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Agricultural Machinery Management Data ASAE D497.4 MAR99 Agricultural Machinery Management Data American Society of Agricultural Engineers S T ASAE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASAE Standards are consensus documents A developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. Technical and Editorial Change Notation: The symbol T preceding or in the margin adjacent to section headings, paragraph numbers, figure captions, or table headings indicates a technical change was incorporated in that area when N this document was last revised. The symbol T preceding the title of a document indicates essentially the entire document has been revised. The symbol E used similarly indicates editorial changes or corrections have been made with no intended change in the technical meaning of the document. NOTE: ASAE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASAE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of these ASAE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with D applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. This standard may be designated ANSI/ASAE. If so, this standard is an American National/ASAE Standard as determined by the accreditation of the ASAE by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. A Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: In the case that this standard is an ANSI/ASAE standard, this American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive R current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Copyright American Society of Agricultural Engineers. All rights reserved. ASAE-The Society for engineering in agricultural, food, and biological systems D 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659, USA ph. 616-429-0300, fax 616-429-3852, [email protected] ASAE D497.4 MAR99 Agricultural Machinery Management Data Developed by the Farm Machinery Management Committee; approved ranging from 0.1 to 0.7, statis radial tire deflections ranging from 10% to by the Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by 30% of the undeflected tire section height, and W/bd values ranging ASAE February 1963 as ASAE D230; revised December 1965, February from15to55kN/m2. 1971; revised editorially December 1974; revised December 1977; 3.2.1 Motion resistance, MR, (as defined in ASAE S296) is equal to the revised editorially September 1979; Table 1 corrected December 1981; difference between gross traction, GT, and net traction, NT: reconfirmed December 1982; revised December 1983; reconfirmed December 1988; revised March 1990 and redesignated ASAE D497; 1 0.5s revised editorially December 1990; revised March 1993, March 1994; MRϭGTϪNTϭWͩ ϩ0.04ϩ ͪ B ͱ revised editorially January 1995; revised November 1996, January 1998; n B n E revised editorially March 1999, February 2000. where: 1 Purpose and scope ␦ 1.1 These data include representative values of farm machinery 1ϩ5 CIb d h operation parameters as an aid to managers, planners, and designers in ϭͩ ͪ B n ͩ ͪ estimating the performance of field machines. W b 1ϩ3 1.2 These data are intended for use with ASAE EP496. Some data are d reported in equation form to permit use in computer and calculator mathematical models. B n is a dimensionless ratio; 1.3 These data report typical values for tractor performance, implement W is the dynamic wheel load in force units normal to the power requirements, repair and maintenance costs, depreciation, fuel soil surface, kN (lbf); and oil use, reliability for field operation, probable working days, and CI is the cone index for the soil (see ASAE S313), kPa timeliness coefficients as measured by experiment, modeling, or survey. (lbf/in.2); 1.4 Where possible, variation in sampled data is reported using the b is the unloaded tire section width, m (in.); range, a standard deviation, SD, or a coefficient of variation, CV, defined d is the unloaded overall tire diameter, m (in.); as SD/mean. In a normal distribution 68% of the population should be h is the tire section height, m (in.); contained in a range of Ϯ1 SD about the mean, and 95% will be ␦ is the tire deflection, m (in.); contained in a Ϯ2 SD. s is slip (see ASAE S296), decimal. 3.2.1.1 Values of CI and B n for agricultural drive tires (W/bd 2 Normative references Х 30 kN/m2) on typical soil surfaces are: The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Data. At the time of publication, the Soil Cl (kPa) Bn editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Data are encouraged to investigate Hard 1800 80 the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards Firm 1200 55 indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers of currently Tilled 900 40 valid standards. Soft, sandy 450 20 ASAE S296.4 DEC95, Terminology for Traction of Agricultural Tractors, These values are applicable to soils that are not highly compactible. Self-Propelled Implements and Traction and Transport Devices ␳ ASAE S313.2 DEC94, Soil Cone Penetrometer 3.2.1.2 The motion resistance ratio, , is a ratio of the motion resistance ASAE S495 DEC94, Uniform Terminology for Agricultural Machinery to dynamic wheel load. Management MR 1 0.5 s ASAE EP496.2 MAR94, Agricultural Machinery Management ␳ϭ ϭ ϩ0.04ϩ W B ͱ n B n E 3 Tractor performance 3.2.2 Net traction, NT (as defined in ASAE S296): 3.1 Drawbar performance of tractors depends primarily on engine power, Ϫ Ϫ 1 0.5 s NTϭWͩ 0.88͑1Ϫe 0.1Bn ͒͑1Ϫe 7.5 s ͒Ϫ Ϫ ͪ weight distribution on drive wheels, type of hitch, and soil surface. B ͱ Maximum tractive efficiency, TE, is optimized by compromising drive n B n wheel slip, s, and motion resistance, MR. Figure 1 presents typical power where: relationships for agricultural tractors when properly ballasted for the desired operating speed. Tractive efficiency can be approximated by the e is the base of natural logarithms. ratio between PTO power and drawbar power. Four surface conditions and four types of tractors are included variables. The drive tire size is that 3.2.3 Gross traction, GT (as defined in ASAE S296): just large enough to carry the expected dynamic loading. Ϫ0.1 B Ϫ7.5 s 3.2 Single-wheel performance equations for pneumatic tires are useful GTϭW͑0.88͑1Ϫe n ͒͑1Ϫe ͒ϩ0.04͒ for design specifications, prediction of vehicle performance, and 3.2.4 Tractive efficiency, TE: computer simulation of vehicle productivity. The following relationships apply to bias-ply tires on most agricultural, earthmoving, and forestry NT TEϭ͑1Ϫs͒ prime movers. The following equations are limited to tires with a b/d ratio GT 350 ASAE STANDARDS 2000 Figure 1 – Power relationships for agricultural tractors. Power at a given location in the drive train can be used to estimate power at another location. For example, PTO power can be estimated from net flywheel power by multiplying the net flywheel power by 0.90. If drawbar power is desired, choose the tractor type and tractive condition to determine the ratio. To estimate the drawbar power for a four-wheel drive tractor with 224 kW of net flywheel power operating on firm soil, multiply 224 by 0.90 and 0.78 to arrive at 157.25 kW. 3.3 Fuel efficiency varies by type of fuel and by percent load on the draft required to overcome rolling resistance of the implement are engine. Typical farm tractor and combine engines above 20% load are included with one exception: for manure injection, motion resistance of modeled by the equations below. Typical fuel consumption for a specific spreader transport wheels must be added to get total implement draft. operation is given in L/kW·h (gal/hp·h) where X is the ratio of equivalent 4.1.1 Draft force required to pull many seeding implements and minor PTO power required by an operation to that maximum available from the tillage tools operated at shallow depths is primarily a function of the width PTO. These equations model fuel consumptions 15% higher than typical of the implement and the speed at which it is pulled. For tillage tools Nebraska Tractor Test performance to reflect loss of efficiency under operated at deeper depths, draft also depends upon soil texture, depth, field conditions. To determine the average fuel consumption of a tractor and geometry of the tool. Typical draft requirements can be calculated as operating under a range of load conditions, over a period of time, refer to ASAE EP496.
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