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9-1967 Field Manual FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, September 1967 (with Change 1, 1 October 1971) Robert Bolin , depositor University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]
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Bolin, Robert , depositor, "Field Manual FM 5-30, Engineer Intelligence, September 1967 (with Change 1, 1 October 1971)" (1967). DOD Military Intelligence. 55. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/55
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in DOD Military Intelligence by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FM 5-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL
ll!~ ENGINEER ~ '1:-4 .. I·' INTELLIGENCE i I I . • !
/- PUBliCATIONS REFERENCE FILL -;.I-\_--'-______-..:;Ji..:.,;Ui;.,..: "_0...,;"'_,c ____
,~ I (I ~i \' HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT Of THE ARMY I SEPTEMBER 1967 FH'. S-3O r C1 • llliADQl:ATITEns e CJ],\XGE DEP.ART1illXT OF THE AIDIY 5".1 W.U;ilD"GTOX, DC, 7 Octo',er 1[171 ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE
FM 1J-SO, 2-2 Sf;pt(!ml){"j" 1%7, is changed llS (10) The ~ar(']j of foreig'l pb~ name;; for 10]10'1""<': Federal government agencies. V pogr. 5, paragr(Jl,h 5(,. In line 1, ch."..ng(· "SR o. As custodian, L'SATOPOCOM will_ n~,-l;j-f:>" t<) rend "AR 115-21". (1) Colle--J:, evaluate, and mai....,t..ain maps, V!-'agc 7, pa:ragraph 8. In line.:: 12-13, change geod"ti.:; da.ta, foreign place name;, and :rr:bted "_-\rmy Map Sen-i~ (_-\1-1S)" to ;re,'l.d "US Anny mat""ia];: on a wor]d~idc b3£1S. Topographic Command". (2) Honor !l"."Teell1cnts that mn.:c :rfl"ed the re ---In llll!:S 13-15, chn!lge "CS. Arm,Y Geodesy, tt'nt.joll or di.."-.,,-<,nlina.t.iOll of all)· items. Illtelligcll~, and ~1appi!),g Research and De,el (3) ]\06f:-· authorized age.ncics of it"lHS opment AgencJ (GBIR-illA)" to read ''Engi anilable, to include nrw material s..; r"ect'.ived. neer TOjX>gro.phic Laboratory". (4) Furnish maps. goodetic dnt;;., and reh.te-d y Page I. Pnrngrapn 10 is superseded as f.ol1ows: materials to aut.horiz(·d flg{>ncies or i!"1di,idus.1s 10. US Army TOP09raphic Command (USA "pon request. TOPOCOMl c. DSATOPOC'O)! c\l~t()dia1 :re>p{)n~ihiljr_\" applies to- a. l]SATOPOCQ)'I is. responsible for~ ·(1) :?IGps. i 1) T1H:! proun,'tion nn{l di~tributi(m of maps. ch~ri.s, geodetic da.ta, digiw.l topograpmc data, (2.) ~hp cat:;Jop ap.d lists' military geogl'aphi<', intdligence, and TI'13ted !n!l. (3)· Geodet.ic dat:J... teri:>ls to meet DA and DOn requirements. Co!) Field SUI"ye.:c data. (2) The acquisit.ion, reduction, evaluation, (;) Book:;, documcnt.-:, p"riodit.:'.1::, and other ' and stOr;'lge of tOPQgrapllic dr...ta on !I worldwide pnbJicat.iom pert-aming to IDnppir:;:. geod!.'Sy, or . basis. mllit.a.ry geogra.phic intelligen~. (3) The ex~ution of re.se.1r~h and det"c]op· (6) Digital topographic dat,.•. • went programs ID support of th£" Army topo a. Any _-\.=y activity produci.:C; mapp:ng. graphic mission. cllarting, and geodetic (MC&G) aat;] wiJ] furnish (4) The opt'nuional rcadine..o:s awl tr:\ining copies immediat€ly to t.he DOD Library, "CSA of assigned military topographic illlirs. TOPOCO~L WashL.""lgton, D.C. 0:'''::;1:;. DOD (5) The preparatio::J. of its port.ion of t..'Ic actinties acquiring lI-IC&G data ,"]1 £11:-).,::;h it Arm:\" mapping, geodesy, a.'1d military geographic itnmr.>diate1y to the appropriate DOD )..!C&.G intclligenoc operationa1 and ~arch and den>1- Lihra.tT unIt$. the data 1>: of cur:-ent corc,mand OPU](>ll;: programs. in.tere.-:t. The acquisition. of }'IC.&.--G data 1::1\-i111' (6) The development of spiCcifications fOl" c.urre.nt. command interest will bt eomm=icated ,.\.1'm:- mapping, geodetic, and millbry geographic immedia.;:dy to the responsible library_ Acquired p!'Odncts. data. of current. command intcre..o:i will bt pro.> (7) The den>lopmellt nnd publir.'ltion of the es.. ".e-d on a. priority ba.. ~i~ and the origiJl3.] d:lta. fllr crit!'r1..a for map eyalu:l.tion. nished t
-'j r :rAGO 20:A-Ootobe~ 4S~~~'-~l !-iLL ~ PUBLICATIONS REFERENCE '" .- ". ~. \.?,-::" CO?!! for t.he a.ccomplislllncnt of all re::earcll and 30-20 Aerial Su.!Tcill'::lllCC·' to ;e.ad "F~f 30-2(! "FM 5-30 .\~rial SuryeiU:m~-Re<::OlUln.iS:';ance, (.•. OC\'t,lop:11('nt, tc."t ::md eyalu:uion of c<]llipmellt. Field An)lY", \ ;;yS'''lll~, and technique,:; in the ~Fdlc field of l.--' rage 4.5, 7/Urap'rJjlh';. In li!l~ 3-4, cllOl;,ge '·}':.\1 F1:Et.D MANUAL } HEADQUARTERS geod.('sy, mapping, and mililary g('og"'lpL> .,-no Pinnnillg, Site &kction ana D~3igI; of DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 5-30 , ~m[!".;,nce, Ho~ds. Air£elcl~ and Heliport~. in th(' TlH:'a!cr (Jf W A$HINGTON, D.C., 22 Septemhe-r 1967 rag~ 1f!,plJdlgrop7, J8r, Illli;\C':1,
-n,.. ""'n .... l ...pe.-de. fM s-so. 12 "-I 1959. 2 Tl.GO ~Q~'" • •• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1. Purpose and Scope specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in a. This manual is a training text and general which the change is recommended. Reasons reference for all personnel concerned with engi_ should be provided for each comment to assure neer intelligence. It serves as a guide for com understanding and complete enJuation. Com manders and their staffs in understanding the ments should be forwarded to the Commandant, purpose and scope of engineer intelligence and U. S. Army Engineer School, Fort BelYoir, how the engineers may be utilized to meet their Virginia 22060. intelligence requirements. b. The information in this manual deals with 3. Relation to Other Manuals the concept and role of engineer intelligence The material presented in this manual is re both in the zone of the interior and in the lated to the field manuals of the 30-series. Tbey tbeater of operations. The material presented deaJ with intelligence techniques of the Army is applicable without modification to all forms and also with those appJicable to other arms of warfare, both nuclear and nonnuclear. and sen-ices and to special situations. FM 2. Changes and Comments 100-5, FM 100-15, and FM 101-5 cover intelli gence in general staff activities and in the plans .. Users of this manual are encouraged to sub and operations of large units. Field manuals of ,.rmit recommended changes or comments to im the 5-series contain information on the intelli • prove it. Comments should be keyed to the gence responsibilities of engineer troop units .
.AGO 61nA • 3 ter normally rely on their staff engineer for features will be needed by engineers if ex1;e:n. data pertaining to engineer i~l~n.G!;. t:!-~I sion, reconstruction, or large-scale demolition fe e. References. AR 117-5,.g..115-15-5, FM is required. This information will also be needed 30-10 series, FM 5-1, TM 5-231, and TOE 5- by the commanders and staffs of any engineer 540 discuss enRineer topographic intelligence brigades, groups, battalions, or other cornm.a.nQs CHAPTER 2 and intelligence teams in more detail. charged with such work, as well as by the ut:.its f. Need for Engineer Intelligence. Engineer which operate the railroad. SUBJECT FielDS OF ENGINEER INTelLIGENCE intelligence has always been an important fae i. Nuclear, Biological, and. ChemieaI Wa:- tor in military operations, but under present fa'J"e. An important area of intelligence effort conditions of warfare the need for engineer in which will increasingly concern the Corps of telligence has increased tremendously. Areas 4. Scope of Engineer Information all le,,·els, and is also a part of area and ge0- Engineers is nuclear, biological, and clJemiea.l of operations mve expanded, mobility has in· Engineer information is data in any form graphic intelligence. warfare. Engineers are interested in studies to c. Categories. The following is a list of cap creased, and rapid changes have occurred in evaluate the destructive effects of nuclear weap. (oral, written, or graphic) OD- technology and in the facilities necessary to a. The terrain, including the location, iden tions under which engineer intelligence is nor· ons on the natural terrain, abovegroond and support modern warfare. Along with these in underground structures and ins"..a..Dations, tity, and phvsical description of natural and mally categorized. (1) Airfields, including air landing zones creases, the time available to respond to prob equipment, stored supplies, and persoLDel; and manmade fe1..tures. lems bas decreased. Airfield and landing zone and heJiporn. in tbe influence of terrain and weather on these construction to support greater mobility, the b. Research and development of materiel and (2) Coasts and landing beaches. effects. Of particular interest will be the ability nuclear weapons, and guerrilla warfare are techniques corresponding to that materiel and (3) Construction resources. to improvise or deliberately design protective only a few factors that have increased the need those techniques which are of interest and use (4) Defenses. structures to withstand a nuclear expklsioIl, to of engineer intelligence. to the Corps of Engineers. (5) Electric power. protect personnel from radiation, and to aid in c. Design, manufacture (including tbe capa (6) Engineer logistics. g. Individual Resp07'lSibility for Supplying recovery from the effects of a nuclear explosion. bilities of agencies engaged in manufacture), (7) Engineer materiel and resources. Engineer InteUigence. Engineer intelligence is Intelligence reports on BUch items as soils, mechanical functioning, military and civilian (8) Engineer operations. needed by everyone; and it is every engineer's abnospheric conditions, and various works of inventories, supply (including procurement, (9) Engineer organization. responsibility to supply information to be de man, including roads, railroads, bridges, air· storage, and issue), and maintenance of ma (10) Engineer training. • veloped into engineer intelligence. Though there fields, porn, utilities, urban areas, and milits....-y teriel corresponding to the materiel of interest (11) Engineer 'W11o's \\"ho (Specialists). . are established courses and schools to train installations, should always consider the nu_ and use to the Corps of Engineers. (12) Geographic intelligence. intelligence specialists and to teach technical clear aspects of the subject under study. (13) Geology. methods of collecting information and pro- d. Employment of materiel, techniques, and ducing engineer intelligence, every engineer 6. Relation of Engineer Intelligence to Other organizations corresponding to that materiel (14) Hydrology and ground water. (15) Highways. •soldier must know the importance of intelli_ Intelligence and those te<:hniques and organizations for gence and be trained in collecting whatever a. Engineer intelligence involves an the .ac which the Corps of Engine€rs is responsible. (16) Inland waterways. (17) Lines of communication. information he can and placing it into the ap tivities of the Corps of Engineers and an engi. €. The order of battle of engine€r units and (18) Military and civilian construction. propriate intelligence channels. The importance Deer units. Engineer intelligence is of 'V'fu;J of the indh'idual's role should be stressed by all similar information on ch'ilian organizations (19) Petroleum and gas. interest and use to other arms. services, agEn. capable of performing engineer missions. (20) Ports and harbors. commanders. cies, civil affairs units, special forces, and Mili· /. The identity and accomplishments of out (21) Railways. h. Nalu'J"e of Intelligence rata. The nature tary Assistance Ad,,'isory Groups (MAAG). standing civilians in the "fields of technology (22) Soils. of intelligence data required varies at different Similarly, many items of general combat inteDi corresponding to those fields for which the (23) Solid fuels. levels. Strategic intelligence normally pertains gence are of interest to engineers. In addition Corps of Engine€rs is responsible. (24) State of ground and trafficability. to theater army, theater, Department of the there is direct exchange of information between (25) Surface configuration, maps, and Army, and higher levels, and combat intelli engineer intelligence and other ur..elligence 5. Engineer Intelligence charts. gence to army group and lower levels. However, agencies, to include the technical and admicis- a. Description. Engineer intelligence is engi. (26) Terrain studies and analysis. no hard and fast line can be drawn, since the native services and combat arms. For examp!e, neer information which has been evaluated as (2i) Urban areas. same item of engineer intelligence may be civil affairs units and agencies and advi.' AGO 61;,A 8 AGO 617,A '/ . • the army engineer brigade commander in b. Di'1Jision Engineers InteUigence Activi- graphic battalion, the base topo sions. It is composed of a headquarters and executing bis responsibilities in his capacity ties. The dhision engineer furnishes timely ~ • graphic battalion, and certain teams headquar...ers company and four of!:'!~!' co;:,,... as field army engineer. One of the responsibili infonnation to the division commander and his ~ of the engineer sen'ice organization. panies comprising a base survey co:::npany, .& ties of this section is the supplying of engineer staff on the following: terrain, minefieJds and ( Among them they perfonn the various base reproduction company, a base photomap obstacles, effects of weather, effects of nuclear intelligence by its intelligence and mapping ping company, and a base map depot compan..•. detonation on the terrain, enemy fortifications, engineer mapping functions required branch. The photomapping and reproduction e]emenu: enemy engineer troops and their capabilities, for a theater of operations. These b. Intelligence and Ma.pping Branch. The require semipermanent or perma!l€!1t enemy equipment and materiel, enemy techni- units- m intelligence and mapping branch collects and conditioned facilities in a location undistur'beO ques, lines of communication, and sources of (a) Provide direct mapping support to evaluates information and disseminates engi by airfield, railroad, streetcars, demolitions, usable engineer supplies and equipment. The the appropriate commands to which neer intelligence. It exercises technical super and like ,ibratory disturbances and EUPPOrteC division engineer works closeJy with the G2 assigned. vision and, at times, operational direction over by reliable utilities. Teams are attachEc to me in the preparation of the intelligence estimates (b) Furnish ground control for artillery engineer intelligence teams assigned to the field bat<-...alion or its components for spec'.cal sih;,a and the intelligence annexes (FM 30--5). Spot and missile fire. armY. It handJes all matters pertaining to the tions to increase their capabilities. The kt reports on enemy engineer materiel should be (c) Perform evaluation of aerial photo preparation, re"il'ision, reproduction, and dig.. talion operates in the communications zone disseminated through the G2 to the units of graphy as required. tribution of maps and map substitutes and (normal assignment is one per commtomcatio!lS the dh'ision and technical intelligence units as engineer intelligence as far as they pertain to (d) A$sist in the accomplishment of the zone) and is under the operation control of the quickly as possible. the army engineer's sphere of responsibility Department of the Army and theater engineer. Nonnally, it is attacbed to = and within the frame work of field army policy c. Division Engineer's Responsibility to the theater mapping program in co engineer construction command or an engineer as prescribed by G2. This branch works closely Battalion. A$ the battalion commander, he ordination with the Chief of Engi construction brigade. The battalion prondi:'S with G2. directs its intelligence activities, assisted by neers. basic materials, such as trigonometries tab-les the battalion S2. His principal intelligence (2) Tne normal assignment of a topo and map reproducibles, to anny and CO!'PS 15. Corps acth·ities are- graphic unit is to theater, field army, topographic units. It procures, compiles, re Each corps of a field army is authorized an (1) Recei'.-ing, evaluating, analyzing, and or corps. A$ the mapping situation produces, and distributes military Dl2.PS, whj;;:b, engineer brigade (TOE 5--101). The brigade interpreting reconnaissance data into changes, a unit may be shifted from when combined with the efforts of a11 other may have two to four engineer groups, depend engineer intelligence. its normal assignment to answer par topographic units, meet the requirements of a ing upon engineer requirements. The com (2) Disseminating inte11igence infonna~ ticular mapping requirements, but theater of operations. It conducts s;.;!"',eys of mander of the engineer brigade, corps, serves tion to subordinate and supporting must usually be augmented. The topo an accuracy suitable for ground mappip.g and as the corps engineer. The operation of the units. graphic company, corps, for example, artillery and missile fire; it assists the theater terrain analyses and corps engineer section is similar to the army (3) Preparing is neither organiZed nor equipped to anny G2 and the theater arm~y engin~r in the engineer section, but at a smaller scale. Nor studies for battalion use when re- perform extensive original map com preparation of terrain studies and reports. mally an engineer topographic company, corps quired. • • pilations and can therefore be em c. Topographic Battali01l, Army. Tne engi is assigned to each corps in the fieJd. This unit (4) Supervising intelligence training of ployed in such a capacity only if neer topographic battalion, anny, operates is needed for normal mapping support and for divisional engineer battalion. augmented. within the field army area, on a bas'~ of one cartographic and reproduction support for d. Sources of E1'i.gineer Information. The (3) The engineer topographic support per fieJd anny. and consists of a headquarters most terrain analysis studies and reports. division engineer obtains engineer information available for a typical theater of op and headquarters company, a map reproduction from the units of his battalion, from adjacent erations is normally adequate for and distribution company, and a photo:nappi.!;g 16. Division and higher headquarters, and from engineer supplying the theater with its topo company. The battalion commander coordinat.es Each division has an engineer combat bat and other intelligence units. One of the best graphic needs. Small TOE 5-540 topo the planning and execution of mapping actin talion. Each combat battalion is authorized a sources of engineer intelligence is the engineers graphic units with personnel snd ties with the army engineer and his s'"-.arr. The dhision engineer section. The commander of and other members of the division. At the divi equipment of platoon or team size battalion proyides maps and engineer mapping these battalions serves in dual capacity, as sion leveJ, ground and short-range aerial re are provided for special purpose mis and artillery and missile fire control informa battalion commander and the division engineer connaissance and reports from other frontline sion and/or augmentation of regular tion as required for a field army; reproduces (FM 101-5). The assistant dhision engineer troops are vital. Much of the engineer intelli units. Additional capabilities to ac new and existing maps and other ip.telJigence (ADE) supenises the engineer section which gence developed at dhision level is needed by complish a peacetime mapping pro materials; stores and distributes zru.ps a.!!d is normally located at division headquarters. other agencies. This need is met by dissemina gram may also be obtained from similar materials; performs topograpnic sn.f tion to all who require a. Intelligence. The division engineer ob it. Allied government agencies as the re veys and pro\ides survey information requi!"e-d tains intelligence from higher headquarters sult of cooperative mapping agree 17. Topographic and Intelligence Units by a fieJd army; and when directed, prepares through channels. He, however, has the definite ments. engineer intelligence reports. The ba.."€ to?O a.. Topogra.phic Troop Units. responsibility for the collection and some of b. Base Topographic Battalion. The base graphic battalion supports the amy topo (1) Topographic units include the corps the processing of engineer information within topographic battalion has an elaborate and graphic battalion by supplying basic materiaJs. topographic company, the army topo- 6.~ the dh'isional zone or sector. flexible organization reflecting its varied mis- such as trigonometric tables and ~p repro- AGO 61TIA I. AGO Sl"A • 11 dudbles, and by carrying horizontal and verti geodetic, and intelligence capabilities of the cal survey control forward. In turn, the army topographic companies and battalions. A list battalion supports the corps topographic com of the teams and their missions, and basis of t. pany by furnishing basic mapping material allocation and assignment are outlined in and extending survey control forward for chapter 9. pick-Up by the corps companies. When not fuBy CHAPTER 5 employed on its normal function of producing 18. Other Units a. En.gineer Combed Battalion, Army 01" maps for use by army, the battalion assists THE COLLECTION PHASE the base topographic battalion in the execution C01"PS (TOE 5-$5). The mission of this unit of the theater mapping program. is to increase the combat effectiveness of corps and army by suppl;).ing engineer combat sup d. Topographic Co-mpany, Corps. Each corps port and performing general engineer work. 19. Collection at Information tion is for concealment and cover. They can is supported by one engineer topographic com the effect streams have on mDTImlent, It produces engineer intelligence for its own Sources of engineer information are almost report pany which is designed and organized for the use and as directed. It receives intelligence the existence of tracks and trails that do not purpose of compiling, revising, reproducing, unlimited. These include maps of all kinds, through technical and command channels. photographs, technical journals, commercial show on maps or are shov.-n incorrecttr. the and distributing maps, and .for extending and pre...<:ence of C3.\·es and tunnels, the eris"'"...ence b. Engin.eer Combat Group. This unit is publications, specifications of ci ....il works, data establishing ground control for mapping and of footbridges and fords, patches of cu1ti\""ated normally assigned or attached to corps and on construction projects, chilian and military artillery in support of corps operations. Map ground in seemingly uninhabited are&!;. pos army v.ith normal attachment to an engineer transportation organizations, intelligence per compilation is limited to pro'visional maps. The sible landing zones, and unusual structures. brigade. In addition to its other acti.. ities, this sonnel, prisoners of war, and defectors, to men company commander ad ....ises the corps staff and They can also report new equipment and unit provides engineer reconnaissance by air tion only a few. Both civilians and military assists the corps engineer in determining the whether engineer material such as lumber, and ground means .and'supen-'ises engineer in personnel, many of whlch are not specialists mapping needs of corps units. He also coordi gra\""el, or buiiding stone or quarry sites are telligence collection activities. It also prepares in the field of intelligence, are potential sources nates with the corps artillery officer the re in an area. No special training is required for terrain and other engineer intelligence :reports of engineer information. quirements of the artillery in connection with personnel to make these and many othtr ob when required or directed and evaluates and fire control. The company is most effective 20. Engineer Intelligen~e Specialists sen.·ations. However, the person must be told when it operates close to corps headquarters. disseminates engineer intelligence. The mission of intelligence specialists is to what is expected of him and how to transfer When not fully employed on its primary func c. Engineer Construction Groups and Bat obtain infonnation. They know what informa this information to someone knowledgeable tion of producing maps for use by the corps, talions (TOE 5-112, T0E,!T114, TOE 5-115, • tion is required and how to obtain it. Personnel who can disseminate it through proper chan the company assists base and army topographic TOE 5-116, TeE J liS, i:L11.d TOE 5-118). specifically trained for intelligence are found nels, even to the Defense Intelligence Agency units in the prosecution of the theater mapping These units are construction units, and have a in S2, G2, J2 of engineer units and agencies, (DIA) if appropriate. Thus, each indindual limited intelligence organization which can program. • terrain teams, and topographic umts_ They are contributes to the collection of engineer in. provide invaluable information and intelligence e. Teams. The engineer sen-ice organization assisted by various technical specialists such telligence and thereby strengthens. his u"cit ane when required. has various types of teams for topographic as photographers, imagery interpreters, and the Anny as a whole. The impor..ance of the work. Included in these are survey, photo d. Additional 111/0"l""""mfJ,ti07l. Additional and other personnel not specifically trained in in indhiduaJ to intelligence cannot be over mapping, evaluation, geodetic survey, hydro more detailed information on engineer intelli telligence. The intelligence spec1alist finds and emphasized. logic and terrain teams. These teams are as gence units and their acthities is giver; in FM collects pertinent facts and disseminates and 22.. The Imagery Interpreter signed, as required, to supplement the mapping, 5-1, PM 30--5, FM 5-:36, and other FM 5-series. reports the engineer information in various ways, often on forms used throughout intelli o. A gre;;.t amount of engineer intelligence gence agencies, such as DD Form 1396 (De is made a"l'ailabJe through the efforu of the partment of Defense Intelligence Information imagery interpreter, who uses a variety of Report). equipment and techniques to identify, snalyze:,. and measure both natural and manma&: feat 21. Observation by Other Engineer ures frDrn current types of image-producing Personnel seD..."-Ors such as the camera. infrared detector, Although much specific and precise informa and radar. ',,"here personnel or: the ground tion is obtained by trained obser.·ers and in may have difficulty pinpointing openinp in a telligence personnel, engineers not specifically large forested area. the imagery inte"!1)reter trained or assigned to intelligence acti ....ities may identify the opening,: with ease. Ground are a potential source of engineer intelligence. reconnaissance of a road network mc.}"" take For example, troops on a combat mission can days to perform. but by using aerial photo obsen;e and report the distance between large graphs of the area, the job may be 2CCom trees in an area and how effective the vegeta- pUshed in hours. In areas inacce.."-Sible on the AGO $1.";"\ 12 • •AGO ~nA 13 RECOKNAISSAKCE IKSTRUCTIO"NS NO. ___ ground, the required engineer information may c. Responsibility. Every staff engineer and be obtained by airborne photographic, infrared, engineer commander is responsible for the TO, ______(~tiQf:l __ or radar sensors. reconnaissance needed by his command. He fe Ei:'ec-tive (H=~ :OTIC Do.~) b. The imagery interpreter does not depend normally delegates to his intelligence officer the on his equipment and skill alone to make com~ planning and direction of the reconnaissance. CompleteMAPS,~~~~:======~;;;;;;;======~~======;;,;=;;;=;;~;;======report to . . at (Y.-. 'tlmo. an': Do. ... ) plete anal~'ses. He has supporting data to pro d. Echekm.s. From front to rear, these are (O,.",m",,,;',Qf:) "ide him with information necessary to make (1) Engineer aerial reconnaissance. accurate interpretations. Without at least some ~onnoiter and nport information as indicated be DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS data from ground observers to supplement the (2) Advanced ground reconnaissance, by low by items checked. Report also any other infor Areas, special features or structures special reports/and .... ork estimates :required. imagery, the imagery interpreter may, in some engineer personnel with advance or mation; of technical importance incidentally se cured. cases, be able to report only that an unidenti~ covering forces. fiable "something" is located at a particular (3) Division area reconnaissance, by di¥ 1. ROADS: Classify using symboJs. place. visional engineer troops. 2. BRIDGES, FORDS AND FERRIES: classify nsing symbols. Possible by_pass for existing 23. Ground Reconnaissance (4) Rear area reconnaissance, as directed crossings. by corps, army, and lines-of-com· a. Mission. Ground reconnaissance is under~ 3. BUILDINGS: especially those suitable for use. taken by personnel of all arms, including engi~ munication engineers. 4. OBSTACLES TO OuR MOVEMENT: natural neers, to obtain specific information. Some e. Planning. The officer ordering the recon· and artificial: include demolitions, mines, booby tmps, vertical obstructions. naissance prepares orders setting forth the units are especially organized and clesignated 5. TERRAIN: general natun, ridge system, drain to perform ground reconnaissance. The ability mission of the reconnaissance party. The order age system including fordability, forests, to obtain timely information by this and other includes a statement of 'where the area to be swamps, areas suitable for mechanized opera· methods depends largely on the reconnaissance reconnoitered is located; what data are desired, nons. units' mobility, means of communication, in what detail, and in what order of import 6. UNDERGROUND FEATURES: eaves, tunnels. training, and control. ance; when, where, and to whom the chief of 7. ENGR MATERIALS: particularly road mater party is to make his report; and any other ial, quarries, bridge timbers, lumber, steel, ex· b. General Principles. plosives. (1) Reconnaissance should be preceded by required instructions. The officer responsible 8. ENGR EQUIPMENT, rod crushers, sawmills, a review of available pertinent intelli~ for conducting the reconnaissance decides on garages, machine shops, bJacksmith shops, etc. gence, maps, and aerial photographs. the general route. taking into consideration 9. ERRORS AND OMISSIONS ON MAPS USED. (2) Any reconnaissance on which engineer enemy observation and interference; prepares 10. BARRIERS TO EKEMY MOVEMENT: na work is to be based should be made a time scheclule; and selects the necessary • tural, artificial and sites for construction of im • provement. (work estimates) far enough in advance to permit equipment and qualified personnel. The recon planning the work and starting it on naissance plan must be coordinated with the 11. WATER POINTS: ncommended locations. schedule. unit which has area responsibility. Figure 1 12. STREAMS: general description, width, depth, shows an engineer reconnaissance checklist banks, approaches, character of bottom and (3) Incomplete but timely information is means to be used at possible crossing sites. Nav useful, whereas a complete report re which is used for requesting reconnaissance. igability? ceived too late to be acted upon is It is issued by the headquarters of an engineer 13. DEFENSIVE POSITIONS. worthless. combat battalion to one of its companies. 14. BIVOUAC AREAS: entrances, soil, drainage, Though reconnaissance usually has a specific sanitation, concealment. (4) Reconnaissance must be repeated as mission, personnel should be alert for other 15. PETROLEUM STORAGE AND EQUIPMENT. often as is necessary to keep the in intelligence or information. 16. UTILITIES: water, sewage, electricity, gas. formation up to date. In fast-mo\ing 17. PORTS: wharves, sunken obstacles, cargo hand situations and in combat it may be /. Conduct. ling facilities, storage facilities, transportation continuous. (1) Obsert'ing. Attention to detail is im routes. portant. Quantities, sizes, and other 18. CONSTRUCTION SITES: Drainage, water sup (5) Aerial reconnaissance, if means are ply, power source, earthwork, access, acreage, available, should precede ground re data expressible in numbers should soil. connaissance. be counted, measured, or estimated. 19. NUCLEAR AND DEFILADE POSITIONS. BY ORDER OF ______ Fif}ure 1. Engineer ree AGO 611;A 15 AGO ~117A 14 " • ENGI~-SER FGCOKN..~.!SS;'.NCE REPORT PAGE 1 OF 4- PAGES E-:-:-G::"-SER RECO~~?ISS.z:,!:'iCE !,~?OR, PAGE Z o=- ~ ?JeGES S TO, (,0'- 2J. .-::1.NGR ... BN ,ROM, (0 A it]H ENGR BN. fe ro, (0: 21" ENGR Btl Co: (0 A lJ" £N&R BN UR DR'" o·,,-;-v -""D-"'K-""" G"""'- O",G'~-"''''-I'1 "'cr "0"'"U ",,'~ F:::,.,E NO. ~:~sLVP.lyU~A~cii~E,ORGANlZATro 'iuPt% "7/8 FILE ~O. :rHi>M~Sr·itTA';;:~R '-zd'-i r'"' M. ~"" , "-', -L1T686.. -.70.8 ." - 1.)",-<- St REPORT l'>"O 1 A 21 EN<;'R N. 112.~ /lit 6 REPORT NO 1 eOA Z:IS"TEN&R 8N . H.2f1f1r1.MM? f,5" !-,~;ps f)UAHnS!2, VJI(<'-¥.fJ(IA 1:~epjlfZf 511ECrSSG1 m:: ~.A?S QUANTICO, VIRGI~IAJ;2l tI;ft1 SHErr "M 11l' DELIV~R TO (O:::-sanizaticn, place, Hour- afld Date) DELI\;~? TO (orga:-:izatlO;--" Place, ;:0ur .'!nc Date} 52: 2151" EI#-~ BJ{. UTS'£'.1..€:l 4.U.I..fI//f/!t...A.R (,~ .;;:,t:... '.J.- "a "~~ ~ 1J111'8M2~-lO'iPOf10"1ACl£ 6LO<"". "1>z. ~ ~ coNt:. ~ ;.: ~ :::; ~ SI!..H(H t; 2 ~ OBSTACLE NOr OEFE"Ir'P£P: "" ;:,:: w :.:: >-< illl~ ~.. ~ !s~ ;:. d:,1~ ~ *~ r ~ DI(fiCliLT (r-tl ."' r" SWAMP!' TERRAIN o ffi["XrJI12' NG I1TS(i%8{' - GRAVEL PIT IN OPERATiON QUANTITY' APROX 6I Q{/f/ yoJ Sfr;cKPll..EP /?.AN4IN(:r R~ - Ff{OM..ll101.IO "511{. Iii PJAMCr<£R TYPE": C;WSH£f? ~1?ANITE COt-lMuNICAT/QWS: 40QP ACCESS ROADS WtTI-i AMnE SPACE FO/( TURK A~OllKI) ANP l..OAPII.t<;· £" ~~ NO LlT50974 - ASAItlPoNE[) ENEMY £Qpr: (Z4) LOG'S @ 0.5_. DIAI ENGI~-SER WORK ESTIl"JlTES ON OTEER SIDE Et>:G;:-;;;:.~~. ,,'ORK ES7:~1!>.,~S 0;;: C·7:--..:;,P. srD~ TYPED NAMS, GR'illS A},l) ORG.".NlZATION SIGNATliRES THONJAS , TArl..O~ 2-d LT. CO A Z:r" ENG/? If"· 72.-.1' r:...,k ITP~;;~::;;:;;"B~!'f'ZA"O' IrL s:::o';'~~"1~ Edition of 1 Ma~' 56 is Obsolete. D.:" ForEr, l7l1-R, 1 Jun 61 DA Form 1711-R, 1 Jun 61 ",,",,t ,,,,., '"'~ ~::l'" '>6 ~s obsolct~. Figure e _ Continued. Figure £. E11.g,neer ReC<>r.r.Giss AGO 6177A to, AGO ~177.A. 17 " • (2) Recording. Reconnaissance d a t a sketches, or on prepared forms. DA should be recorded immediately by Form 1711-R{fig. 2) is an Enginaer locally reproduced on 8- by 10V2.inch Intelligence may also be recorded on notes, charts, pictures, overlays, or Reconnaissance Report and will be paper. Figure 3 shows a Bridge Re maps and photographs. f • connaissance Report (DA Form 1249). ENGINE.ER RECOt'l!"AISSJ..N~ REPORT \ PAGE 3 OF 4/- P;'.GES 'TO, CO: 21 S "fEN&R 811/ I FROM'CO: eOA 2.Zl"fENGff BN ENGr~~ER RECONN~ISSANCE REPORT PAGE 4 Of' 4- PAGES -IL- NO PAR",'~- LZADER (NA:1E ,GRAD:S, ORGA!'IZATIO. PLACE - HOU?l. - DATE 8 co: Co 22~1" ENt:,1( J: ~ _. THOMAS" fTAVLOl?. Z-iL"f--::1 UT ~8'7g8 ARn' LE.!;DER (NAME, GR>'DE, ORGANIZATIOz. ?LACE - ~O<':R - DATE REPO: 0. ~ UT512.''l2. - POSS/fiLE BlYQUA<. AREA ADDITIOKAL REK"?l.KS II!>.;) SKO:J'CH ~ ~ ~ 7~9t7> X'IrJCm t; ~ UT55"79b3 TO UrS5'S/h!:> ROA P Nor SHO WJI >- ~ t3 ~ ~ CO#liMU/'iICATJOf(S: liQOp ACCESS Ro",P ..,/60017 1116fiN1I6Ft .. ~ a u ;>: ON ;i1 ;,;] ~ ~ !2 0 ~ ~ g;3 IlA(P 5U~':AcE > c 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ apl 4l) tic !2 0[.<0 6 2fl\ S11£ COHPJ110Nt;: ~OOI? PKAIHA~- WITH r:,R/IIj SO~, 600f) CK " Mn~ / P ,12.~ NO ~OOP OEUI?YI1T10Nf F/F &, f l-;::--ll1S"1i NO UTUB680 - POSSIBI..E WATE!? PotHT _nH 0 •• , ~~, QUAHTlU: Q=AV6,.of \ -r ------=:_ ~;;;;/;::~/// {} OOc 7 i // . A"'17.S ('/2. V=Jf"fPM Xi" «.('1<) ~ c Q"'(l1.S)('S)(E>,'fJ=3,P12 4PM _2~F1"_ ____---...... 4 "4.q: QUALITY' (lOUVr, NO OOOR) NO ()(JS£~!{"eP 50UllCE O~ fOLUTlOlfj SPi WAS 7AKOi rOR TESTS 8/7UJrtlNoIJS '1IlfFlkc ON 400R BASe ---..:::: ""... '0 CONNE<-TIN'i "ROUTES 4.Z¢ 132. ~"'+. CO~MUNIOTfOl($: GOOf) ACCeS"$ I/;P5 FROM MSI{, 4-oop TlIllN • • 0; AE.OlJ.N()~f PA1?KJNti ON SJrl< SI1E (ONP/T/ONS: GOOP, SLOPE OF B4/(KS 5"%, BI'~OfJ>ic ~I?£A ON SITE f::oli! W.P.. TeAfiII, 51{IPC:,£ POH/8LE AR.TlJ.J.GIlY TA~.GT ~, UT7P1132 EXISTIN(., WATER PIJ2IFICAT!ON Pl. A NT SIJPPl'fIJ{4 WA7E"R TO TilE CITt OF '/lJ OllTPu1 6~/;¢¢ GAL PER PAr' "\l IV" \ O~~~o<} '1,.""\ 'Th, J,,~'" + 6 Fl.OW ENGIN:sER WORK ES'J:II".hJ.;t.S 01' OT}'- R SIDE TYPED NAME, GR".DE Al'."D ORGANIZATION I SIGNATURES ENGI!:I.":SER WORK ESTI!-'~~,1SS ON O':":-:1:R SIDE THOMAS P. rAYLO!? 'r':(PED NAI-E, Gill',DE rt-:n ORGANIZATION COA 22 H filM'. 8H ,,--- f. 7'...,.4-, tNOA1A$ p. TAYJ..OR 2dLI • _. ~. - & 1M""" 56 ~s obsolete. Di; Farro l ill-R, 1 Jur' 61 (OA Z1SfEN4KBN DA F:):::-r.. 1711-1<., 1 Jun 61 Edi ~':'o" of 1. May 56 :).s 0;,: C\ ie-dO'. Figure t _ Continued. Figuu £ _ Continued. AGO ~'I7A t • 18 A.GO €l"A. 19 i;l ~NGHll·J.I< Nol'HZ ~:~JTHll'\TE {,QCA'l'toN UNIT EQUIPMENT M/\'I'EfnM,g KRY DESCRIP'I'ION OF WORK REO'D HOURS TY!'r, NO. HOURS 'I'YPE UNI'I' QUANTI1'Y REMOVE LOll Post FROM I '- DEMO StT 1. 2- TNT .. 24Jf & ROutt! lU f3Y D~"'O 5QD "1 D'(OKO (1 HI p ~ ~= (lUl' .II D-' CAT 1 2 ., 4,7"'.3 .~~.?q~ NON nrc1 1'1-2 FUSE fA ;J. LI&HTl It REC'ONNJ\ISSI\NCE !{£POR'l' ON Q'rnER SIDE 8 Figure! - Continued. ~ (Work estimate (reveree of DA Fot'11l1711-R.» .. • .~ 8• • § BRIDGE RECONNAISSA.NCE REPORT "H• 1"~"A1u : A) _ . 'J 19" > (I'''S-'') 1 un QT ,~, TO, (II ••dq ..."." ",d."", ' •• _., ....".) (OMf'<'IIIfi, IN I? ~JJ875'f I'lS. (A,. 4 k ..,. m@,'/So Urn ~~ I 't sf I)rl{,· 3 LfJl'-S"(p5~ Q:)).-" 5" .3 Hk 25'm. 1.6111 lh CO I fo11fcl$5ible. ©"8<> ;;"<11 }lfN/? '-II1SYA3 J$J;;, 4 ~.5 ~.5":3 (" /( 111'19~'SO"IU' 1~ I;", t:' ,,;bl. iI. Ii- a 2".w II I jV'NE" 1dJ-. 11' I .3 <. I( :t¢,. DA .~:~~.1249 ~ Fi{J!lr~ .f. nridun R~connlli8~l1nC6 R~vort (DA Form 1U9). (a.) Maps are one of the most valuable naissance gives rapid coverage, a more or less s~ne~! intelligence documents and sources simultaneous picture of a 12.!'ge are:::., and :a S'D' U~vAT,ON of information. They are conyenient .iew of areas which are inaccessible tc. ground fa for recording information, malting obsen-'ers. Poor weather conditions impair :its changes, and adding omissions. effectiveness. Visual aerial reconnaissance is (b) Photographs are an important also affected by poor visibility and by the dis source of information and intelli tance from which an area is viewed. Aeri2.l gence which can be easily collated, reconnaissance cannot give certain details pro disseminated, and filed. Often they vided by ground reconnaissance. Some matte..~ are the only recQrd of information of interest, such as the interiors of structures , available. Pictures should be taken and the objects concealed by adequat.€ natural :" from different angles to show ali cover or camouflage, are beyond the capability , -, , ,-,', pertinent points. An appropriate of aerial obsen'ation. " ·~·.~···S·'· scale or other form of measurement b. Categor-Zes. With respect to technique, Li I , ,_ should be included to .assist the aerial reconnaissance missions are typed ac I I~ analyst and others in interpreting cording to the sensing equipment used-photo the photograph. The location of the graphic. electronic, and weather. With respeci ,~ 0< object or area photographed can be to areas studied, there are :five t)"PeS of vlSU;:;] S!T~ p~A~ keyed to a map or overlay. Photo· aerial reconnaissance---a.rea search, specific graphs are also an excellent medium search, route reconnaissance, contact recon_ for noting and correcting errors on naissance, and artillery adjustment. Engine-"...I" maps. All photographs should be aerial reconnaissance is limited to the :first dated. thre€. (3) Sched1ding. Adherence to schedule by (1) Area search. This corresponds to gen the reconnaissance party is necessary eral ground reconnaissance and is con in order to avoid going too fast and cerned ",'ith all items of engineer missing important items, or going too interest in a given area. It is most slow and either missing the deadline successful in territory which is not for the report or omitting part of the heaY:i!y wooded or extremely precipi¥ reconnaissance. The use of control tous. • • points, at which the party must arrive (2) Specific search. This corresponds to by predetermined times, is often special ground reconnaissance and is valuable. intended to develop information O!l ." I , (4) Avoidi7lg detection. The reconnais-- some particular installation, activity_ sance party must avoid being de or object of interest. tected by the enemy and should not (3) Engineer route reconnaissance. This engage in combat unless it is necessary deals with roads, railroads, and water_ ~ ~ to accomplish the mission. ways, including especially the facili g. Other Aspects of Ground Reconnaissance. ties, installations, and equipment For further details on planning and conduct concerned with transportation. but ing ground reconnaissance. see FM 5-1, FM 5- embracing also any other relevant 36, FM 21-75, FM 30-5, and FM 30-10. Hems along the route. c. Aircraft Reconnaissance. The engineers 24. Aerial Recannaissance are supported by Army aviation elements whjch a. Basic Principles. The basic principles supply tbe reconnaissance required to accor:::.· governing aerial reconnaissance are the same plish specific missions. This is supplemented b.y I~G~ eU'5S q; PLU for ground reconnaissance. The nvo supple the Air Force and Navy/Marine Air recor: ment each other and are most effective when naissance. Staff engineers. especially at. higher they can be parts of a coordinated information headql;ariers, may arrange -with the Air Fo!"C€ collection plan, although either one may be. for special or long-distance reconn.aissance FiliU..-e S - Continued. and often is, used independently. Aerial recon· missions. Navy and Marine Corps air l'ecoJ:- {Bridge sketch (r"versc of DA Form 1249). t AGO £177A 22 AGO 61nA • 23 naissance support is normally used in amphi c. Capabilities and Limitatiom. single-lens cameras and panoramic cameras are "sweep" presentation of the ten-air.. bious operations. (1) The major advantages of photographs standard. Panchromatic film (bJack and white) usually from horizon to horiw::,. .anc over visual observation are that they is the primary film used in these cameras. d. Conduct of VL~al ReconnaisS(LnCc. Engi perpendicular to the line of figt::. are permanent records mechanically fe Special films, such as color, camouflage detec neer ...isua1 aerial reconnaissance should be This has the appearance of a 15 ano:: accurate (except for opti<:al distor tion, and infrared, can be used in these cameras performed by trained observers. The training right oblique separated by vmical tions) and that they show all detail. to meet special requirements. Other cameras, of an adequate number of observers is the e>..-posure with no Jines of dem2n::atior... They can also be taken at night and such as sonne' strip and composite are used for responsibility of the unit intelligence officer. Panoramic cameras are also used ir: through clouds and fog and be studied special purposes. As a supplement to com'en Initial reconnaissance of an area, which is the forward oblique position BLC gi.€• by specialists with the aid of magnify tional aerial photography, imagery produced a forward panoramic ...iew of ~ ter carried out to obtain general data on terrain, ing and stereographic devices. by side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) and r2in 'Which is useful in briefing pilot;;. routes of communications, and other matters (2) Disadvantages of photographs are infrared OR) sensors are available in the field. on the approach into an area. of engineer interest, is usually done by the that poor e'A-posures are possible; Aerial photography is used to produce map engineer intelligence officer or section. It is the (7) Color photography. Color photography photographs show only the surface supplements such as mosaics pictomaps, and basis upon which he plans specific search mis is especially useful in the jden~fi.ca (not what is under heavily wooded photomaps. sions and route reconnaissance missions, and is tion of soil types, vegetatior.. rock terrain nor the eniineering properties also the basis for his ground reconnaissance (1) Composites. Vertical and oblique outcrops, and industrial sto.::kDiles_ of terrain); and single photographs planning. Aerial reconnaissance, especially of photographs are developed into com Color photography has good ';ater may not reveal motion, a. AGO 6l'1'7A AGO 6l77A 24 " . :IS b. A tag which is produced Jocally (fig. 4) 31. Engineer Essential Elements of is securely attached to captured enemy materiel (10) Sidc-looki'ng airborne radar imagery. to the attention of their immediate superior. Information to facilitate identification, shipping and fur Side-looking airborne radar produces He reports it to the unit intelligence officer Il.. Definitiol1. An essential element of inior ther analysis. These tags accompany the item a map-like presentation of the terrain who forwards it through intelligence channels. f. mation (EEl) is a critical item of infonnation Corps technical intelligence collection teams to its final· destination. (See para 45--48, FM or intelligence regarding the enemy and the b;y recording the radar reflectance on 30-16 for details.) aerial :film. Because of the low resolu aJso contact combat elements and collect the area of operations needed by the comrnander enemy materiel. These collection teams are before he can arrive at a sound decision. The tion of the resulting imagery, special 29. Reporting Information interpretation techniques are required usually located near combat units because they decisions pertain to the mission of the com a. Chanl1els. An agency which has been ord to extract information. are constantly looking for technical materiel mand and the choice of the course of action re and information. A special technical unit evalu ered to obtain engineer information of any quired to accomplish the mission. Engineer 26. Interrogation ates specific pieces of materiel and assists in sort makes its report to the officer who gave the EEl are highest priority intelligence require order (or to any agency which the order may Interrogation in general is not an engineer developing the intelligence as requlred. ments essential to the commander in making specify). If he is not a member of a processing function, except for information obtained by decisions which invoh'e terrain, meteorological agency, he transmits it the appropriate in individuals through contact at the operatioTIal to and hydrographic conditions, and other en telligence officer for processing. This statement level. Information obtained must be carefully gineer information. Priorities reflect the criti must be qualified in combat and other fast identified as to source and reported to the in cality of the need for the particular information o moving or remote situations, when informa· telligence officer. Engineer personnel often as TO 81': A,.,IJ;tD TO c.o.PTlIktO by a specific commander. No formula exists [II[MY !QlJI"*I!IIT tion may have be acted on at the level re sist intelligence agencies in interrogating to that can automatically determine priorities. ceived, or at a higher command level, before enemy personnel and civilians in matters that An intelligence priorin' in one situation or for DO NOT DISTURB there is time for formal processing. pertain to engineering. one command may not be a priority in another b. Form of Report. Due to the .... ide varia· situation or for another commander. 27. Enemy Documents _[IICU.TU~[, tions that exist in the nature of engineer in b. Origin of EEl's. EEl's may originate URIALIIo._ formation and the use be made of it, no a. Definition. From the intelligence "\.;ew OATE c.o.PTUUO· to either with the commander or within the s'"~ff ~tRE CAPTUREP, form can cover all situations. Some typical in the form of recommendations. The recom point, an enemy document is any form of re c.o.PTlIJl.IIIG \/fI!T, corded information on the enemy nation and its PRCUMSTAMCU Of CAPTlIRE, forms used to report engineer ground recon· mendations are coordinated and presentee. for armed forces which originated from enemy \; naissance are DA Form 1711-R, DA Form command appro\'ld by the intelligence offieer. COtIOITIOII· sources. The term includes enemy-produced 1249, and DD Form 1396. An item of information or intelligence 5P€Ci• oooks, periodicals, scientific and technical re ! fied in the unit SOP for collection or dis.."'€ID.i• ~ !!91LCJ f ~. 30. Scope and Direction of the Collection nation may become an EEL For example, an ports, and the like, which are important sources 8 T>ll$ [(jUIPM["T 1$ IIEIHG Effort SOP may require all units to report iterru; on of information. National-level intelligence is "[UI fOR, ~ produced by the Defense Intelligence Agency = a.. Direction of engineer intelligence work is known or suspected targets suitable for nuclear A"",LYSIS (DIA). At field army and lower levels, the ~ concerned with the collection, processing, and attack or indications of their existence or de ~ unLtt..lTIOII ~ enemy documents most commonly encountered • SALVAGE dissemination of intelligence. Collection in_ velopment. It becomes an EEl if it is needeC. by ~ OUTRUCTIOII at first hand by engineer agencies are those volves the following: the commander at a particular time in making ~ ~ found on enemy dead or prisoners and at liT AUTtIOIIlTY OF J011O"' an important decision. UIII'![O!TI<£A T1U.iI'llLO ~ (1) Determining the essential elements of captured headquarters and other record-keep · AIUl.Y CQIIolIJo.l(OlR, ~ information (EEl). 32. Designation of Engineer EEl ing agencies. These include diaries, letters, and ~ " (2) Preparing a collection plan. a. The designation of engineer and other other personal documents, and also official EEl is a responsibility of the commande" as material such as maps, orders, reports, organi 5 (S,_l (S) Issuing orders and requests for in sisted by his staff, principally the intelligence zational records, and miJitary and civilian pub fl formation to agencies and keeping a officer. lications. • continuous check on these agencies. (Unl.) b. The recommendation of appropriate en b. Handling. In a divisional area, captured (4) Developing, maintaining, and dissem gineer EEl to the intelligence officer, for ap enemy documents ordinarily are found by com inating an item-wanted list which jn~ proval by the commander, is a responsibllity bat elements, including engineers. Everyone eludes technical items .and other of the staff engineer, and one which, in the must be indoctrinated and trained to turn all DO NOT DISTURB engineer intelligence. absence of a specific directh'e, he must under documents in to his immediate superior. who take on his own initiative. In this task he relie.5 b. Direction of the collection effort of en~ in turn sends the material to the appropriate gineer information at any leveJ of command is largely on the intelligence section of his office. intelligence officer or agency. toO !'lOT DlST\!I!B) in the hands of the engineer of the command, c. The intelligence officer, in addition io the (a.Io_•• _"'--') subject to the commander's policies and the needs of his own command, may receive calls 28. Materiel supervision of the intelligence officer. from a higher echelon of command for items a. Enemy engineer materiel is usually found or captured by troops in combat who bring it F,g,,:rc 4. Equipment marking to.g. t' • .... 00 6177A 27 AOO 6177A 26 of engineer intelligence or information needed However. the skill and experience of the col marks (X). what agencies are in a companies know the lim:ts of the~ at that level. If such hems are not already avail lecting agency and its knowledge in specialized position to obtain the inform;;.tion; respectjye sectors, which the?"e:':ore 6: able, he instructs the staff engineer to add them fields must be taken into account. For example, and after study, circles the check not have to be specified in thE plan 0:: to his collection plan. Similar calls may come when seeking information on the stability of a fe marks for the agencies which he de the orders. Again, the seiec::.:on if to the intelligence officer through intelligence stretch of bank along an alluvial river where cides to cali on. Suitable orders to crossing sites ~ill invol.e th~ tlS€ oc channels, or to the staff engineer through tech a water-supply intake or bridge abutment is those agencies are then issued. Since tbe aerial reconnaissance pl~. prc the EEl are factual data of a type nical channels, from lower echeions. contemplated, there are certain physical indi bably by S3 and the recon~nC£ d. "'hen engineer EEl have been announced, cations of bank stability or instability with familiar to all trained engineer per_ officer, to make a tentative ~ffijo:::. they of course guide the activities of agencies which an ordinary engineer reconnaissance sonnel, an analysis (b above) is neces of sites, followed by ground reo;,:;nai....~ which coliect engineer information. However, party, unless it included a hydraulics specialist, sary. No needJess material is placed sance. Instructions to this eff-e:-.., ho.. _ on the plan. For example, the lettered those agencies should also collect and transmit might not be familiar. ever, would be needless eve).; in ~ any other information which comes to their c. Selection of Agencies. In deciding on the agencies to collect care must be taken attention and appears to have a bearing on the EEl, to Unit: 1st Engr En Agenci"s select, in each case, those best qualified for the situation. Information required in conn~on (Che<:k agenci<';5 to be emplo~' task by training and location, and also to bal~ I "WIth proposed ri"\'et" crossing By: En S2 33. Colledion plan ance the load fairly among them with regard I For: Di. G2, Bn bq 1 a. Content of Plan. The engineer or his in to their other duties. In general it is better to tei Area to be studied: Triangl" SHARON-PETERSVILLE-I telligence officer prepares a collection plan, assign at least mo agencies to each item of .1 ALLIANCE botmded by State roads: l§. . t !:; 0 based on his Jist of EEl and other requirements EEl. 105,107, and 88. 1 for engineer intelligence and information. This d. Timing of Reports. A report may be Li:tniting bonr and d"gtination of reports: 191730 I ~ .1 is an aid and is not disseminated. There is no Jnl 57; Bn S2 Q 1- i ! called for at a specific time, periodically, or as f ~ rigidl} prescribed form for a collection plan. D the information is obtained. Essential eJ"m"nts of information i ~ ~ 35. Processing Information ports. orders, records of important conferences. Mter engineer infonnation has been coJ~ and similar matters pertaining directly to the lected, it is sor...ed, grouped, and recorded by engineer intelligence section. It is an official subjects in order to faciJitate its conversion pern>.anent record of an engineer unit and the into intelligence. Next, it is e\'aluated and in~ primary record of operations of the intelligence terpreted. The phases of processing information section of the headquarters. The journal is into intelligence are discussed in subsequent closed daily or at the end of a phase or period paragraphs. Intelligence data must be concise as directed. At the close of each daJ a summary and ready for immediate use. It must present of important events should be entered as the the facts and their significance, together v.ith last item. The summ;::ry should include parti all deductions drawn for their study, in the cuJarly the reasons for the decisions and hap Jight of other intelligence already at hand. The penings. These daily summaries are the basic process is continuous and in operation at all data for incorporation into the command re~ times. port which is periodically submit'"...ed to .li de~ signated higher headquarters. 36. Recording This phase of the process arranges infonna~ 38. The Worksheet t tion in a systematic form to faciiitate its pre The engineer worksheet is an indexed pad cessing into intelligence. The intelligence officer or looseleaf notebook in which information is • on duty examines incoming information at recorded systematically and arranged by sub.. once for items of immediate tactical importance, ject for ready reference and comparison. The before am·- recording is done. He first takes worksheet is an aid in the evaluation and jn~ prompt action on any such items, then pro terprei2.tion of information, and in the pre~ ceeds to have the information systematicallY paration of intelligence reports. Although ilie!'e arranged, sorted, grouped, and listed by sub~ is no prescribed form for the worksheet, index jects, so that items of the same kind may be tabs are customarily labeled to correspond with kept together for convenience of comparison, the headings of the periodic intelligence reports. study, and reporting. From the standpoint of The unit's intelligence requirements determine combat engineer intelligence, there are five the subject headings used on its worksheet. general aids by means of which the mechanics After an item of information has been recorded of recording are accomplished. They are the in the journal, it is posted under the appropri~ intelligence (or G2) journal, the worksheet. ate st { AGO GinA 35 34 AGO el77A . NON ENGINEER from higher echelons. A continual feedback of tion. It provides a summary of tbe ECHELON ENGINEER PARTICIPANTS PARTICIPANTS infonnation from combat units to higher eche enemy situation in forwaro and rear lons keeps the cycle alive and productive. Figure areas, enemy operations and capabilit 7 is a flow chart of theater engineer intelli ies, and weather and terrain ck.?"ac:".... THEATfR gence. eristics. It should give a lead tc re ENGR III •• cipients in asses-sing the situation. It M&G - 48. Means of Dissemination includes negative information but THEATER a. Dissemination within a headquarters us rigidly excludes nonoperational inteJ ually is made by personal contact, oral reports, ligence. It shows the intelEgence briefings, distribution of an intelligence esti staff's deductions which, in principle. mate, an analysis of the area of operations, and should be approved by the coDllI.t&nder. other wrir-...en reports which are appropriate (5) Periodic intelligence report. The per for transmitting engineer intelligence. iodie intelligence report (PEP.IN COMM2 b. Dissemination to higher, lower, and ad TREP) is a summary of the intelli jacent units is by means of repor..s, summaries gence situation covering a longer ~ ------and studies, intelligence estimates and analyses period than the INTSUM. It is a ~ FAE,NGR of the area of operations, operational plans and means of disseminating detailed infor FJELD J r···;:r. g ...... ! G2, G2 AIR. orders, and maps. mation and intelligence. It covers the ARMY MIUTARY INIEtBN, enemy situation and enem..- operations, ARMY ENGR RECCH" ARMY AVIATION c. Intelligence reports transmitting observed capabilities, vulnerabilities; cb..aract TOPO TERRAIN ELEMENTS ElEMENT, TACTICAL facts should include analysis, integration, and €ristics of the area of operation;;; and TEAM.S OF AIR UNITS 'N ARMY ENGRI" conclusions to the extent practicable. These It 13) counterintelligence. does not con must be clearly identified and separated. tain details of friendly forces -which ;---1..1--- (J) UNtTS{3j - Ml BARS d. The degree of security classification to be may be of va!ue to the enemy. Other -1'------intelligence documents such as tech CORPS G2, G2 All!, given each report depends on the value the :...... J ENGj..• J MIUTARY INTEL enemy would obtain from the infonnation being nica] inteliigence summaries, prisoner CORPS . 'n- DETACH disseminated. of war interrogation reports, transla RECON MI BARS tions of captured document..", and ELEMENTS (FOR SEPARATE e. The following is a list of standard intelli weather and climate summaries may OF f'j. COIIPS ONt Y) ARMYENGR gence reports. A detailed discussion of each is be disseminated as appendixes to the : ("1 (3) given in FM 30-5. PERIKTREP. The PERINTREP is .s£~~ ______:------(1) Spot report. A spot report is a one concise but complete and makes G2, G2 AIR time report containing information or maximum use of sketches, overlays, intelligence for which speed of trans MIUTARy INTel marked maps, ana annexes. mission is of prime importance. A spot DETACH Weekly i71teUigence summary. Tnis re ----;- report does not follow a prescribed (6) RECON port generally follows the fonn.at of form. It should, a.s much as possible, ElEMENTS - a PERI?- 42 AGO 6)nA , I. AGO 6l7:;A 43 CHAPTER 10 '. APPENDIX A ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE TRAINING REFERENCES 61. Responsibility (3) Photographing areas or objects 1. Army Regulations Success in developing effective engineer in (4) Locating caves and tunnels AR 117-5 r'" ~ f Military Mapping and Surveying. telligence depends largely on the quantity and (5) Finding mines and boobytraps IfK I/~_ 2/ - quality of instruction given engineer personnel. (6) Using radiological monitoring devices, 2. Special Regulations Ie' The Commander is responsible for the intelli~ and p~ JV6---} SR 115==i5 ~ Iq.dmloMcaJ ,# N'eLOlmoglwl &!r •• ees. /;;::..5(:1(./ gence training of his unit. The intelligence (7) Noting and recording practices of the officer, in coordination with the operations natives such as methods of keeping 3. Field Manuals officer, exercises staff supenisioD of intelli drinking water cool and the selection FM 5-1 Engineer Troop Organizations and Operations. gence training within the command. At com of edible roots and fruit. FM 5-26 Emplo~""TIlentof Atomic Demolition Munition.s (ADM). pany level the Commander supervises the c. Engineer intelligence training must also PM 5--36 Route Reconnaissance and Classification. training prescribed by directives from higher include the understanding of how to use PM: 5-146 Engineer Topographic Units. headquarters and requires maximum participa_ weather information. The individual must know FM 21-26 Map Reading. tion by all members of his unit. Commanders the effects that weather has on personnel, on PM 21-30 Military Symbols. of detachments or team commanders of units weapon.s and various equipment, on terrain and FM 21-31 Topographic Symbols. organized under TOE 5-540 (Engineer Topo trafficability, and on tactical operations in FM 21-75 Combat Training of the Individual Soldier and Patrolling. graphic and Intelligence Teams) are charged order to know what information pertaining to FM 30--5 Combat Intelligence. with the same training responsibilities. They weather is useful. PM 30-9 Military Intelligence Battalion, Field Army. ;eceive training guidance and assis'-...ance from t PM 30-10 Terrain Intelligence. the organization to which they are attached. 63. Engineer Intelligence Training During PM 30-16 Technical Intelligence. , i Maneuvers 62. Intelligence Training • FM 30-20 AericJS'L ·'lnCl. C_I-B<><=>-- At this stage the individual should have :PM 31-60 River CrOSSing Operation.s. a. AlJ personnel assigned to engineer units sufficient knowledge of and interest in engineer FM 41-10 Civil Affairs Operations. receive intelligence training. The training must intelligence to carry out what he has learned, PM 55-8 Transpomtion Intelligence. be realistic and integrated with other engineer to stimulate others. and to find satisfaction in PM 61-100 The Division. activities whenever possible. The realism may obtaining and reporting intelligence informa FM 101-5 Staff Officers' Field Manual-Staff Organization and Procedure. be achieved by integrating the engineer intelli tion. The unit commander must remain alert FM 101-10-1 Staff Officers' Field Manual Organization, Technical and Logistical Data gence acth.ities with the regular combat-type to point out the new facets and expedient (Unclassified Data). training. Personnel are taught how to U~ the methods in obtaining information and in using FM 101-31-1 Staff Officers' Field Manual-Nuclear Weapons Employment. engineer intelligence they already have, a.nd intelligence applicable to specific situations. He how to obtain additional information to in must also keep the intelligence effort coordi 4. Technical Manuals crease the effectiveness of the engineer intelli gence effort. nated, correct errors made by his men, ana TM 5-231 Mapping Function.s of the Corps of Engineers. compliment the individuals 'and the unit as a TM 5-243 Cartographic Aerial Photography. b. Engineer intelligence training may be whole for intelligence work that merits recog TM 5--330 PlallniF.g, st:to SeJectie .. amI Bes:gjj of Roads. Ailflelds aM Hell~ correlated with most engineer activities, such ps nition. tl-e 'fLcaf:ez of 8} rrntio • c--J as various kinds of construction, the clearing TM 5-545 Geology. of minefields, demolitions, and all types of re of 64. Continuation Training TM 5-700 Field Water Supply. C ./ connaissance. Specific intelligence activities J Engineer intelligence training is not con. TM 30-245 P18':g TV? Tpterpre~2tiop Fon?k eh. suitable for integration with other engineer eluded v.-ith the training phase. It must be TM 30-246 Tactical Interpretation of Air Photos. acthities include- conduded on a continuous basis ana perfected (l) Making corrections on maps systematically during the entire military career 5. Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE) (2) Sketching trails or routes of engineer personnel. (I TOE 5-35 Engineer Combat Battalion, Army or Corps. 44 , AGO ~177A AGO ~1"ITA 45 TOE 5-52 Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Engineer Combat Group or Headquarters and Headquarters Company. Airborne Engineer Combat Group. TOE 5-101 Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Engineer Combat Brigade. Anny, Corps or Airborne. c. TOE 5-195 Engineer Combat Battalion, Airborne. TOE 5-201 APPENDIX B Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Engineer Command. TOE 5-305 Engineer Topographic Battalion, Army. TOE 5-327 SAMPLE ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE PERIODIC REPORT Engineer Topographic Company, Corps. TOE 5-344 Engineer Base Map Depot Company. TOE 5-346 Headquar...ers and Headquarters Detachment Engineer Base Topographic Battalion. (CLASSIFICATION) TOE 5-347 Engineer Base Reproduction Company. 319th Engr En TOE 5-348 Engineer Base Survey Company. TOE 5-349 Engineer Base Photomap Company. CHOXJU, KOREA (CS 106344) 121900 Feb 1951 TOE 5-500 Engineer Service Organization. TOE 5-540 Engineer Topographic Teams. ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE PERIODIC REPORT NO. 106 TOE 29--500 Composite Senice OrganiZ2tion. Period Covered: 111800 to 121800 Feb 1951 -- TOE 30-600 Military Intelligence Organizations. Map: KOREA, 1 :50,000 6329 I and IV Team LB, TechnicaJ Intelligence (Engineer). . . . Par. _____ Team LI, Technical Intelligence (Engineer). INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES FOR THE PERIOD Team LJ, Technical Intelligence (Engineer). a. Road reconnaissance conducted in area. Reconnaissance overlay attached as inclosure ______ b. Enemy AP rninefieJds encountered at CS 121651 and CS 119321. Standard patterns used. c. New type nonmetallic AP mine discovered in minefields at CS ( 121654 on 121535 Feb 1951. Mine transmitted to Lt. Jones of 533d ETID. d. Roads swept for mines in division zone. Mine clearance overlay attached as inclosure ______• e. Maps distributed during period: 1 :50,000-850 1 :250,000-250 Annexes: S'ignature Distribution: Authentication: (CLASSIFICATION) .. Ii.~.... ~.":'~ AGO 6177A ~GO 6177A 47 (CLASSIFICATION) 3. Description of Crossing Sites Three possible sites have been selected in the division area. They are APPENDIX C discussed below as to tactical desirability, bank conditions, and stream. conditions. SAMPLE ENGINEER INTELLIGENCE ANNEX a.. Crossing Site at CS 4-95£. (1) This site has several tactical advantages. It is on a salient projecting into our lines. Two fair roads approach the site from the south. On the north bank there is direct access to a main (CLASSIFICATION) road. Cover and concealment are available behind the town of Copy No.1 PtTh"WON·NL 319th Engr En (2) The south bank is a cut bank about 41h meters (15 feet) high. APO 416 US Army From it, an easily widened path leads down to the river. The 021200 Feb 1951 north bank is a wide, gently sloping gravel beach. Roads can easily be constructed join the existing road network. Message reference number 7 to (8) The river varies in width here from 180 to 245 meters (600 Annex B (Engineer Intelligence) to OpnO 7 feet to 800 feet). (See overlay.) Its maximum depth is S Reference: Map, KOREA, 1:250,000, SEOUL Sheet (NJ 52--9) meters (9 feet). The current averages 1.2 meters (4 feet) per 1. Purpose second. b. Crossing Site at CS 515-'. This study covers the possible crossing sites on the HAN RIVER (1) This site is generally unfavorable tactically. It is on a salient within the dhision boundaries. The area considered extends along tbe toward the enemy. It requires a Jong approach over open terrain HA.~ RIVER from the 40th to 55th vertical grid line. from PUNWON-NI. 2. Generol Description of Area (2) The south bank is a wide, gradually sloping sand and gravel beach. Roads can easily be constructed across this area. The a.. Weather. The weather during the month of February is generally north bank is a cut bank about 8 meters (10 feet) high. At cold and clear. Temperatures are always below freezing at night, but may present, a narrow road descends from the hank to the river. rise above freezing in the daytime. Precipitation is rare, and cloud cover « It could easily be widened. is rarely over 25 percent. Sufficient moonlight for good visibility can be (8) The river here averages 180 meters (600 feet) in width, with expected from 15 February to 23 February. (See inclosed sun and moon table.) • a current of approximately one meter (3 to 4, feet) per second. By utilizing the island, a cross-water span of only 140 meters b. General Terrain. The terrain limits the choice of crossing sites. (450 feet) is required. However, the currents around the island Between the 44th and the 48th vertical grid line and from the 52d vertical are from 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 6 feet) per second. grid line to the division right boundary. mountains border the river and (4) A tank ford may exist at this site. approximately in line with render it inaccessible to anything but foot troops. Elsewhere, wide river the island. (See overlay.) valleys open onto the RAJ.""'" V ALLEY from the south. These valleys are (c) Crossing Site CS .u5B. low and fiat and generally covered with rice paddies. At this season, they are sufficiently frozen to support tracked vehicles. Three usable roads ap (1) The site is generally unfavorable tad;ically. It is on a salient proach the HAN RIVER from the south. A two-Jane all-weather road runs toward the enemy. It requires an approach of several miles, along the north bank of the river and a one-Jane dry-weather road runs over open terrain, from covered assembly areas. However, once up the PUKHAN VALLEY. (See overlay for road network) the crossing is accomplished, our forces WIll be in open terrain c. BAN RIVER. The HAN RrVER fluctuates greatly in flow with and on a good road network. the seasons. At this season it is at its low point, varyjng from 180 to 275 (2) The south bank is very wide and covered with loose sand. It is meters (600 to 900 feet) in width within the division sector. Except where easily traversed by tracked vehicles, but wheeled vehicles will it runs between mountains, it has a wide, sandy bed. The trace of the bed have difficulty. The north bank is a cut bank from S to 4.5 is sinuous, with cut banks on the concave sides of the bends varying from meters (10 to 15 feet) high. There is a Darrow beach at water 2 to 4¥.2 meters (6 to 15 feet) in height. A thin sheet of ice fonns out level on which vehicles could land. Considerable engineer work from the banks nightly, but melts during the day. It should pose no dif_ would be required to cut a road to the top of the bank. ficulty to a crOSSing. (8) At present, water flows only to the north of the island. (See (CLASSIFICATION) overlay.) The river bere is approximately 150 meters (500 (CLASSIFICATION) .. AGO 61T!A (,. AGO flT!A .. (CLASSIFICATION) feet) wide, witb a current of approximately one meter (3 to 4 feet) per second, and is uniordable. 4. Additional Factors a. A rain or sudden thaw would greatly increase the width, depth, and velocity of the river. While not likely during February, it is possible. APPENDIX D Thawing can be expected in March. b. A dam on the PUKHAN RIVER at CS 6276 controls a reservoir SAMPLE INTELLIGENCE REPORT ON ENEMY MATERIEL which is nearly fulL If this dam were blown, or its gates suddenly opened, it would greatly increase the flow in the HAN RIVER below its junction with the PUKHAN. (CLASSIFICATION) e. Both the road and railroad bridges across tbe PL'KHAN RIVER 537th ENGI!';'EER DETACHMENT (TECHNICAL Th""TELLIGENCE have been destroyed. (See overlay.) (COLLECTION». APO 23 DILLARD 18 June 1953 Lt Col Report No. 10 AppendixeB: l-SuD and moon table 8u'BJECT: Chinese Antipersonnel Concrete Ball Mine 2-Overlay TO: The Englneer Distribution: A IX Corps OFFICIAL: APO 50 ATTN: 555th ED (TI) (R) /s/ Ross ROSS 1. Introduction S2 a. Three Chinese antipersonnel concrete ball mines (Transliteration: San-ko-tu chin-chuang ti-iei) (ind. 1), were found in a ditch near Koo-San (CD5678, Korean Map Series 0-235, Sheet No. KL), on 12 June 1953, by members of Company B, 133d Engineer Combat Battalion, and were turned over to this organization (13 June 1953) by the S2 (LL John R. Smith) of that Englneer battalion. He stated that the mines were discovered and • • evacuated while the members of Company B were on a routine reconnais sance. The mines had been hing in the ditch without any special employ ment, as if the enemy had merely thrown them there. b. The members of Company B were Dot contacted for questioning, since the S2 officer was present in the ditch when the mines were removed. The information of the 82 is e,aluated as B2. c. The Chinese nomenclature given above was taken from a report on a POW interrogation submitted by tbis organization as Report No.6, dated 20 May 1953. 2. Research No specialized research was required in the preparation of this re- jX>rt. 3. Description a. The concrete ball mine (incl. 1) is 25 centimeters (10 inches) in diameter and weighs approximately 9 kilograms (20 pounds), including the fuse assembly, the main change (two 400-gram blocks of TNT), and the concrete case. The unpainted, spherical case consists of cement, sand, gravel, and fragments of metal. (CLASSIFICATION) (CLASSIFICATION) AGO U77A , 51 .. • AGO 61i7A (CLASSIFICATION) (CLASSIFICATION) b. The fuse assembly (incl. 2) consists of a Chinese fuse lighter model d.. Lift out wooden blocks. 29, 9 centimeters (2 inches) of Chinese P. K. time fuse, an adapter (un e. Lift out fuse assembly and attached explosive. identified) for connecting the fuse to the lighter, a detonator holder (un f. Unscrew detonator holder from explosive block. identified) and a Soviet MX No.8 detonator. These items are similar to g. Remove detonator from holder. those of which a description and sketch were given in Report No.4, sub • mitted by tbis organization 19 April 1953. The fuse requires 10 seconds 7. Production to burn through. The fuse assembly is fixed and positioned in the center 4. There were no markings to identify the manufacturer. of the mine by wooden blocks (inclosure 3) and wedges. b. It was obvious from visual inspection that the cases of the tliree c. The main charge, shown in the cross.sectional view, inclosure 2, concrete mines were fanned in the same wooden mold. Markings left by consists of two standard 400-gram blocks of Soviet TNT, as described the mold show impressloDB of a wood-gouging tool which were identical and shown on page 250, TM 5-2232. on the surfaces of all three mines. d. After the main charge bas been placed in the mine. as shown in 8. Conclusioru incI. 1, the fuse assembly is insemd by screwing the detonator bolder into the threaded detonator well of one of the 400-gram explosive blocks. It is the opinion of the undersigned that- Two wooden blocks (incl. 8) are placed around the fuse assembly and 4. The Chinese ball mine was designed to be employed as a controlled forced down into the 5 by 7.6 centimeters (2- by S-inch) hole in the top antipersonnel mine. of the mine. Two small wooden wedges are forced down between the large b. When so employed, and aduated by a trip wire or pull wire, the sectional blocks and the fuse lighter. A trip wire, or a wire controlled by mine would be relatively ineffectual against troops, as there would be a the enemy, may be attached to the pull ring to actuate the fuse ljghter. l0-8ec0nd delay after it was actuated. A person hearing the "pop-and After a 10-second delay, caused by the bUrning of the time fuse, the deto fizzing" noise made by the fuse lighter and time fuse being actuated would nator explodes the 800 grams of TNT, showering fragments of concrete, have time enough to drop to the ground or to seek cover, thus minimizing stone, and metal in all directions. the effect of the mine. If and when an instantaneous type of fuse assembly e. An investigation of the three fuse assemblies of the mines revealed is employed, the mine will be much more effective. that in each case weather had affected the time fuse. Water had collected c. The present mine warfare training program teaches procedures in the hole of the concrete case, wetting the time fuse, which would not for safely neutralizing the mine. burn, until it had been dried. However, the water apparently had DO ef f d. Since the U. S. Army does not have any mine similar to the one fect on the fuse lighter and main charge. reported on herein, no field comparison can be :made of similar types. 4. Field Tests • 9. Disposition Because only three Chinese ball mines were found, no field tests were The Chinese ball mines and their complete contents, including the made to determine the possible danger radius of this type of mine. fuse lighter, detonators, and explosive blocks, have been crated and are 5. U5e being forwarded (19 June 1958), via m Corps liaison plane, to the 382 ED (TI) (R) at Tai-SMnf/; ETA IX Corps Airfield at 1600 hrs 19 June Methods of employing the Chinese antipersonnel concrete ball mine a. 1953. are not known; but it is apparent that detonation will be accomplished either by a trip wire or by enemy personnel using a pull wire. 3 Inclosures: (Omitted) Alan G. Aubrey b. The 9th Chinese Infantry Division was the enemy organization lsi ALAN G. AUBREY which had occupied the area before the mines were captured. Since the 1st Lt CE 8th Chinese Engineer Battalion is the organic engineer unit of that dh'i CQMMAl'I"DING sion, it is presumed that the 8th Engineers used the mines. No other mines of this type have been encountered by this intelligence collection unit. (CLASSIFICATION) 6. Countermeasures To neutralize this mine the following steps are recommended: a. Check both ends of the trip wire for boobytraps, and check the control wire for possible enemy personnel. b. Cut trip wire. c. Remove wedges. (CLASSIFICATION) ' , " 52 AGO 617711. . AGO 611111. 53 INDEX p~pll .... ,,-",> .... A=cy of information ______42«(2) Periodic nport ______App B ProeWures ______~ 5 Aerial imagery ______~_ 25.: 24 " Specialists ______20 " Aeria! reconnaissance ______Z4 28 • Air Force agende!; ______lS" (2) 9 Engineer worksheet ______38 '" Air Foree photos ______25" (3) 24 Engineers in civil affairs work ___ 60 HAROLD K. JOHNSON, General, United States Army. Official: Chief of Staff. KENNETH G. WICKHAM, • Ma..jor General" United States Army, The Adjutant General. Distribution: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 requirements for Engineer Intelligence. f • 'Il- U.s. GOVEru."llENT PEINTING OFFICE, 1911'1~!-W21$1r,A (~.