbolae Facultatis Litterarum et Philosophiae Lovaniensis, Series A/3), Leuven, I 1976, II 1977, III 1980, IV (Suppl.