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Dissolution Features of Karst Foundations at Different Depth Sections

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Dissolution Features of Karst Foundations at Different Depth Sections International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics Vol. 15, No. 2, April, 2020, pp. 145-153 Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijdne Dissolution Features of Karst Foundations at Different Depth Sections Xianfa Cao1, Hegang Tang2*, Zhikui Liu1, Hailing Li1 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of New Energy and Building Energy Saving, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China 2 Guilin Investigation & Research Institute, Guilin 541002, China Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150202 ABSTRACT Received: 17 July 2019 The dissolution of karst foundations can be divided into rock surface dissolution and hole Accepted: 2 December 2019 dissolution. The dissolution features of karst foundations at different depths must be clearly identified before taking proper karst treatment measures. In this paper, more than Keywords: 200 engineering data samples are collected from typical carbonate karstic regions in karst foundations, rock surface dissolution, southwestern China, and 12 most representative engineering site were picked out. The hole dissolution, dissolution features rock surface dissolution ratio, hole dissolution ratio, and total dissolution ratio were measured at each engineering site, and used to fit the relationship between rock surface dissolution ratio and hole dissolution ratio at different depth sections. The results show that the karst foundation can be split into three sections from top to bottom: rock surface dissolution section Ⅰ, composite dissolution section Ⅱ, and hole dissolution section Ⅲ. The three sections occur inevitably as the rock surface dissolution occurs naturally from the inside. The dissolution degree decreases exponentially with the growing depth, and the rock surface dissolution ratio drops faster than the total dissolution ratio. Moreover, the hole dissolution ratio per unit volume of rock decreases with the increase of depth. If the holes are not developed, the engineering sites will only have rock surface dissolution section; if the holes become more developed, the composite dissolution section will expand gradually and dominate site dissolution. At most locations, the hole dissolution ratios under the minimum elevation of rock surface are within 10%. Finally, it is suggested that the final elevation of the drilling holes must be controlled above the minimum elevation of rock surface. The research results shed new light on the mitigation of dissolution of karst foundations. 1. INTRODUCTION In this paper, more than 200 engineering data samples are collected from typical carbonate karstic regions in The dissolution of karst foundations can be divided into southwestern China, and 12 most representative engineering rock surface dissolution and hole dissolution [1, 2]. In karst site were picked out. Referring to the correlations between regions, the two types of dissolution induce different karst ground corrosion and depth [24, 25], the authors engineering problems [3-5]. Rock surface dissolution makes measured the rock surface dissolution ratio, hole dissolution the rock surface undulating and the soil-rock foundation ratio, and total dissolution ratio at each engineering site, and nonhomogeneous [6, 7], while hole dissolution causes striking probed deep into the relationship between rock surface harms to the stability of karst foundations [8, 9]. Therefore, the dissolution ratio and hole dissolution ratio at different depth dissolution type of karst foundations at different depths must sections, with the aim to disclose the dissolution features of be identified before determining the possible engineering karst foundations. problems [10, 11], and designing economic and rational treatment measures [12, 13]. Karst caves are a hotspot in the research of engineering 2. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING geology in karst regions [14, 15]. Many prospecting geophysical prospecting methods have been widely adopted to 2.1 Data collection explore the development of karst caves [16-19]. Fruitful results have been achieved on the evaluation of roof stability Southwestern China has the world’s most representative of karst caves [20, 21], providing a good reference for the carbonate karst landform. All types of karst landscapes are research into the stability of karst foundations [22, 23]. The available in this karst region. The authors gathered over 200 features of rock surface dissolution have attracted much engineering data samples from several cities in Guangxi attention from engineers and technicians. However, the Zhuang Autonomous Region, such as Nanning, Liuzhou, existing studies have either evaluated these features on the Guilin, to name but a few. More than 1,200 buildings are macroscale or focused the features of individual caves. There involved in the collected data. is little report on the dissolution features deep in karst In addition, geological data were collected from multiple foundations. places in the said karst region, including Shenzhen 145 (Guangdong Province), Longyan (Fujian Province), Kunming climates (e.g. tropical climate and subtropical climate). (Yunnan Province), Guiyang (Guizhou Province), and Considering the sheer volume of data, only the most Chongqing (Chongqing Municipality). Ranging from 50 to representative samples were selected for analysis. Table 1 2,100m in elevation, these places have diverse landforms (e.g. summarizes the basics of the engineering sites involved in our basins, hills, mountains, and plateaus) and belong to different samples. Table 1. Summary of engineering sites Karst Site Total rock exposure Penetration rate of Total height of Sites of projects Project name Sub-area rate ID thickness /each boreholes /% the cave /m /% Pingguo County, East area 39 69.23 75.65 17.34 1 Jinhao Community Baise West area 43 88.37 94.27 19.72 Wuming County, East area 69 40.58 96.80 16.05 2 Zhongxu Modern City Nanning West area 68 51.47 109.25 17.45 Building 1 78 47.44 35.7 3.38 3 Hechi Tonggu Garden Building 2 71 5.63 6.40 0.47 Building 3 51 58.82 208.4 39.32 4 Guilin Guangxi’s 5th Reformatory Building 4 56 46.43 88.53 20.67 South area 54 5.56 3.80 1.00 5 Hezhou Fengdan Bailu North area 67 7.46 8.30 1.71 Building 4 56 42.86 85.57 15.95 6 Liuzhou Jinsheng Plaza Building 5 85 55.29 146.29 17.3 Building 1 61 21.31 40.5 5.91 7 Laibin South Bank of Jiacheng Building 2 76 51.32 152.81 16.7 Zhijin County, Building 6 43 23.26 118.10 17.84 8 Zhijin International Plaza Guiyang Building 7 44 9.09 6.40 1.20 Xiushan County, Building 4 86 43.02 57.44 4.92 9 Qianlong Yangguang Yuyuan Chongqing Building 5 29 72.41 70.05 18.49 Security checking building in south Block A1 12 8.33 3.35 2.64 10 Kunming of some airport’s office district Block A2 24 8.33 6.16 2.42 Eastern 67 14.93 56.65 8.86 Women and Children’s section 11 Longyan Activity Center Western 54 18.52 45.37 9.36 section Southern 66 45.45 77.25 11.40 Outpatient Building of Traditional section 12 Shenzhen Chinese Medicine Northern 66 31.82 53.50 9.35 section Each engineering site was further divided as follows: if the In the depth interval (Hi-1, Hi], the total dissolution ratio ri, site has no or only one building, it was divided into two areas the rock surface dissolution ratio ri', and the hole dissolution or blocks; if the site has multiple buildings, two typical ratio ri'' can be respectively calculated by: buildings were selected for further analysis. For simplicity, the areas, blocks, and selected buildings are collectively referred 푙푖 푟푖 = × 100% to as locations. Therefore, a total of 24 locations were created 퐿푖 for the subsequent analysis. ′ 푠푖 푟푖 = × 100% (2) 퐿푖 2.2 Data processing 푑 ′′ 푖 푟푖 = × 100% { 퐿푖 Based on the length ΔH of depth section, the lower limit Ha and upper limit Hb of elevation can be respectively defined as: where, li and Li are the dissolution height of the depth section (Hi-1, Hi] and the cumulative footage of the rock layers, 퐻푚푖푛 퐻 = 훥퐻 ⋅ 푖푛푡( ) respectively. The former consists of two parts: hole dissolution 푎 훥퐻 } (1) height di and rock surface dissolution height si. 퐻푚푎푥 퐻 = 훥퐻 ⋅ 푖푛푡( ) Suppose all drilling holes extend below elevation Hi. Then, 푏 훥퐻 li and Li can be respectively calculated by: where, Hmin is the minimum elevation at the bottom of the 푙푖 = 푠푖 + 푑푖 depth section, i.e. the minimum elevation of rock surface; Hmax { (3) 퐿 = 푛 ⋅ 훥퐻 is the maximum elevation of the rock surface; int () is a 푖 rounding function. Then, the elevation at the bottom of each where, n is the total number of holes. section can be denoted as H [H , H ). From top to bottom, the i a b Substituting equation (3) into equation (2), we have: depth sections can be sorted as H >H >…>H >H >H >… 1 2 i-1 i i+1 146 + ds ii Rock surface dissolution height si refers to the difference ri = %100 (4) between the initial elevation of rock surface and the elevation Hn of the drilled rock surface, that is, the cumulative height of all drilled rock surfaces in the depth section (Hi-1, Hi]. The value Hole dissolution height di refers to the cumulative footage of si can be obtained by: of all holes uncovered in the depth section (Hi-1, Hi]. The value of di can be obtained by: 푛 푚 푠푖 = ∑[푚푎푥( 퐻푖−1, 퐻푟푘) − 푚푎푥( 퐻푖, 퐻푟푘)] (6) 푑 = ∑[푚푖푛( 퐻 , 퐻′ ) − 푚푎푥( 퐻 , 퐻′ )] (5) 푘=1 푖 푖−1 1푘 푖 2푘 푗=1 where, H is the elevation of the drilled rock surface. rk According to the above equations, the total dissolution ratio, where, m is the number of holes whose elevation is greater than rock surface dissolution ratio, and hole dissolution ratio in H at the roof of the cave and smaller than H at the bottom of i i-1 each depth section were obtained.
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