RESEARCH ARTICLE UC-industry-agency partnerships influence and help implement dairy water quality policy More than 94% of dairy producers were in compliance with new regulations to protect water quality after a carefully staged, collaborative plan to support the transition to new practices.

by Deanne M. Meyer, Betsy M. Karle, Jennifer M. Heguy, David J. Lewis, Jeffery W. Stackhouse and D. Denise Mullinax

assage of the Porter-Cologne Act, ’s Abstract water quality regulation, in 1969 and the addi- Ption of point source regulations to the federal For 50 years, UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) has Clean Water Act in 1972 created a path to reduce the contributed to dairy water quality policy in California and helped, impacts of livestock operations on water quality. Water with partner organizations, to implement it in the dairy industry. is an important resource for Californians. In the dairy When conditional waivers for waste discharge requirements expired industry, water is used directly for animal consump- in 2003, UC ANR shared research and best professional practices as tion, milk harvesting hygiene and sanitation, milk regional water quality control boards developed new orders. UC ANR cooling, animal cooling and also for on-site forage academics then worked with water quality control boards' staff and dairy production. Two important ways in which dairies con- industry representatives to develop feasible, staged implementation serve water are the use of manure-based fertilizers for plans. Collaboratively, more than 50 hours of workshop curriculum on-site forage production, and the use of feeds that are were developed and disseminated, helping dairy producers to accept byproducts of human food production (almond hulls, scientifically sound management practices that are more protective of distillers grains, cottonseed, etc.). The human edible groundwater. Research by UC ANR to better understand system dynamics, outputs from the industry are milk and meat. The in- nitrogen management and practices to minimize the impact of manure dustry also produces solid manure and process waste- application on groundwater quality continues, as does a program in water (very dilute manure), which require management environmental stewardship. to minimize the potential impact to surface water and groundwater sources.

Online: https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2018a0042

Manure management practices based on UC ANR research and delivered through educational workshops have helped hundreds of California dairy farmers comply with regulations designed to protect water quality.

CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 73, NUMBER 1

Steve QuirtSteve 40 In the 1970s, the State Water Resources Control Technical questions arose prior to and during the Board (SWRCB) worked to incorporate the 1972 Clean policy development process. Research findings and Water Act requirements for concentrated animal best professional understandings provided by UC ANR feeding operations into the Porter-Cologne Act. The academics informed policymakers during the 2-year SWRCB requested information from UC Agriculture process of drafting the Central Valley (RB5) Dairy and Natural Resources (UC ANR) on manure gen- General Order (CVRWQCB 2007; CVRWQCB 2013). eration on dairies and best practices for manure UC ANR also provided scientific input during develop- management. Since that time, UC ANR has worked ment of dairy regulatory processes by the North Coast collaboratively with the SWRCB, regional water qual- (RB1) (NCRWQCB 2012) and San Francisco Bay (RB2) ity control boards, industry organizations and dairy (SFBRWQCB 2015) regional water quality control owners, providing research and educational pro- boards. grams to generate science-based policy and guide its implementation. Building partnerships UC ANR has worked Contributing science to regulatory The California Dairy Quality Assurance Program collaboratively framework (CDQAP) Environmental Stewardship module was founded in 1997, a partnership between dairy industry with the SWRCB, UC ANR’s earliest work with the SWRCB, on identify- groups; federal, state and regional government agen- ing better practices for manure management, was used cies; dairy science researchers and UC ANR. Its first regional water during the decade leading up to development of state- project was to collaboratively establish a mechanism quality control wide regulations adopted in 1984 (previously Chapter to certify dairies in environmental stewardship. It was 15: §2560-2565, now located in Chapter 7, subchapter proactive in addressing environmental concerns, set- boards, industry 2, Article 1 §22560-22565) (California Code of Regu- ting up the voluntary certification project before the organizations lations). Technical information was provided on soil adoption of water quality regulations that targeted qualities important for dairy pond structure (§ 22562) nitrogen management (CVRWQCB 2007; CVRWQCB and dairy and the importance of having manure storage struc- 2013; NCRWQCB 2012; SFBRWQCB 2015). In ad- owners, tures contain at least 10% clay and not more than 10% dition to joint work between UC ANR and CDQAP, gravel or other impermeable material. Also, technical active participation from U.S. Department of Agricul- providing information was provided on manure nutrient use in ture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA research and crop production systems (§ 22563): “The application of NRCS), resource conservation districts and regional manure to crop lands shall be at rates reasonable for the boards' staff members remains important to the success educational crop, soil, climate, special local situations, management of the programs. programs system, and type of manure.” The project received a grant in 1999 from the U.S. In response to the statewide regulations ad- Environmental Protection Agency in support of its goal to generate opted in 1984, regional water quality control boards to encourage dairy operators to adopt more environ- science- were tasked with developing Conditional Waiver of mentally sustainable management practices to manage Waste Discharge Requirements (CWWDR) or Waste manure and protect water quality. Practices needing based policy Discharge Requirements (WDR). WDR were developed attention included managing production areas prior to and guide its with or without the federal Clean Water Act National winter rains to maximize collection of rain runoff from Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits, de- solid manure containing areas, conditioning corrals to implementation. pending on local needs. Beginning in the late 1970s, minimize erosion during rain events, evaluating liquid UC ANR advisors convened local groups of dairy own- manure storage capacity, using water more efficiently ers and operators to discuss the implications of the new and carefully timing application of nutrients to soil regulations, identify alternative manure management during growth of winter and summer crops to more practices and engage in local monitoring to benchmark closely match crop nitrogen needs. Enhanced man- and document progress. agement helps to prevent erosion and retain nitrogen The state’s regulatory process for issuing water qual- nearer to crop root zone for use. ity permits changed in 2003 with the passage of Senate The requirements for becoming certified in envi- Bill 293, which mandated a sunset to the existing ronmental stewardship include attending a 6-hour UC CWWDR. In practice, this required that each regional ANR dairy environmental stewardship course (dairy water quality control board reissue its conditional water quality and dairy manure management). Also, waivers on a 5-year cycle or issue WDR. Both processes the dairy operator or owner needs to document compli- required intensive public input. ance with local, state and federal regulations pertaining As change agents, UC ANR (UC Cooperative to environmental stewardship and successfully com- Extension) advisors and specialists were actively plete an on-farm evaluation by an independent third engaged with stakeholders to provide science-based party with no previous ties to the facility or affiliation information to staff at regional water quality control with facility management. UC ANR academics were boards as they developed and adopted WDR for dairies. deeply involved in developing the on-farm evaluation

http://calag.ucanr.edu • JANUARY–MARCH 2019 41 tool to delineate compliance with water quality regula- management involved with dairy operations. Together, tions and to evaluate probability of compliance based the group worked with stakeholders and CVRWQCB on infrastructure available for manure management staff to identify logical, methodical ways that producers and management capabilities. The evaluation checklist could effectively implement changes to their operations was finalized through a series of ten 3- to 5-hour meet- to be more protective of groundwater quality and meet ings by staff from the SWRCB, regional water quality compliance needs. control boards, US EPA, California Department of In 2003, after the mandatory sunset of conditional Food and Agriculture, dairy industry representatives waivers, the CVRWQCB began to develop dairy-spe- and UC ANR. cific GWDR for existing milk cow dairies through a se- ries of stakeholder meetings. Included were concerned Central Valley Dairy GWDR citizen groups, USDA NRCS state experts, UC ANR academics, dairy industry representatives and county In 2000, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality regulatory agency staff. Control Board (CVRWQCB) asked UC ANR to ad- The primary focus of the dairy GWDR was bet- dress technical questions posed by its staff on manure ter management of all forms of nitrogen to minimize nitrogen distribution, atmospheric nitrogen losses, nitrate leaching through soil. Existing knowledge (in nitrogen application rates, phosphorus and potassium industry, UC ANR and USDA NRCS), findings from concentrations in manure, salts in dairy manure and then-current research (from UC ANR) and identifica- the effects of applying manure to land (Chang et al. tion of standard practices (from USDA NRCS, industry, 2006). A committee of UC ANR experts on these sub- UC ANR) were integrated to establish a staged imple- jects was convened. The findings of the committee’s mentation process for the dairy GWDR (CVRWQCB report, specifically that nitrogen application rates of 1.4 2007). to 1.65 times the nitrogen removal rates in harvested The trust developed during the initial years of crops are protective of groundwater quality, served as the environmental stewardship program was invalu- the foundation of the GWDR (for existing milk cow able. Stakeholders who knew one another provided dairies [CVRWQCB 2007, 2013]) nitrogen application scientific input during numerous dairy stakeholder restriction developed in 2007. working group meetings with dairy program staff at To help dairy operators Many of the experts on the committee also CVRWQCB. UC ANR academics provided written estimate manure storage worked on the USDA NRCS Comprehensive Nutrient and oral public comments and contributed research pond capacity needs, Management Plan guidance development process. publications and findings during working group meet- workshop leaders set up office hours where they This process brought together technical experts from ings. Once the dairy-specific GWDR program was provided one-on-one UC ANR, dairy industry stakeholders and NRCS finalized, the next hurdle was delivering it to the dairy assistance with site-specific staff to develop guidance for many aspects of nutrient industry in a way that would result in positive manage- calculations. ment change by dairy owners and operators. They were required to change from doing what they had been do- ing for decades to, for example, maintaining detailed water quality records and submitting annual reports. UC ANR collaborated with its partners in CDQAP to develop workshops for dairy operators and their con- sultants. UC ANR led the workshop curriculum devel- opment and dissemination processes. UC ANR contributed research on the infiltration of nitrate-nitrogen into groundwater below fields farmed for forage crops to be fed to dairy cows (Harter et al. 2002; Harter, Davis et al. 2001; Harter, Mathews et al. 2001; Mathews et al. 2001). It was key to dairy produc- ers making nitrogen management a priority. The final 6-stage implementation plan for comply- ing with the dairy-specific GWDR was a methodical approach to managing nitrogen applications. It con- sisted of (1) identifying current facility infrastructure and nitrogen application and water management capabilities; (2) evaluating sufficiency of existing infra- structure for more detailed needs of a future system; (3) determining a feasible implementation plan to get from current structures to future needs in a limited time frame (as defined in the GWDR); (4) completing retrofits as needed; (5) evaluating effectiveness and (6) David Lewis David making additional improvements.

42 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 73, NUMBER 1 In fall 2005, UC ANR and CDQAP delivered a help dairy producers obtain representative soil, solid workshop in the Central Valley to dairy operators. The and liquid manure, plant tissue and irrigation water primary focus of this workshop was introducing pend- samples for precisely managing nutrient applications ing changes in the regulatory process and providing and nutrient removals from land where manure was an opportunity for each dairy facility owner to iden- applied (Campbell Matthews and Frate 2008; Davy et tify the facility is in operation and exists (a California al. 2009; Frate and Campbell Matthews 2008; Harter Environmental Quality Act process). and Meyer 2007; Meyer and Mullinax 2008; Meyer In 2006, UC ANR published California Dairies: 2008; Meyer et al. 2008; Meyer and Price 2011; Mueller Protecting Water Quality, which summarized practical and Putnam 2009; Pettygrove and Campbell Matthews approaches and technologies to protect water quality 2008). A laboratory methods manual following US EPA and aid dairy producers in positioning their facilities methods was developed and went through stringent to comply with the impending regulations (Ristow et review by laboratory managers from other land grant al. 2006). For dairies with irrigated cropland, recom- universities familiar with these materials and the need mended management practices included assessing for quality assurance (Holstege et al. 2010). farm nitrogen balance and improving manure record- Fewer workshops were needed as dairy operators keeping systems, upgrading liquid manure distribu- became more familiar with the GWDR, but the need tion systems to quantify application rates, exporting continued for technical assistance on the detailed field- manure nitrogen off-site, increasing storage capacity by-field nutrient management plans required. These by reducing the volume of water generated in the milk- were to be prepared under the consultation of a certi- ing parlor, applying nitrogen (manure and nonmanure fied crop advisor or technical services provider, and at sources) at agronomic rates and modifying irrigation the time, educational opportunities for these profes- systems to improve water use efficiency and distribu- sionals did not address managing manure as a nutrient, tion uniformity. so UC ANR again stepped up to fill the gap. UCCE UC ANR advisors and specialists worked with their specialists and advisors developed presentations on CDQAP partners to create educational programming sample collection and handling, targeting nitrogen ap- for Central Valley dairy operators under the jurisdic- plication to crop needs based on crop stage of produc- tion of the regional board. Starting in 2007, the 3-hour tion, and irrigation water management to reduce deep workshops and outreach meetings held throughout the percolation of nitrate, as well as programs in backflow Central Valley, altogether more than 33 hours of cur- prevention related to potential cross contaminations on riculum, presented technical and agricultural science dairy operations. knowledge to help dairy operators and consultants The GWDR had a component related to mandatory start to implement the GWDR and information on groundwater monitoring. The Central Valley Dairy its detailed regulations. When the dairy GWDR was Representative Monitoring Program was developed adopted, the CDQAP environmental stewardship to meet the groundwater monitoring requirements. program was 7 years strong. Though farmers knew Currently, many UC ANR specialists and advisors that change was coming, they were unprepared for the work with the Central Valley Dairy Representative GWDR’s 125 pages of regulatory text, and few under- Monitoring Program to provide technical advice on stood the nuances of compliance. both the mandated groundwater monitoring program The workshops were held at 6-month intervals and the development of next-generation manure man- beginning in fall 2007, after the GWDR was adopted, agement practices more protective of groundwater. for the first 2 years and then annually. Grants from Ongoing development and dissemination of continuing the California Dairy Research Foundation offset costs education by CDQAP partners provides timely “news for workshop materials. Attendees were provided with you can use” to dairy operators on manure manage- UC publications on management practices to protect ment and water quality topics. surface water quality (Long et al. 2005; Meyer and Robinson 2007) and to use flowmeters (Hansen and North Coast, Bay Area dairy orders Schwankl 1998; Schwankl et al. 2003) to quantify water and nutrient use for dairy forage crops. An online se- As the North Coast and San Francisco Bay Area re- ries of nine presentations on irrigation water manage- gional boards approached the time to reissue condi- ment specific to dairy and liquid manure was created tional waivers for dairies, UC ANR and their partners for dairy operators (Schwankl 2008). A compliance as- in the CDQAP environmental stewardship program sistance binder was created (CDQAP-RB5 2007). were engaged in the process, prior to the dairy orders In the compliance assistance materials created for being adopted in January 2012 and July 2015, respec- dairy operators and consultants were board-approved tively (NCRWQCB 2012; SFBRWQCB 2015). Once sampling protocols required by the GWDR, which also they were finalized, CDQAP organizations worked specified proper laboratory methods for analysis of the collaboratively to deliver workshops in Petaluma, Point samples. The protocols were developed by UC, based Reyes, Ferndale and Rohnert Park to help dairy opera- on UC science and best professional understandings tors understand and meet compliance needs. These (Miller et al. 2018; Miller et al. 2019). The protocols workshops, and also office hours, were held at least

http://calag.ucanr.edu • JANUARY–MARCH 2019 43 Dan Brekke/Flickr Iwane/Flickr Tony

Regulation of un-ionized ammonia, which is In / watershed, there has been a toxic to fish and other aquatic life, is particularly more than 95% reduction in un-ionized ammonia concentrations. important in watersheds like Stemple Creek that twice annually during the first 2 years. Annual meet- trout, which are listed as endangered and threatened, have a documented ings are now held prior to the submission deadline of respectively, on the North Coast. history of supporting annual reports. Drawing upon work of UC ANR academics, systems (left) steelhead trout Unique needs in the North Coast and San Francisco understanding of bacteria fate and transport on area (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and (right) California freshwater Bay regional water quality control board jurisdictions dairy farms was provided (Lewis et al. 2005) with spe- shrimp (). included concerns about waterborne pathogens and cific management practice recommendations to reduce toxic un-ionized ammonia from dairy enterprises pathogen delivery from pastures that receive manure entering aquatic habitats. In the case of pathogens, in- (Lewis et al. 2010) and high-use areas (Lewis et al. dicator bacteria are used as water quality constituents 2009). Additionally, recommendations for residual dry to protect water quality for shellfish harvesting and matter levels (Bartolome et al. 2002) served as guide- recreation. Un-ionized ammonia can be acutely toxic to lines for managing more extensively grazed areas of cold water fishery species, including coho and steelhead dairy farms. The Animal Resource Management Committee, founded more than 30 years ago and responsible for 100.0000 monitoring and improving water quality in streams CDFGW data adjacent to dairy and animal operations in Sonoma and CEAP data Marin counties, provided key organizational capacity. 10.0000 Staff from regulatory agencies and resource manage- ment agencies, dairy producers and technical service providers continue to meet monthly during the winter 1.0000 storm season. They share and discuss water quality data collected by surface water group monitoring programs 0.1000 and any regulatory agencies and work with the agricul- tural network to address identified problems through water quality planning and conservation practice 0.0100 implementation. Un-ionized NH (mg/L) In Stemple Creek/Estero de San Antonio watershed, one of the watersheds covered by the committee, there 0.0010 has been a more than 95% reduction in un-ionized am- monia concentrations (fig. 1). Un-ionized ammonia is 0.0001 regulated on a concentration basis to prevent acute and 1991 1993 1996 1998 2001 2004 2007 chronic toxicity in surface water. Regulation is particu- Date larly important in watersheds like Stemple Creek that have a documented history of supporting steelhead FIG. 1. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations in Stemple Creek watershed. Values are trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and California freshwater from unpublished data from the California Department of Fish Game (now California Department of Fish and Wildlife) sampling and analysis program from 1991 through shrimp (Syncaris pacifica). 2001 and the Conservation Effects Assessment Program (CEAP) Study in 2005 and 2006 Manure is a source of un-ionized ammonia and (Bingner et al. 2008). In 2000, a change in the analytical detection limit resulted in the its direct delivery to streams and rivers. Using col- reporting of lower limit values from that point on. lected data to inform management, practices were

44 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 73, NUMBER 1 implemented on watershed dairies that resulted in needs. They gave regulatory agency staff confidence un-ionized ammonia concentrations decreasing from that producers were maintaining records about re- maximum values of nearly 10 milligrams per liter to quired practices. Workshops were also a key compo- less than 1 milligram per liter. The decrease was sus- nent of the education and outreach strategy, providing tained through years of high precipitation, such as up-to-date technical information and answering de- 1998, with 72.81 inches of rainfall, and through low tailed site-specific questions. Some of the more unique rainfall years, like 2001, with just 23.54 inches (fig. 2). questions were forwarded to the appropriate regional Once the dairy orders were adopted, CDQAP boards' staff and served as the basis for question and again used a collaborative process for record keeping and reporting template development, review and ap- 80 proval. Compliance assistance binders were created and populated throughout a series of educational 70 workshops (CDQAP-RB1 2012; CDQAP-RB2 2015); content included the work of UC ANR academics in 60 pasture-based systems to address the specialized needs of pasture-based systems to be protective of water 50 quality (Bartolome et al. 2002; Lewis et al. 2005). UC ANR worked to develop and deploy the workshops 40 with dairy industry stakeholders (trade association and creamery representatives) and staff from other organi- 30

zations: the two regional water boards, USDA NRCS recipitation inches and local resource conservation districts. Grants from 20 the California Dairy Research Foundation and USDA Risk Management Agency offset costs for workshop 10 materials and delivery. 0 Impacts, lessons learned 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Water year ct ept

The record-keeping templates for dairy operators were FIG. 2. Cumulative annual precipitation from 1991 through 2006 from Point Reyes an important outcome of these efforts. They helped op- Station, a coastal location approximately 10 miles south of Stemple Creek watershed, erators to meet the regulatory requirements for docu- representative of the Point Reyes– coastal region. Precipitation data are not mentation of facility evaluations before and after major from the studied Stemple Creek watershed because a continuous precipitation record is storm events as well as other facility management unavailable for that watershed.

Stemple Creek watershed. To help North Coast dairy operators reduce pathogen delivery to streams and rivers from pastures that receive manure, UC ANR research on bacteria transport was used to guide the development of specific management practice recommendations.

http://calag.ucanr.edu • JANUARY–MARCH 2019 45 Lewis David David Lewis David

View across to the east shore, answer (Q&A) documents on the board website. Sur- that an alternative approach was needed. Office hours where grass-covered veys conducted at the end of workshops showed that were set up at local sites near dairy operators so pro- hills provide pasture for area dairies. The bay and dairy operators appreciated the opportunity to learn ducers could work through the needed, site-specific its watershed support about the regulatory process. calculations with one-on-one assistance. shellfish production and Of greatest importance to the regional board staff Delivery of educational workshops and scientific harvesting and are habitat was the compliance rate. More than 94% of Central information to dairy farmers and their consultants was for a diversity of wildlife. Valley operators and 95% of North Coast and San important for a greater understanding of regulatory Francisco Bay producers submitted required docu- requirements. UC ANR has worked with regulatory ments at each of the submission deadlines. This was far boards and hundreds of dairy farmers and dozens of more than anticipated. Central Valley GWDR covered consultants while navigating a multitude of production more than 1,400 dairy operations, and thereby was systems (from 20 to 10,000 cows, organic and conven- the largest number of permittees ever adopted by RB5 tional, pasture-based and confinement facilities) and under one GWDR. The North Coast CWWDR applied regulatory environments (regional board requirements, to 126 facilities and the San Francisco Bay CWWDR county building requirements, county animal permit- applied to fewer than 50 facilities (including sheep and ting requirements and air management districts regula- goat dairies). This high compliance rate allowed board tions). As additional regulations take shape, UC ANR staff to conduct compliance inspections instead of will continue to deliver scientific information and work tracking down paperwork and educating dairy opera- with its partners to influence the state’s water quality tors one-on-one about compliance needs. policy. In the Central Valley, facilities certified in the Improved dairy manure management practices CDQAP environmental stewardship program are in- to maintain or improve surface water or groundwa- spected less frequently (every 5 years rather than every ter quality are achieved through incremental steps. 3 years) by board staff because they are also evaluated UC ANR involvement at the local and state level has by a CDQAP contractor. Facilities certified under a provided invaluable research into subjects critical to state- or county-approved quality assurance program specific water quality needs. Analysis of management receive a 50% WDR fee reduction (SWRCB 2016), a sav- practices to improve nitrogen management, mini- ings of up to $6,624 per dairy annually. mize nonpoint source impacts to surface waters, and Early in the process the workshops for consultants evaluate manure treatment technologies takes time were improved by including a presentation on the and much repetition to represent different geographic emotional aspects of change, because consultants were areas. On-farm and regional research is ongoing to reporting that some of their clients were exhibiting var- better inform policymakers developing water quality ious stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depres- policy. Change in management practices and ultimate sion). Feedback was unanimous that the presentation improvements to surface water and groundwater qual- provided consultants with insight to better understand ity comes when individual dairy operators modify why dairy producers were reacting as they were to the practices. Through collaborative efforts, UCANR and regulatory changes. CDQAP have been leaders in the development and de- Some workshops experienced bumps and provided livery of award-winning outreach programs to improve the workshop leaders opportunities to regroup. After environmental management and sustainability at dair- attempting a classroom delivery to estimate manure ies with owner/operator participation. c storage pond capacity needs, they quickly identified

46 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 73, NUMBER 1 D.M. Meyer is UC Cooperative Extension (UCCE) Livestock Waste Campaign, Sustainable Conservation, the three regional water Management Specialist, Department of Animal Science, UC quality control boards and San Joaquin Air Pollution Control Davis; B.M. Karle is UCCE Dairy Advisor, Glenn, Tehama and Butte District. Specifically, industry contributors Paul Martin, Paul Sousa counties; J.M. Heguy is UCCE Dairy Advisor, San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Melissa Lema of Western United Dairymen; Kevin Abernathy and Merced counties; D.J. Lewis is UCCE Watershed Management of Milk Producers’ Council; and Frances Tjarnstrom of Humboldt Advisor, Marin and Napa counties; J.W. Stackhouse is UCCE County Resource Conservation District dedicated innumerable Livestock and Natural Resource Advisor, Humboldt and Del Norte hours of outreach and guidance throughout the process. counties; and D.D. Mullinax is Assistant Manager, CDQAP, and UC ANR collaborators Shannon Mueller, Marsha Campbell- Interim Manager, California Dairy Research Foundation. Matthews, G. Stuart Pettygrove, Thomas Harter, Carol Frate, Larry The success of this program would not have been possible Schwankl, Allan Fulton, Doug Munier, Josh Davy, Bill Krueger, Carol without the support of the following CDQAP partner agencies: Collar, Gerald Higginbotham and Alejandro Castillo were integral in California Dairy Research Foundation, Western United Dairymen, providing technical expertise during the educational process. Milk Producers’ Council, California Farm Bureau, California Dairy

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