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Spartak KUÇAJ REPUBLIKA E SHQIPËRISË UNIVERSITETI POLITEKNIK I TIRANËS FAKULTETI I GJEOLOGJISË DHE I MINIERAVE DOKTORATA “Gjeoshkencat, Burimet Natyrore dhe Mjedisi” Rruga e Elbasanit, Tiranë, Shqipëri Tel/Fax: +355 4 375 246/6 DISERTACION Përdorimi i Metodës Interferometrike SAR në Vlerësimin e Uljeve të Objekteve Inxhinierike. Shembull Zbatimi për Qytetin e Tiranës (Për marrjen e gradës shkencore “Doktor”) Disertanti: Spartak KUÇAJ Udhëheqës shkencor: Prof. Asoc. Dr. Myslim PASHAJ Tiranë, 2016 Përdorimi i metodës interferometrike SAR për vlerësimin e uljeve të objekteve inxhinierike. Shembull zbatimi për qytetin e Tiranës REPUBLIKA E SHQIPËRISË UNIVERSITETI POLITEKNIK I TIRANËS FAKULTETI I GJEOLOGJISË DHE I MINIERAVE DOKTORATA “Gjeoshkencat, Burimet Natyrore dhe Mjedisi” Rruga e Elbasanit, Tiranë, Shqipëri Tel/Fax: +355 4 375 246/6 Disertacion i përgatitur nga: M.Sc. Inxh. Spartak KUÇAJ Për marrjen e gradës shkencore: DOKTOR Përdorimi i Metodës Interferometrike SAR në Vlerësimin e Uljeve të Objekteve Inxhinierike. Shembull Zbatimi për Qytetin e Tiranës Mbrojtur me datë 17.03.2016 para Jurisë: 1. Prof. Dr. Thoma KORINI Kryetar 2. Akademik Prof. Dr. Neki FRASHËRI anëtar 3. Akademik Prof. Dr. Salvatore BUSHATI anëtar (oponent) 4. Prof. Dr. Vasil JORGJI anëtar 5. Prof. Asoc. Dr. Gëzim GJATA anëtar (oponent) Tiranë, 2016 2 Spartak KUÇAJ PARATHËNIE Nëpërmjet këtij studimi kemi dashur të paraqesim një kontribut modest në fushën e evidentimit dhe parandalimit të fenomeneve të rrezikshme që lidhen me problemet e shfaqura në objektet e banimit. Duke qenë se një punim i kësaj natyre realizohet për herë të parë në vendin tonë dhe, për fushën tonë të interesit, vështrimi ynë nuk përqendrohet në objekte të veçanta, por është më gjithëpërfshirës. Ky studim nuk do të realizohej pa mbështetjen dhe shkëmbimin e përvojës me një numër specialistësh dhe ekspertësh të fushave të ndryshme si në Fakultetin e Gjeologjisë dhe të Minierave, ashtu edhe jashtë tij. Falënderoj miqtë, kolegët dhe profesorët e mi, të cilët nuk përmenden specifikisht këtu, për mendimet dhe sugjerimet e tyre dashamirëse. Mirënjohja ime shkon posaçërisht për: - udhëheqësit e mi, Prof. Asoc. Dr. Skënder LIPO, Prof. Asoc. Dr. Myslim PASHAJ dhe Dr. Boris STRATI, të cilët më kanë inkurajuar, përkrahur, ndihmuar, mbështetur dhe udhëhequr pa u lodhur, qysh në hapat e para të ndërmarrjes së këtij studimi. - profesorët e Departamentit të Inxhinierisë së Burimeve Minerare, të cilët me vërejtjet dhe sugjerimet, bisedat, konsultimet dhe përvojën e tyre kanë qenë dhe mbeten një mbështetje dhe inkurajim i madh për mua. - kolegët italianë, duke filluar me Prof. Kiaradia, Rafaelen dhe Filomenën e të tjerë, ndihmesa e të cilëve ka qenë vendimtare për finalizimin e këtij punimi. 3 Përdorimi i metodës interferometrike SAR për vlerësimin e uljeve të objekteve inxhinierike. Shembull zbatimi për qytetin e Tiranës Kjo fletë është lënë qëllimisht bosh 4 Spartak KUÇAJ Dëshiroj t’ia dedikoj këtë punë familjes time, e cila më ka mbështetur gjatë gjithë kohës së punimit tim dhe më ka inkurajuar të vazhdoj studimet duke më demonstruar me jetën e tyre rëndësinë e punës së vështirë. 5 Përdorimi i metodës interferometrike SAR për vlerësimin e uljeve të objekteve inxhinierike. Shembull zbatimi për qytetin e Tiranës PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE ........................................................................................................................................ 3 PËRMBAJTJA ........................................................................................................................................ 6 INDEKSI I FIGURAVE ......................................................................................................................... 9 INDEKSI I TABELAVE ...................................................................................................................... 13 LISTA E SHKURTESAVE .................................................................................................................. 14 ABSTRAKT .......................................................................................................................................... 15 PJESA I - TË PËRGJITHSHME .......................................................................................................... 16 1. Shtrimi i problemit ............................................................................................................................ 17 2. Qëllimi dhe objektivat ....................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Qëllimi ......................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Objektivat .................................................................................................................................... 18 3. Organizimi i tezës ............................................................................................................................. 19 KAPITULLI 1 - Të dhëna të përgjithshme për rajonin e Tiranës ......................................................... 20 1.1 Ndërtimi gjeologjik ................................................................................................................ 21 1.1.1 Gjeomorfologjia ............................................................................................................ 21 1.1.2 Stratigrafia .................................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Kushtet hidrogjeologjike ....................................................................................................... 23 1.2.1 Veçoritë hidrologjike-hidrogjeologjike ......................................................................... 23 1.2.2 Kompleksi kuaternar ..................................................................................................... 24 1.2.3 Kompleksi mollasik ....................................................................................................... 24 1.3 Tektonika ............................................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1 Rajonizimi gjeologo-inxhinierik i qytetit të Tiranës ...................................................... 26 1.3.2 Vetitë fiziko-mekanike të truallit.................................................................................... 26 1.3.3 Njësia kodrinore ............................................................................................................ 27 1.3.4 Vetitë elastike të trojeve ................................................................................................ 27 1.3.5 Njësitë litologo-teknike (zonat gjeologo-inxhinierike) .................................................. 28 1.4 Demografia ........................................................................................................................... 39 PËRFUNDIME ..................................................................................................................................... 40 PJESA II – BAZA TEORIKE ............................................................................................................... 41 6 Spartak KUÇAJ KAPITULLI 2 - Telerilevimi SAR: Bazat teorike ................................................................................ 42 2.1 Hyrje ...................................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.1 Radari me hapje sintetike (SAR) ................................................................................... 43 2.1.2 Gjeometria e përftimit me shikim anash ........................................................................ 44 2.2 Chirp-i dhe ndërtimi i matricës së të dhënave bruto ............................................................. 45 2.3 Rezolucioni i të dhënave SAR ................................................................................................ 47 2.3.1 Rezolucioni në drejtimin range ..................................................................................... 48 2.3.2 Rezolucioni në azimut .................................................................................................... 50 2.4 Fokusimi dhe imazhet SLC .................................................................................................... 53 2.4.1 Zhurma speckle ............................................................................................................. 54 2.4.2 Kontributi i fazës në përftimin e imazhit SAR ............................................................... 56 2.4.3 Deformimet gjeometrike të një përftimi SAR ................................................................. 57 KAPITULLI 3 - Interferometria SAR: Teori dhe përdorime ................................................................ 59 3.1 Hyrje ...................................................................................................................................... 60 3.2 Faza interferometrike dhe burimet e zhurmës së fazës ......................................................... 60 3.3 Koherenca interferometrike .................................................................................................. 66 3.4 Përmbajtja e informacionit në fazën interferometrike .......................................................... 68 3.4.2 Kontributi topografik në fazën interferometrike ..........................................................
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