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Fragen und Antworten (FAQ) über das Textsatzsystem TEX und DANTE, Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TEX e.V. Bernd Raichle, Rolf Niepraschk und Thomas Hafner Version 72 vom September 2003 Dieser Text enthält häufig gestellte Fragen und passende Antworten zum Textsatzsy- stem TEX und zu DANTE e.V. Er kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er unverändert bleibt (in- klusive dieses Hinweises). Die Autoren bitten bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über Datenträger wie CD-ROM u. ä. um Zusendung von mindestens drei Belegexem- plaren. Anregungen, Ergänzungen, Kommentare und Bemerkungen zur FAQ senden Sie bit- te per E-Mail an [email protected] 1 Inhalt Inhalt 1 Allgemeines 5 1.1 Über diese FAQ . 5 1.2 CTAN, das ‚Comprehensive TEX Archive Network‘ . 8 1.3 Newsgroups und Diskussionslisten . 10 2 Anwendervereinigungen, Tagungen, Literatur 17 2.1 DANTE e.V. 17 2.2 Anwendervereinigungen . 19 2.3 Tagungen »geändert« .................................... 21 2.4 Literatur »geändert« .................................... 22 3 Textsatzsystem TEX – Übersicht 32 3.1 Grundlegendes . 32 3.2 Welche TEX-Formate gibt es? Was ist LATEX? . 38 3.3 Welche TEX-Weiterentwicklungen gibt es? . 41 4 Textsatzsystem TEX – Bezugsquellen 45 4.1 Wie bekomme ich ein TEX-System? . 45 4.2 TEX-Implementierungen »geändert« ........................... 48 4.3 Editoren, Frontend-/GUI-Programme »geändert« .................... 54 5 TEX, LATEX, Makros etc. (I) 62 5.1 LATEX – Grundlegendes . 62 5.2 LATEX – Probleme beim Umstieg von LATEX 2.09 . 67 5.3 (Silben-)Trennung, Absatz-, Seitenumbruch . 68 5.4 Seitenlayout, Layout allgemein, Kopf- und Fußzeilen »geändert« . 72 6 TEX, LATEX, Makros etc. (II) 79 6.1 Abbildungen und Tafeln . 79 6.2 Tabellen . 88 6.3 Fußnoten, Endnoten etc. »geändert« ........................... 90 6.4 Grafiken, Bilder, Farbe und andere Effekte »geändert« . 92 7 TEX, LATEX, Makros etc. (III) 98 7.1 Gliederung, Inhalts-, Abbildungs- und andere Verzeichnisse . 98 7.2 Literaturzitate, Literaturverzeichnis, BibTEX »geändert« . 105 7.3 \verb-Anweisung, verbatim- und Kommentar-Umgebungen »neu« . 111 7.4 Zerbrechliche Anweisungen in ‚moving arguments‘ . 115 8 TEX, LATEX, Makros etc. (IV) 116 8.1 Verschiedene Zeichen . 116 8.2 Mathematischer Formelsatz »geändert« . 121 8.3 Chemischer Struktur- und Formelsatz . 126 8.4 Notensatz »geändert« ....................................128 DE-TEX-FAQ Version 72, September 2003 3 Inhalt 8.5 Verschiedenes »neu« ....................................129 9 METAFONT und Schriften 139 9.1 METAFONT und METAFONT-Hilfsprogramme . 139 9.2 Schriften – allgemein »geändert« .............................143 9.3 TrueType-Schriften . 148 10 METAFONT und Schriften (Fortsetzung) 150 10.1 Die Computer-Modern-Schriften und ihre Nachfolger »neu« . 150 10.2 Alternativen zu den Computer-Modern-Schriften »geändert« . 153 10.3 Sonderschriften . 157 11 Tools und Utilities 160 11.1 Tools zur Manipulation von dvi-Dateien . 160 11.2 Syntax-Checker . 163 11.3 Dokument-Konverter von bzw. in das (La)TEX-Markup-Format »geändert« . 164 11.4 TEX-Benutzungsoberflächen und Editoren »geändert« . 169 11.5 dvi-Treiber – Druckertreiber und Previewer . 170 11.6 Zeichenprogramme . 172 Index 175 4 Copyright c 1995–2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner 1 Allgemeines 1 Allgemeines 1.1 Über diese FAQ 1.1.1 Entstehung und Erstellung Diese deutschsprachige FAQ („frequently asked questions“ = Liste mit häufig gestellten Fragen und Antworten) wurde durch die in der Newsgroup de.comp.text.tex regelmäßig auftauchen- den Fragen „Was ist DANTE e.V.?“, „Was ist „Die TEXnische Komödie“?“, „Wie kann ich Mitglied werden?“, „Was kostet eine Mitgliedschaft?“ geboren. Aus diesem Grund besteht ein Teil der FAQ aus Fragen über DANTE e.V. und den entsprechenden Antworten. Aus der ca. 14 KB großen, zweiteiligen ersten Version vom 6. November 1995 ist innerhalb von zwei Monaten zuerst eine vier-, dann eine achtteilige, ca. 90 KB große FAQ-Liste entstanden, die ab Oktober 1996 auf elf Teile angewachsen ist und mittlerweile eine Größe von ca. 280 KB Text erreicht. Bis 1998 wurde die FAQ nur als reine Textversion gepflegt und veröffentlicht. Im Oktober 1997 hat Rolf Niepraschk den Text der FAQ zur weiteren Verarbeitung mit Hyperlatex umgesetzt, so daß daraus sowohl eine Textversion der FAQ als auch Versionen in HTML- und anderen For- maten generiert werden kann. Die Hyperlatex-Eingabe wurde in den Folgemonaten von Fehlern befreit und erste Testversionen ab Februar 1998 veröffentlicht. In dieser Zeit erfolgte die Pflege der offiziellen Textversion und der Test-Hyperlatex-Quelle parallel. Im April 1999 stand schließ- lich die 50. Ausgabe dieser FAQ der Öffentlichkeit in verschiedenen Formaten zur Verfügung, die aus einer einzigen Hyperlatex-Quelle erzeugt wurden. Die DVI-, PostScript- und PDF-Versionen werden mit einem üblichen teTEX-System erzeugt. Für die PDF-Version kommt pdfTEX zusammen mit dem Paket ‚hyperref‘ zum Einsatz. Als Do- kumentklasse finden die Koma-Script-Klassen Verwendung. Aus derselben Eingabequelle erstellt Hyperlatex die HTML-Version. Die leider sehr beschränk- ten Möglichkeiten von Hyperlatex zur Generierung eines Stichwortverzeichnisses wurden von einem der Autoren der FAQ erweitert, da der Index für eine FAQ hilfreiche Dienste leisten kann. Die Textversion wurde bis Version 57 (November 1999) mit Lynx aus einer speziell angepaßten HTML-Version erstellt. Im Dezember 1999 wechselten wir mit Version 58 von Lynx auf html2text, das auch HTML-Tabellen verarbeiten kann. Um diese Vielzahl von Zielformaten zu ermöglichen, besteht die Eingabequelle der FAQ aus einer Menge von Treiberdateien, die für jedes Format die notwendigen Deklarationen und Makro-Definitionen enthalten und den eigentlichen Dateien mit den Fragen und Antworttexten. Das Stichwortverzeichnis wird durch entsprechend definierte Markup-Anweisungen für Pakete, Klassen, Schriften etc. automatisch und durch viele weitere von uns manuell vorgenommene Eintragungen generiert. 1.1.2 Erscheinungsweise Die Textversion der FAQ wird regelmäßig zur Monatsmitte in die Newsgroups de.comp.text. tex, de.answers und news.answers verschickt. Die FAQ besteht aus mehreren Teilen, wobei jeder Teil ohne News-Header nicht länger als ca. 32 KB ist. DE-TEX-FAQ Version 72, September 2003 5 1 Allgemeines 1.1.3 Copyright Copyright c 1995–2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner Dieser Text kann über beliebige Medien frei verteilt werden, solange er vollständig und un- verändert bleibt (zusammen mit diesem Hinweis). Die Autoren bitten allerdings bei Verteilung über gedruckte Medien, über Datenträger wie CD-ROM u. a. um Zusendung von mindestens drei Belegexemplaren. In diesem Werk werden eingetragene Warenzeichen, Handelsnamen und Gebrauchsnamen verwendet. Auch wenn diese nicht als solche gekennzeichnet sind, gelten die entsprechenden Schutzbestimmungen. 1.1.4 Archivierung Eine Kopie kann man über das World-Wide-Web (WWW) in http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/ finden. Da die FAQ in die Newsgroups de.answers und news.answers verschickt wird, kann man die neueste Version in dem weltweiten FAQ-Archiv ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news. answers/de-tex-faq/ und allen Spiegeln dieses Archivs, u. a. den ftp-Servern des CTAN (siehe Abschnitt 1.2) in CTAN: help/de-tex-faq/, finden. Die Dateien auf diesen ftp-Servern kann man sich auch mit Hilfe eines ftp-Mailer über E-Mail zuschicken lassen (siehe Frage 1.2.4). 1.1.5 Verwendete Abkürzungen Wird im Zusammenhang mit ftp-Adressen CTAN: XXX geschrieben, so ist dies als ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/XXX zu lesen. Statt ftp.dante.de kann auch jeder andere CTAN-Server verwendet werden, wobei im Interesse einer geringeren Belastung des Internet in Deutschland bevorzugt der deutsche CTAN- Server oder einer seiner deutschen Spiegel genutzt werden sollte (siehe Frage 1.2). 1.1.6 Hinweis zum „Verfallsdatum“ der DE-TEX-FAQ: Die Fragen und Antworten, die in der DE-TEX-FAQ gegeben werden, sind aufgrund der Weiter- entwicklung der Teile eines kompletten TEX-Systems einem stetigen Wandel unterworfen. Wenn Sie also in der Ihnen vorliegenden gedruckten Fassung eine Frage oder Antwort vermissen, Feh- ler finden oder aus Antworten nicht schlauer werden, so sollten Sie zuerst überprüfen, ob diese in der aktuellsten Fassung enthalten bzw. korrigiert wurde, bevor Sie sich an uns wenden. Wollen Sie uns eine Korrektur zukommen lassen, so geben Sie bitte nicht nur die Nummer der Frage an, sondern auch die Überschrift, da sich die Numerierung durch neu hinzugekommene oder wegfallende Fragen ändern kann. 6 Copyright c 1995–2003 B. Raichle, R. Niepraschk, Th. Hafner 1.1 Über diese FAQ 1.1.7 Mitwirkende an dieser FAQ Aktiv mitgewirkt haben bisher: Bernd Raichle, Thomas Hafner, Luzia Dietsche, Ulrik Vieth, Matthias G. Berberich, Olaf Kummer, Michael Wolf, Martin Schröder, Markus Kohm, Marion Neubauer, em, Petra Humann, Ulrich Kuckert, Martin Mattel, Wilfried Hennings, Karl Eichwalder, Anselm Lingnau, Jörg Knappen, Werner Icking, Heinz Kusznier, Alexander Bugl, Jür- gen Dollinger, Tilmann Böß, Sebastian Kirsch, Ralph Schleicher, Marcus Otto, Ralf Gärtner, Rolf Herzog, Reinhard Zierke, Klaus Höppner, Rainer Dorsch, Marcus Ohl- haut, Günter Partosch, Andreas Schlechte, Heiko Nock, Tilman Raible, Hartmut Go- ebel, Werner Liebscher, Lutz Pogrell, Hartmut Schirmer, Andreas Frick, Tobias Bur- nus, Walter Schmidt, Christine Waigl, Helmut Geyer, Karl F. Banke, Heinrich Goetz- ger, Peter Wyzlic, Rolf Niepraschk, Björn Lorenz, Ronald G. Wichern, Thomas Beh- rens, Thomas Neumann, Stefan Ulrich, Christoph Wutzke, Jörg Schulz,
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