TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Introduction

A trailblazer is someone who goes ahead to find a way through Key categories unexplored territory leaving markers behind which others can follow. They are innovators, the first to do something. During Arts & Culture the First World War many women were trailblazers. Even today their inspirational stories can show us the way. Activism The First World War was a time of political and social change for women. Before the war began, women were already Science protesting for the right to vote in political elections, this is known as the women’s suffrage movement. There were two main forms of women’s suffrage in the UK: the suffragists and Industry the suffragettes. Military In 1897 seperate women’s suffrage societies joined together to form the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies Definitions (NUWSS) which was led by Millicent Fawcett. Suffragists believed that women could prove they should have the right Suffrage: to vote by being responsible citizens. The right to vote in political elections The suffragettes broke away from the suffragist movement and Munition: formed the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) under Military weapons, bullets, Emmeline Pankhurst. They believed it was necessary to use and equipment illegal means to force a change in the law. Prejudice: When the war started, campaigners for women’s rights set Dislike or hostility aside their protests and supported the war effort. Millions without good reason of men left Britain to fight overseas. Women took on more Activism: public responsibilities. Although thousands of women had The use of campaigning worked before 1914, women took on new roles such as to bring about social or conductors on public transport, labourers and office workers. political change Women’s war work included munition and weapon Representation of the manufacturing, nursing and serving in the armed services in People Act, 1918: non-combat roles. They took on many support roles such as Granted the vote to driving lorries, mechanical work and finding out information women over 30 (with about the enemy. British women were not allowed to fight in a certain amount of the war, but a few fought for foreign armies, or even disguised property) and all men themselves as men and served as soldiers. over the age of 21

The First World War gave women a chance to show their Image: Female workers abilities in a wide range of public tasks and began to break in a Lancashire oil and cake down prejudice. Many historians believe that women’s activism factory having tea, September 1918. By George P. Lewis and contributions to the war, as well as public sympathy for the © IWM (Q 28259) sacrifices made by the millions of serving soldiers, helped bring about the Representation of the People Act in 1918. www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Resource card for teachers

Additional Resources and Acknowledgements TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Additional Resources There are lots of resources teachers and students can Acknowledgements use to discover more about the achievements of women We would like to thank during the First World War. Zvezdana Popovic and Olga Stanojlovic for Websites Books inspiring us to create the Trailblazers project. 1914-1918-online. Adie, K. 2013. Fighting on The Home International Encyclopedia Front, The Legacy of Women in World With thanks to Professor of the First World War War One. : Hodder Lucy Noakes, Rab Butler www.1914-1918-online.net & Stoughton. Chair in Modern History at the University of Essex The British Library Anand, A. 2015. Sophia: Princess, www.bl.uk/world-war-one Suffragette, Revolutionary. and Professor Alison www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/ London: Bloomsbury. Fell, Professor of French global/world-war-one/teachers/pdf/ Cultural History at the teachers-civilians-women-gender.pdf Grayzel, S.R. 2013. Women and the University of Leeds, for First World War. Abingdon; their diligent advice on The British Newspaper Archive New York: Routledge. this resource. All mistakes www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Roper, M. 2010. The Secret Battle: are our own. Emotional Survival in The Great War. Our thanks to Sally www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/ Manchester: Manchester Sealey and the team at Who-we-are/History-and-origin/ University Press. First-World-War the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government for funding www.iwm.org.uk Trailblazers: World War One’s Inspirational Women. National Army Museum www.nam.ac.uk/explore/ A special thank you to stepping-line Swanshurst School in The National Archives Birmingham for launching http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ the Trailblazers project pathways/firstworldwar/document_ with us. packs/women.htm Image: Female munitions workers Spartacus Educational guide howitzer shells at the www.spartacus-educational.com National Shell Filling Factory in Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, 1917. The Women’s Library © IWM (Q 30040) www.lse.ac.uk/library/ collections/collection-highlights/ the-womens-library

Imperial War Museum www.1914.org/womenswork100

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Resource card for teachers

Lesson plan ideas

Lesson plan ideas Some of these lesson ideas will require • Explore what it means to be a citizen, computer research. You may want to locally, nationally and globally. Students set the research as a homework task. can use paper and Post-it notes to For homework frameworks email display their ideas. Ask them to think [email protected]. about what positive qualities a good citizen has. They could start by exploring • Hand all 20 cards out to your students. how their two inspirational women are Ask them to organise themselves into good citizens, and then think about their groups based on the different colours own impact on their local community. of the cards. Give them five minutes to discuss what links all the women in these • Invite your students to create a cards together. Let them report back collage of their research into their their ideas, then tell them they are linked two inspirational women, the qualities by industry. of citizenship they represent, and how they think young people today can be • In small groups draw around one Trailblazers. These can be exhibited person on a large piece of paper. Ask around the school. Leave Post-it the question ‘what makes women notes so passing students can add inspirational?’ Write on different parts their own thoughts. of the drawing, for example, ‘they are passionate’ could be written on the heart. • Organise an assembly for students to share their research, presentations, • Assign each of your students one of collages and activities. This could be in the Trailblazers of World War One. Ask your school, or better still, presenting them to read the card and find out more to students in a local primary school. about them. Why are they inspirational? What impact did their achievements • Ask the class to nominate a Trailblazer have on their community? Ask them Ambassador, a student who leads on to choose a woman who inspires them gender equality and opportunities for today. Set your students the challenge of young women in the school. writing a one minute presentation based on the Trailblazer card they have been Image: Doctor and nurse treating a wounded soldier. Wellcome Collection. CC BY given, and a contemporary inspirational www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers | [email protected] woman they have chosen. In pairs, the students present their research. Once finished, they join with another pair and each present their partner’s Trailblazers. This is to emphasise the importance of listening, as well as speaking, to being a Trailblazer. Tops tips for creating an assembly TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Assembly Plan Plan an inspirational assembly to share your research Who are you going to about Trailblazers of the First World War and today. invite to the assembly or presentation? This Here are some top tips for how to present your is a great opportunity research and ideas, but you can always ask for more to share these inspirational ideas from your classmates and teachers. stories with your local community. • Write down what you are going to say beforehand. Could you invite local Always make sure you introduce what you are going to community leaders, such be talking about, and have clear notes that you can look as a Scout or Guide at if you forget anything. leader, a local police officer, member of the • Think about what images you might want – do military, university lecturer, you want to make a slideshow with images of your or a youth leader? You inspirational women? could speak to your teacher about organising • Be confident and clear when you speak – make sure some coffee and tea you project your voice, especially if you are speaking in for them. a big room. Practice with your teacher before to make Could you invite a local sure they can hear you. primary school class, or a class from another year • Think about how you could make the assembly even group in your school? It more creative. Can you show examples of your collages? could inspire them to take Could you read poems, sing a song, or perform freeze part in the project! frames? Can you find some archive films of women Image: World War One: women from the First World War, or examples of work by your working in a factory. Wellcome inspirational women of today? Collection. CC BY • Think about how you can make the assembly engaging. Can you ask pupils to vote for the most inspirational Trailblazer you present? Can you ask the assembly audience about the women they are inspired by today? Which women today are Trailblazers? • How can you show everyone the different ways to be a positive citizen? You could give them examples of activities you and your class are already involved in and have some pictures of possible activities. • Finish your assembly by asking whether there are Trailblazers in the school today who would like to be a Trailblazer of tomorrow, and how they can do this. www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Top tips for researching TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Top tips for researching Here are some top tips for how to research inspirational Look for information women from the First World War. You can use many of the about inspirational women tips to research your inspirational women of today too. today – these might have connections to your First • Decide who you are going to research. You can find out World War Trailblazer, or more about the Trailblazers on the cards in this pack by be someone completely contacting local archives or by searching online for local different.You could even Trailblazers in your area. There were many women making have a teacher help you incredible achievements during the First World War. contact them. Think of creative ways you • Start by looking for photographs of them using the can share your research internet or books. This helps you to picture the person with your community. you are researching. Always check that the photographs You could present to are genuine, your teacher can help you with this. another class or school, send information to a • Research some basic facts about their lives – where did local newspaper or make they live? What was their job? What were some major a poster. moments in their life? Some useful websites are listed Have the Trailblazers of on the ‘Additional Resources’ card. World War One inspired you to be a Trailblazer • Find quotations or speeches by the person you are of the future? Write about researching and read them to find out more about how you will inspire the person. How do you think they would have said others and share it with these things? Were they calm, passionate, or angry? Try your class. practising how you would say them. Image: Mount Stuart Royal • Don’t overlook the small things you discover along the Naval Hospital, deputy matron & staff WW1’. Credit: Wellcome way. Look at material objects that belonged to a person, Collection. CC BY they can tell you a lot about their values and the time in which they lived. • Look at museum collections, either in person or online. Many museums have online collections so visit their website and search for a relevant object. Try different wording when searching as this will yield various results. • Look for documentaries to watch about women of the First World War, and suggest you watch them as a class. • Don’t just research the individuals in this Trailblazers collection. There were many more women who made amazing contributions during the First World War.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Annie Kenney

1879 – 1953 | Mill Worker and Activist TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Annie Kenney

Annie Kenney was raised among a family of travelling Location cotton spinners. She worked in a cotton mill from Saddleworth, the age of 10. This was dangerous work, and she lost Greater Manchester a finger in an accident. Kenney did not have much Annie Kenney was a opportunity to get an education, but her mother Trailblazer because she encouraged her to learn from everyone around her. was determined to be as educated as she could During the fifteen years she worked at the mill, be, and campaigned Kenney organised a branch of a trade union, taught tirelessly for women people at the mill about politics and philosophy and to have the vote. encouraged them to learn how to read. Definitions Kenney became interested in the suffrage movement Trade union: after seeing a lecture by Christabel Pankhurst and An association of workers Teresa Billington-Greig, two leading suffragettes at in a specific trade or the time. profession, formed to protect their rights Kenney and her younger sisters joined the Women’s Suffrage movement: Social and Political Union (WSPU). The WSPU fought The fight for the right to for women’s suffrage by holding protests, which were vote in political elections sometimes violent. Suffragette: A woman fighting for the Kenney gained national attention in 1905 when right to vote through she disrupted a meeting in Manchester, confronting organised protests Winston Churchill (a Member of Parliament and Image: Portrait of Annie Kenney future Prime Minister of Britain) about women’s right by Bain News Service. This image to vote. She was arrested, and after she was released, is available from the United States Library of Congress’s Prints and Kenney continued to participate in WSPU protests. Photographs division under the digital ID ggbain.02661. When war broke out in 1914, the WSPU agreed with the British government to stop its protests for suffrage in exchange for the release of all suffragist prisoners from prison. The WSPU sent Kenney to countries including the United States and to try and convince them to participate more heavily in the war. These were not causes Kenney supported very much. When she returned to England, she focused on promoting labourers and trade unions instead. www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Women Footballers

Munitions Workers and Sports Stars TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Women Footballers

During the First World War, many men were fighting Location overseas. This meant that more women worked in Across the UK factories and in other industrial roles normally reserved Women footballers were for men. These women would play football during their Trailblazers because their breaks from work, and these matches quickly became determination and skill popular. By 1916 official matches were being played led the way for women’s by organised women’s teams. football today.

Women’s football matches attracted big crowds of Did you know? spectators. Special association trophies were developed Dick, Kerr’s Ladies F.C. for new teams and a new generation of football stars achieved international was born. fame by beating the French 2-0 in the first Amongst the most successful were: ever international • Bella Raey of the Blyth Spartans Ladies F.C. who women’s football match scored 133 goals in one season in 1920. • Two of the Dick, Kerr’s Ladies F.C. team – the captain In 2002, 24 years after Grace Sibbert and Lily Parr, a prodigy who joined the her death, Lily Parr was team aged 14 and scored 43 goals in her first season. the first woman to be inducted into the Football Most formal women’s football matches were played Hall of Fame at the to raise money for charity. In 1917, Dick, Kerr’s Ladies National Football Museum F.C. played a Christmas Day game against Arundel in Preston. Courthard Foundry, raising £600 for the hospital at Moor Park. This was a very large amount of money Definitions at the time. Prodigy: A young person with The best attended match was on Boxing Day in 1920. exceptional qualities 53,000 people at Goodison Park watched Dick, Kerr’s or abilities Ladies beat St Helen’s Ladies 4-0, one of the biggest Munitions: crowds ever recorded for British women’s football. Military weapons, ammunition, equipment, The women’s teams remained popular until men and stores returned from the war, the munitions factories closed, Image: Dick, Kerr’s unbeaten and male teams reformed. Once men’s football started Ladies International Football Team again, many women’s teams faced closure. 1921-1922 by Gail Newsham. Image available from: In 1921, the Football Association banned women’s donmouth.co.uk. teams from playing on any of its member grounds. This ban would remain in place for the next fifty years.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Evelyn Miles

1867 – 1947 | Police Officer TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Evelyn Miles In 1917, Evelyn Miles became the first woman Location to be employed by Birmingham City Police. Birmingham, West Midlands Between 1914 -1916, 700 male police officers left the city to serve in the First World War. At the time, Evelyn Miles was a Trailblazer because she many people believed that maintaining order and paved the way for women enforcing the law was beyond the capabilities of a to join the police force in woman. Before the First World War, no women were Birmingham, and changed employed in the police force across Britain. people’s perceptions of women police officers Miles thought differently, and wrote to the Chief through her hard work Constable of Birmingham City Police requesting and persistence. consideration for the role of Assistant Matron. Did you know? Her role as Assistant Matron required her to look You can find out after female prisoners and ensure they were being more about her story treated fairly by the judicial system. Her main duties here: www..co.uk/ included managing cases involving women and programmes/p02b2gf4 children, rude language and shoplifting. Questions Miles helped to keep law and order in Birmingham. Can you find out more Her work made the city a safer place for people about the role of women police officers during the to live in during the war. On 1 July 1918 she was First World War? promoted to the rank of Sergeant and put in charge When did other women of a unit. become police officers Despite their important work, female officers were across the country? still subject to patronising attitudes, and were seen Definitions more as ‘moral guardians’ of working class women Judicial: than officers with official rights and responsibilities. Relating to the legal She worked for the Birmingham City Police until system and to judgements made in a court of law she retired aged 72. Image: Evelyn Miles. Courtesy of West Midlands Police Museum.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Vera Brittain

1893 – 1970 | Author and Nurse TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Vera Brittain Vera Brittain was born to a family of paper-mill Location owners in Newcastle-under-Lyme. As an Buxton, Derbyshire undergraduate at the University of , influential Macclesfield, Cheshire teachers interested her in women’s suffrage. Vera Brittain was a Trailblazer because Brittain wanted to take an active role in the war and her book Testament of felt left behind when her only brother, Edward, fiancé Youth remains a very Roland Leighton, and their male friends enlisted. She important book today, left university mid-way through her studies in 1915 to exploring the grief join the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) as a nurse, people felt from losing loved ones during treating wounded soldiers. In 1917 she applied to be the war. sent to France. She hoped she would be able to find her brother there. When she arrived in France she Definitions treated German prisoners for gas injuries. Suffrage: The right to vote Brittain’s first-hand experience of the war was not in political elections unique but her ability to put this experience into Memoir: words was exceptional. She wrote about the war in A historical account or a series of powerful memoirs. Her very personal and biography written from detailed accounts echoed the experience of millions. personal knowledge Her experiences led her to become a pacifist and to Pacifist: take part in anti-war campaigns. Someone who believes that war and violence Drawing on her experience as a nurse, she described cannot be justified the terrible wounds soldiers suffered and the reality Image: Vera Brittain in VAD of death. Vera lost many of the important people in uniform. © Literary Executors for the Vera Brittain Estate, her life, including her fiancé, her brother and two of 1970 and The Vera Brittain her closest friends. Drawing on her experience as a Fonds, McMaster University Library, via First World young woman, she described the pain of loss and the War Poetry Digital Archive, impact of grief. accessed 11 January 2018. Brittain published her best-known work, Testament of Youth, in 1933. Every copy sold the day it was published. Testament of Youth explores the female experience of war and describes how it had an impact on the rest of her life. It was a very popular book at the time and remains widely-read today.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] May Wedderburn Cannan

1893 – 1973 | Poet, Intelligence Officer and Nurse TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women May Wedderburn Cannan

May Wedderburn Cannan was a nurse, but she is best Location remembered for her poetry. She was the daughter Oxford, Oxfordshire of the Dean of Trinity College, and her father Did you know? introduced her to poetry when she was very young. Cannan had her first Cannan trained with the Voluntary Aid Detachment poem published in The Scotsman at the age of 15. (VAD), providing nursing and other care to wounded soldiers. She expected to work in a hospital during Definitions the war, but ended up volunteering in a railway Railway canteen: canteen for a month in Rouen, a city in France. A small restaurant at a railway station to feed This experience inspired one of her most famous travellers and workers poems, Rouen. She wanted to stay working in Rouen Propaganda: for longer, but didn’t have the money to support Exaggerated or twisted herself. She returned to England to her father at a information used to printing house which, amongst other things, printed convince people of a propaganda for the British government. particular point of view Bureau of Central In August of 1918 Cannan went to to work as a Intelligence: secretary at the Bureau of Central Intelligence, which A security agency run was part of MI5, where she took on office work. by the British government that collects information Her fiancé Major Bevil Quiller-Couch survived the to keep the British First World War but died in the influenza pandemic public safe (also known as ) in February 1919. Cannan Spanish flu: dedicated her second poetry volume The Splendid A deadly influenza pandemic between 1918 Days (1919) to her fiancé. She kept hope that those and 1920. More than 50 who died in the war died for good reason. million people died in the influenza pandemic. More people died of the flu than in the war.

Image: May and fellow VADs in Oxford. Photo courtesy of Crescy Cannan. Available from: maywedderburncannan. wordpress.com

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Lena Ashwell

1872 – 1957 | Actor and Director TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Lena Ashwell

Lena Ashwell was one of the leading actors of her day. Location During the First World War, Ashwell organised shows London and events to entertain and raise money for soldiers Lena Ashwell was on active service. a Trailblazer because Ashwell was born in England but grew up in . she was a pioneer for women’s theatre, At first Ashwell wanted to be a singer, but she promoting women’s realised that she was a more talented actor. She first suffrage through performed in 1891, and began to build a reputation performance and as a great actor. Later, Ashwell worked in theatre supporting the management and opened her own theatre known as war effort. the Kingsway in 1907. At the Kingsway she put on Did you know? feminist plays and promoted talented young actors. Ashwell and her She joined forces with other female actors to establish performers donated the Actresses’ Franchise League (AFL) in 1908, which all the money they was an organisation that used theatre as a way to fight made to charities for women’s rights. and managed to raise over £100,000 to help They toured their productions around the fund performances country and connected with local suffragists who for the troops. could promote women’s suffrage to audiences at Definitions AFL productions, selling suffragist literature and organising talks. When the war began in 1914, Feminist: Someone that supports Ashwell worked with the AFL to promote touring feminism, which is the theatrical entertainments to military camps across belief that women Britain. Ashwell wanted theatre to be available to and men should have everyone, even during war. She believed theatre and equal rights entertainment was a great comfort to people in a Suffragist: time of crisis. A person campaigning for new groups of Ashwell organised, theatrical and musical entertainment people, including for troops serving in France, Malta and Egypt. Ashwell’s women, to get the right productions successful in lifting the spirits of the troops. to vote in elections Image: Lena Ashwell portrait After the war Ashwell returned to England and by Alexander Bassano. Public continued to sponsor touring plays and support new domain via Wikimedia Commons. theatrical talent.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Dorothy Lawrence

1887 – 1964 | War Correspondent TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Dorothy Lawrence Dorothy Lawrence wanted to be a journalist. At the Location time of the First World War, female journalists were Hendon, Middlesex very rare. Lawrence was determined to be successful Dorothy Lawrence was in this career. a Trailblazer because When the war started in 1914, Lawrence applied for she was determined to jobs writing about the war at many major papers, but be a wartime journalist, despite everyone telling she was rejected from them all. She was told the job her she couldn’t. was too dangerous for a woman to do. She did not let this rejection stop her. Did you know? In 1915 Lawrence travelled to France by herself to Dorothy Lawrence’s male seek work as a journalist. She attempted to volunteer costume included a shirt stuffed with cotton and to join the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) but was a close-cropped haircut. rejected. When she arrived in France, Lawrence was She ran a razor over her arrested two miles from the front line because she had cheeks to look like she no credentials. On her release, Lawrence went to Paris had stubble. where a chance meeting with two British soldiers took an unexpected turn. These soldiers helped her make Definitions an army uniform and gave her tips on how to pretend Front line: to be a male soldier. The military line, or part of an army, which is Lawrence forged identity papers and headed for the closest to the enemy army Front pretending to be Private Denis Smith of the Credentials: 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment. Lawrence Qualifications, convinced people she was a man with the help of achievements or her soldier friends. She served in the trenches for identification used to prove who a person two weeks, staying each night in an abandoned cottage. is and what they are The conditions became unbearable for her and after capable of doing two weeks Lawrence turned herself in to the officer Western Front: in charge. The main area of She was initially kept as a prisoner of war. Although war during the First World War, located Lawrence was cleared of the charges, she was initially in , France forbidden from writing about how she had deceived and Western Germany the authorities to serve in the trenches. Image: Lawrence in 1915, secretly Lawrence published her account of her experiences posed as a soldier of the BEF. Public domain, via Wikimedia on the front line in 1919, which received good reviews Commons.png but did not achieve the widespread success she was hoping for. www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Edith Cavell

1865 – 1915 | Nurse and Resistance Worker TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Edith Cavell

Edith Cavell was a famous medical reformer and nursing Location teacher before the war. Cavell trained as a nurse in Swardeston, Norfolk London and Belgium. She opened a nursing school in and trained nurses at three hospitals in Belgium. Edith Cavell was a Trailblazer because Cavell was in England when the war started in 1914. of her courage, helping Although the war started in Belgium when the German people escape the army invaded, Cavell decided to return to Brussels to dangers of war, and paying the ultimate continue her work as a nurse and teacher. When Cavell price – with her life. arrived in Brussels it was already controlled (often called ‘occupied’) by the German army. Definitions She was now working behind enemy lines. Cavell still Reformer: A person who makes treated every patient that required care – German, changes to something British, Belgian. She made no distinction even if they in order to improve were on opposite sides of the war. it for people German officials suspected that Cavell was acting as Enemy lines: a spy, and passing information about the Germans back An area controlled to the British army. Cavell was not a spy but, along with by the enemy army around twenty other people living in occupied Belgium, Civilian: she was helping British, French and Belgian soldiers and A regular person who civilians to escape from Brussels into Holland. This meant is not in the army they would not be taken as prisoners of war by the Treason: Germans. Around two hundred soldiers escaped using The crime of betraying this underground network of safe houses. one’s country Execution: Cavell and one other member of the network were Punishment for a crime arrested, tried and sentenced to death for treason in by death 1915. This decision made the British very angry. They argued with the German army that she should be Image: Portrait of nurse Edith Cavell as she sits released or sent to prison, like some of the other women in a garden her two dogs. involved in the network. © IWM (Q 32930) IWM Non-Commercial Licence. The British Army shared Cavell’s story in Britain in films, posters and even on stamps to make the German army look aggressive and to encourage to support the war. British politicians’ pleas had no effect. Edith Cavell confessed to having helped British and Allied soldiers and was executed at dawn on 12 October 1915. www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Dorothie Feilding

1889 – 1935 | Ambulance Driver TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Dorothie Feilding

Dorothie Feilding, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Location Denbigh, was born into a wealthy family and lived a Monks Kirby, comfortable life before the First World War. When Warwickshire war broke out, she decided to serve with the Munro Dorothie Feilding was Ambulance Corps in Belgium, driving wounded soldiers a Trailblazer because of to hospitals. Three of her sisters also volunteered as her exceptional bravery nurses and ambulance drivers. Two of her brothers in the face of danger. died serving in the war. Did you know? Feilding was responsible for driving one of the You can see the earliest motor ambulances, which replaced the earlier announcement of ambulances that were pulled by horses. As the war Dorothie Feilding being progressed, the driving conditions became increasingly awarded her medal: difficult. Feilding focused on rescuing wounded soldiers www.thegazette.co.uk/ London/issue/29731/ from areas where fighting was happening. This was very supplement/8653 dangerous work, and often placed her directly in the line of fire. Definitions In wartime, outstanding individuals in the armed forces Corps: A branch of an army can be awarded medals for their service. Feilding was given the task of a very brave when she rescued wounded soldiers from particular kind of work the battlefield. As a result, she was awarded many Military Medal for medals including the Military Medal for Bravery (UK), Bravery: the Order of Leopold II (Belgium) and the Croix de An award given to Guerre (Bronze Star; France). The Military Medal for people who served Bravery was awarded to 115,600 recipients during in the British Army and other services, the First World War, but very few were women. for bravery in battles Dorothie Feilding was the first woman to ever be that took place on land awarded this medal. Image: Lady Dorothie Feilding, Feilding was a favourite among patients, journalists and MM, By The War Illustrated. Public domain, via visitors. She was devoted, kind and honest when talking Wikimedia Commons. about her experiences about the war. In 1917, she left the Western Front to marry Captain Charles Moore of the Irish Guards. Not long after she was married, she returned to London and continued to work as an ambulance driver there, driving wounded soldiers to hospitals all over the city.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Mabel St. Clair Stobart

1862 – 1954 | Suffragist and Writer TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Mabel St. Clair Stobart Mabel St. Clair Stobart was a suffragist. She thought Location the war would be an important opportunity to Studland Bay, show that women deserved the vote. She joined Mabel St. Clair Stobart the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, an all-women was a Trailblazer because organisation that taught shooting, horseback riding of her repeated bravery and combat medicine. to support the war efforts. In 1912 she founded her own organisation called Did you know? the Women’s Sick and Wounded Convoy, which was Like many who witnessed a group of women trained to provide emergency the First World War, medical aid on battlefields. Just before the First World Stobart became interested in Spiritualism, War started, Stobart founded the Women’s National which is the belief that Service League, which prepared women to support the spirits of the dead can the British Army in the war. make contact with the living world. Stobart then went to Brussels in Belgium to establish a hospital with the Belgian Red Cross. When she Definitions arrived she found the city had been taken over (also Suffragist: known as ‘occupied’) by the German army. She was A person campaigning arrested by the German army and accused of being for new groups of people, including women, to a spy, but she convinced them to let her go. She then get the right to vote founded a hospital in Cherbourg, Belgium. in elections In 1915 she went to to help build medical Combat medicine: facilities. She became involved in the Great Serbian The act of providing first aid on the battlefield Retreat of 1915 – when the German army attacked Philanthropist: armies in the east. The was not A person who tries to prepared and had to retreat. Stobart led an 81 day help others, especially trek during the retreat. by the generous donation of money to good causes For her bravery and skill she was awarded the Serbian Order of the White Eagle, the highest honour Image: Group of the Women’s Sick and Wounded Convoy in Serbia for someone who is not in the military. Corps in Camp at Radlett in When the retreat ended, Stobart went home where 1912, previous to their service in . Mabel St. Clair Stobart she spent the rest of the war as a philanthropist, is fourth from left, centre row. Public domain, via Wikimedia writer and public speaker. Commons

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1876 – 1956 | Ambulance Driver and Soldier TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Flora Sandes A young wealthy woman in Britain, Flora Sandes did Location not do what was expected of her. Even before the Nether Poppleton, war Sandes was active in supporting the military. North Yorkshire She trained with the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, Flora Sandes was a an all-women organisation that taught shooting, Trailblazer because she horseback riding and combat medicine. She also was one of the first British trained with the Women’s Sick and Wounded Convoy, women to fight during the First World War. which was a group of women trained to provide emergency medical aid on battlefields. Did you know? When war broke out, Sandes wanted to contribute. Flora Sandes wrote her She applied to be a volunteer nurse but was rejected first memoir An English Woman-Sergeant in the because she did not have enough medical training. Serbian Army in 1916. Instead, Sandes joined a St. John Ambulance unit and She donated the funds travelled to Serbia. When she arrived, Sandes began raised by the memoir working with the First Reserve Hospital. She helped to the support of Serbian soldiers and prisoners. Serbian medics to treat over 1,000 Serbian soldiers. While working with the Serbian Red Cross, Sandes Definitions was involved in the of 1915. The First Reserve Hospital: German army had attacked the east of Serbia with A military hospital in , Serbia great force. The Serbian army was not prepared Non-commissioned and they had to retreat. During the retreat, Sandes officer: was separated from her unit. Because she could not Non-commissioned continue her previous work as a nurse, Sandes asked officers (NCOs) are to join the Serbian Army and was signed up as ‘the backbone’ of the a corporal. Army. They are the senior soldiers, leaders In 1916, Sandes was seriously injured in combat. who ensure orders are To recognise her courage she was awarded Serbia’s carried out effectively and efficiently highest military honour for a non-commissioned officer, the Karadorde’s Star. Throughout the rest of Image: Sergeant Major Flora Sandes. By the Library of the war, Sandes continued to help the war effort by Congress. Public domain, running a hospital and raising funds for Serbian relief. via Wikimedia Commons.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Helen Gwynne-Vaughan

1879 – 1967 | Botanist and Commandant TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Helen Gwynne-Vaughan

Helen Gwynne-Vaughan was a botanist and Location mycologist (someone who studies fungi) who had London lots of responsibility during the First World War. Did you know? Gwynne-Vaughan studied at Royal Holloway College under renowned botanist Margaret Jane Benson. In 1918 the Parliament (Qualification of Women) By 1909, Gwynne-Vaughan had become a very Act gave women over well-respected academic. 21 the right to stand The First World War required the largest army Britain for election as MPs. Gwynne-Vaughan stood had ever had. More died than in any earlier war. As a as a political candidate result, officials in the War Office identified jobs in the in Camberwell North armed services which they thought could be carried (London) from out by women instead of men. 1922-1924, though she was not elected This was the first time women were allowed to do to Parliament. these jobs. From 1917, women replaced male soldiers in offices, canteens, transport roles, stores and army bases. Definitions As the war progressed, Gwynne-Vaughan’s friend – Botanist: An expert in the scientific suffragette and surgeon Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson study of plants – appointed her as Chief Controller of the Women’s CBE / DBE: Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in France. The WAAC CBE stands for grew to involve over 52,000 women from Britain Commander/ Dame of during the war. Gwynne-Vaughan eventually directed the Most Excellent Order the overseas sections of the WAAC. She directly of the British Empire. This commanded 10,000 women and became the first is a very special award woman ever appointed a CBE in 1918. that recognises a person’s contributions to the arts After her involvement in the WAAC, Gwynne-Vaughan and sciences, work with accepted an appointment as Commandant of the charitable and welfare newly-formed Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF) in organisations, and public service 1918. Her successes in leading the WRAF saw her receive an even higher honour in 1919: a DBE. Image: A half-length portrait of Dame Helen in full uniform, 1918. By the end of the war, Gwynne-Vaughan was very well By William Orpen © IWM (Art.IWM ART 3048) known due to her position in the Army. She returned to Britain to her career as a successful academic, but during the Second World War she served in the Army once again.

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1864 – 1917 | Suffragist and Doctor TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Elsie Inglis

Dr Elsie Inglis was a social and medical reformer, and Location one of the most highly qualified female doctors of , Scotland her time. Elsie Inglis was a Inglis was Scottish and born in India. Before the First Trailblazer because through her tireless work World War, she trained in Scotland as a physician she helped to save many and surgeon. She operated a hospital for women and lives during the war. children known as The Hospice. An advocate for women’s rights, Inglis was secretary of the Scottish Did you know? Federation of Women’s Suffrage Societies until 1914. The Elsie Inglis Memorial Hospital operated in When war broke out, Inglis founded the Scottish Edinburgh until 1988, Women’s Hospitals for Foreign Service. This provided and a new memorial was women nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers and cooks unveiled in 2017 at the Edinburgh Central Library. to the battlefields during the First World War. At the start of the war, the British government Definitions refused Inglis’s offer to work as an army doctor Reformer: because she was a woman. Determined to help, Inglis A person who makes changes to something joined the French war effort and was stationed in order to improve it in Serbia where she managed a hospital. Serbian Order of Her work was much admired, and she was the first the White Eagle: woman to be awarded the Serbian Order of the An award for peace or wartime services White Eagle (First Class). for Serbia Inglis was captured briefly by the enemy in 1915. Centenary: After she was freed, she returned to active service The 100th anniversary of when an event took place and began plans to found new units of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals for Foreign Service in Russia. Image: Elsie Inglis by Balfour, Lady Francis. CC BY 4.0 via Inglis returned to England when she realised she had Wikimedia Commons. cancer. She died on the day she arrived in England. Her body was returned to Edinburgh, and her funeral was attended by leading political figures and royalty. Inglis remains an inspiration to many people to this day. Her achievements and life were celebrated nationally on the centenary of her death on the 26 November 2017. www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Marjory Stephenson

1885 – 1948 | Biochemist and Commandant TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Marjory Stephenson Marjory Stephenson was an influential biochemist and Location microbiologist. She was the first-ever woman elected , to be a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945. Stephenson contributed to the war effort as a Voluntary Marjory Stephenson was Aid Detachment (VAD) Commandant, helping to feed a Trailblazer because she and look after wounded soldiers. In this role she worked was a pioneering female all over Europe and received praise for her achievements. scientist working in a male-dominated industry. Stephenson had an interest in science from a young age, studying Natural Sciences at Newnham College, Questions . This included classes in Can you discover more chemistry, physiology (the study of the way a living about Stephenson’s time organism works) and zoology (the study of animals). in Salonika? What would her experience have Family funds were not available for her to study been like? medicine, so Stephenson became a teacher. In 1910 she took up a post as a domestic science teacher at King’s Definitions College for Women. Biochemist: Someone who studies She briefly joined a laboratory at University College how chemicals work London with a focus on nutrition (the study of the food in living things individuals need to be healthy). However, this work was Microbiologist: interrupted when the First World War started. Someone who studies very tiny organisms When war was declared, Stephenson joined the VAD. She put her knowledge of nutrition and chemistry to use by Fellow of the Royal Society: running field kitchens in France throughout 1914 and An award given to 1915. A field kitchen is where food for soldiers in the scientists who make battlefield is prepared. There were many field kitchens exceptional contributions providing food for soldiers during World War One. to research about the natural world, maths, In 1916, she travelled by herself to the Eastern Front to science, medicine establish new VAD kitchens in Salonika in Greece (now and engineering known as ) and served there until 1918. The conditions in Salonika were often difficult. Image: Nursing sisters from a British Hospital speaking to a Cretan Gendarme, in Salonika, By the end of her wartime service, Stephenson was a January, 1917. By Ariel Varges Commandant with a team of cooks. Stephenson was © IWM (Q 32716) IWM awarded an MBE and an Associate Royal Red Cross Non-Commercial Licence. in December 1918 as recognition of her wartime work.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Sophia Duleep Singh

1876 – 1948 | Activist and Nurse TRAILBLAZERS:TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s World War One’s Inspirational Women Inspirational Women Sophia Duleep Singh

Sophia Duleep Singh was the daughter of the last Maharaja LocationDid you know? Elveden, Suffolk of the Sikh Kingdom who was exiled to Britain in 1854. After the war Sophia India Duleep Singh became an orphan at the age of 11. Luckily returned to India to for her, she had special privileges given to her by her great acclaim and Sophia Duleep Singh was godmother, Queen Victoria. participated in the a Trailblazer because of Indian independence her resilience in fighting In the years leading up to the First World War, Singh and women’s suffrage for women’s suffrage, and rejected the wealthy English society she lived in and movements, making for her determination to took a series of trips to India. At the time, Britain ruled great strides in both help women in India have over India. While in India, Duleep Singh discovered the before her death in greater equality. unfairness of British rule. 1948. This caused her to return to England and become a Questions revolutionary – someone who believes that political Can you find out change can be achieved through direct, and sometimes more about Duleep violent, action. In 1909 Duleep Singh joined the Women’s Singh’s efforts to help Social and Political Union (WSPU). the women’s suffrage movements in India? In 1910 she was part of the ‘Black Friday’ demonstration which involved hundreds of women protesting outside Definitions Parliament for women’s suffrage. Many people who took Women’s suffrage: part were assaulted, and the police faced a lot of criticism The right for women to for their actions. vote in political elections Duleep Singh funded suffragette groups and became a Soldier’s welfare fund: A collection of money to high-profile suffragette herself. She lived in Hampton provide troops with items Court Palace, and sold her newspaper The Suffragette on including waterproof the street outside. She resisted paying taxes because she shoes,Top Tips!warm clothes, huts did not have the vote. This led to her being prosecuted to protect soldiers from several times. theWatch elements, this video chocolate by andthe cigarettes Sikh museum After the First World War broke out, Duleep Singh joined Initiative where BBC the Red Cross and worked as a Voluntary Aid Detachment Image:journalist Princess Anita Sophia Anad Duleep (VAD) nurse at the Lady Hardinge Hospital near Brighton. Singhtells selling Sophia’s subscriptions story, forand The checkSuffragette the newspaper related outside Hampton Court in Duleep Singh treated many Indian patients. The Punjabi London,videos April for 1913. a video Courtesy on of soldiers, in particular, were amazed to be treated by their theher British father! Library. Public domain, princess. She also devoted her time to raising funds for via Wikimedia Commons. Indian soldiers abroad through the soldier’s welfare fund.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Millicent Fawcett

1847 – 1929 | Activist TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Millicent Fawcett

Millicent Fawcett was a leading advocate for women’s Location suffrage. She was passionate about the right of Aldeburgh, Suffolk women to higher education. Fawcett helped to found Millicent Fawcett was Newnham College, a women-only college at the a Trailblazer because her humanitarian work University of Cambridge in 1871. made a powerful case to the government for Fawcett was a tireless campaigner and a long-serving women’s suffrage. president of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Did you know? Societies (NUWSS). The NUWSS became involved in vital work to support society and the war effort during To commemorate 100 years since the passing of the First World War. the Representation of the Fawcett believed that the vote could be achieved People Act in 1918 – which was the first Act passed in by campaigning peacefully. In contrast to Suffragettes Britain giving women the in the WSPU – who were prepared to participate vote – a statue of Millicent in violent protest – Fawcett’s suffragist strategy Fawcett will be erected in was an inspiration for many women who wanted Parliament Square, London. It will be the first statue to contribute to the women’s suffrage movement, there to honour a woman. but did not want to engage in violence. Definitions Fawcett did not get involved in recruiting service Women’s suffrage: personnel to serve in the war, because she did not The right for women to believe in war or violence. She and the NUWSS vote in political elections network did take part in lots of voluntary work Order of the British Empire: during the war, which was an influential form of An award that recognises campaigning for women’s suffrage. Many historians a person’s contributions to the arts and sciences, believe this approach played a part in the passing work with charitable and of the Representation of the People Act 1918. welfare organisations, and public service Millicent Fawcett was a strong speaker, organiser, and leader. Her contribution was recognised when she was Humanitarian: A person who cares made Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British about promoting human Empire in 1925. Her lifelong campaign for equality is well-being continued today through the Fawcett Society, which Image: Millicent Fawcett standing is a leading charity promoting women’s rights and at a suffrage demonstration. gender equality. The image has been trimmed. By LSE Library. No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Henrietta Franklin

1866 – 1964 | Founder of Jewish League for Woman Suffrage TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Henrietta Franklin Henrietta Franklin, known as Netta, was the Location daughter of a wealthy baron, 1st Baron Swaythling. London She dedicated her life to supporting education for Henrietta Franklin was children and encouraging Jewish women to participate a Trailblazer because in the suffrage movement. she campaigned for the women’s suffrage Franklin was one of the founders of the Parents’ movement to be National Education Union – an organisation that more inclusive. worked for better education for children in schools Definitions and at home. She worked with suffrage organisations Baron: before the First World War. At the time, most people A member of in Britain were Christian and there was a lot of British nobility prejudice against people who practiced other religions. Suffrage movement: Franklin wanted to make the suffrage movement more The fight for the right to inclusive and include women from different religions. vote in political elections Prejudice: Franklin created the Jewish League for Woman Dislike or hostility based Suffrage (JLWS) in 1912. She created the JLWS with on assumptions and her husband and her sister, suffragist Lily Montagu, without reason who was also an activist. The JLWS encouraged Jewish Suffragist: women to participate in the suffrage movement. Someone who fights for the right of women to Franklin was one of the few Jewish women to raise vote in a political election their profile in the women’s suffrage movement. Her Pacifism: hard work with women’s suffrage led to Franklin The belief that war becoming the president of National Union of Women’s and violence cannot Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) in 1916. be justified Feminism: When the war began in 1914, Franklin focused on The belief that women encouraging women to take jobs that men had left as and men should have they went to fight in the war. She also raised money to equal rights support all-women hospitals in France. Franklin grew Image: Portrait of Henrietta apart from many suffragists during the war as she was Franklin by Bassano Ltd a supporter of pacifism. She supported many anti-war whole-plate film negative, 24 February 1936. Given by feminist groups. Later in her career Franklin spoke Bassano & Vandyk Studios, 1974. publicly on pacifism, inclusion and feminism. Photographs Collection.

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www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Rosa May Billinghurst

1875 – 1953 | Activist TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Rosa May Billinghurst Rosa May Billinghurst was an important woman Location in the suffragist movement and campaigned for London women’s rights in Britain before, during and after Rosa May Billinghurst the First World War. was a Trailblazer because she campaigned for the As a child, Billinghurst had a disease called polio. right to vote. Her story This disease left her unable to walk so she is even more inspiring moved around using a tricycle wheelchair. Before because she didn’t let her the war, Billinghurst was involved in social work disability hold her back. in Greenwich workhouses. Did you know? This included helping poor women who were Rosa May Billinghurst living on the streets of London. Like many of her died in 1953. In her Will she left her body to contemporary female activists, Billinghurst was an the London School of active member of the Women’s Social and Political Medicine in the hope that Union (WSPU), run by Emmeline Pankhurst and this would help to find her daughters. Emmeline Pankhurst was a famous treatments for women campaigner for women’s rights. with similar illnesses. The WSPU held many protests for women’s right to Definitions vote, and they sometimes turned violent. Billinghurst Suffragist: participated in protests by smashing windows and A person campaigning for new groups of people, destroying mailboxes. These activities caused her including women, to to be sentenced to prison multiple times between get the right to vote 1910 and 1914. in elections Polio: When war was declared in 1914, the WSPU agreed A disease that affects to stop their protests in exchange for the release your nerves. The effect of all suffragist prisoners. The WSPU decided to of polio can mean you focus on campaigning for women’s right to serve lose the ability to move in the war and participate in support industries. parts of your body Will: A legal document stating who should receive their possessions after they die

Image: Rosa May Billinghurst. Source (WP:NFCC#4) Fair use via Wikimedia Commons.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Lucy Thoumaian

1858 – 1940 | Peace Activist and Educator TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Lucy Thoumaian Lucy Thoumaian was an Armenian activist. She spent Location much of her life helping survivors of war and their Chigwell, Essex families. Thoumaian fought for women’s rights and Lucy Thoumaian was a education reform. She also represented Armenia at Trailblazer because she the 1915 Women at the Hague conference (also known fought for an end to racial as the Women’s Peace Congress). prejudice and worked hard to help her fellow Thoumaian was born in Switzerland and married Armenians after the mass an Armenian Christian missionary. She followed her killings began. husband to England and began working to help refugees in Britain and to change the education system. Did you know? She founded an orphanage and a school known as ‘The The mass killings of Armenians during the Armenian House’ in England to provide education and First World War is still a shelter for Armenian orphans who were fleeing war highly sensitive issue, with in their home country. political arguments about the scale of the event and During the First World War Thoumaian spoke publicly the way it is described. about peace, women’s empowerment and ending Estimates of the numbers war. She published a series of pamphlets (known as killed range from 300,000 broadsides) asking women to fight for peace and end to 1.5 million. Some racial and cultural prejudice. countries, including Germany, Canada, France Around the same time, mass killings of Armenians began and Russia, describe this in the . Although numbers are disputed, event as the ‘Armenian it is accepted that the government of the Ottoman Genocide’. The UK Empire was responsible for the killing of hundreds of uses different words to thousands of Armenians between 1915 and 1916. describe what happened. The government of After the end of the First World War, Thoumaian worked Turkey strongly objects with the League of Nations – a post war organisation to the use of the term founded in an effort to maintain world peace. The League genocide within this context. Genocide means was an early version of what is now the United Nations. the deliberate killing of Thoumaian continued to work to help victims of the a large group of people Armenian mass killings and to campaign for victims from a particular nation or ethnic group. to be protected around the world. Image: International Congress of Women in 1915. By LSE Library. No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.

www.big-ideas.org | #Trailblazers [email protected] Sarojini Naidu

1879 – 1949 | Founder of Women’s Indian Association .

TRAILBLAZERS: World War One’s Inspirational Women Sarojini Naidu

Sarojini Naidu was a Bengali poet and activist Location sometimes called ‘The Nightingale of India’. Naidu Hyderabad, India campaigned for Indian women’s suffrage and Indian Sarojini Naidu was a independence. She had a strong connection to the Trailblazer for her tireless UK having studied at King’s College London and efforts to promote at the University of Cambridge. women’s suffrage in India. Naidu initially believed that proactive involvement Did you know? of women in the war effort would advance progress Sarojini Naidu became for Indian independence and Indian women’s suffrage. the first Governor of She spent time in London in 1914 helping with the the United Provinces of India (now Uttar Pradesh) ambulance corps that Mahatma Gandhi had formed. in 1947 and was Naidu returned to India in 1915 where she delivered President of the Indian National Congress. lectures on womanhood and Indian independence, influencing people to support women’s suffrage in Questions India. She wrote The Gift of India in 1915, a poem Can you find examples of which honours the contribution of the Indian Army Naidu’s writing and read in the First World War and laments the loss of them with your class? so many lives. What do they tell you about Naidu’s attitudes In 1917, Naidu helped establish the Women’s Indian towards the war, and the Association. This organisation campaigned for Indian treatment of women? women to have the right to vote in political elections. Definitions: Their petitions contributed to big legal changes, Women’s suffrage: which eventually led to women having the right to Women’s right to vote vote from 1921. Equal voting rights were finally given in political elections to men and women in 1947. Image: Sarojini Naidu. 1912. Public After the First World War, Naidu encouraged India’s domain, via Wikimedia Commons. youth to protest peacefully for India’s independence from British colonial rule. Her four acclaimed poetry volumes Songs (1895), The Golden Threshold (1905), The Bird of Time (1912) and The Broken Wing (1917) helped spread her reputation as a talented writer throughout the war and beyond.

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