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BIOTA Kelp Beds * * Plankton Bloom DFO Library MPO - Bibliotheque Final Report 14048291 Evaluation of the Applicability of Laser Depth Surveys to Canadian Nearshore Waters Prepared for Canadian Hydrographic Service Ottawa, Ontario GC 10.4 .R4 Lit 093 Woodward-Clyde Consultants w 16 Bastion Square, Victoria, B.C. V8W 1H9 35( 1-1 -Li Final Report Evaluation of the Applicability of Laser Depth Surveys to Canadian Nearshore Waters Prepared for Canadian Hydrographic Service Ottawa, Ontario March 31, 1983 by E.H.Owens D.P.Krauel R.L.Keeney GC 10.4 .R4 093 Owens, E.H. -Po -11 Evaluation of the ■ applicability of laser... AG 251474 14048291 c.1 Woodward-Clyde Consultants w 60928A 16 Bastion Square, Victoria, B.C. V8W 1H9 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Objectives 2.1 2.2 Report Format 2.2 2.3 Study Team and Acknowledgements 2.4 3.0 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF FACTORS 3.1 The Problem 3.1 3.2 Conceptual Framework 3.2 3.2.1 General Features Affecting the Quality of the Data 3.2 3.2.2 Temporary vs Permanent Limitations 3.5 3.2.3 The Objective 3.6 3.3 Specific Assessments 3.6 3.3.1 Quality of Data Required 3.6 3.3.2 The Assessments 3.7 3.3.3 Comparison of the Assessments 3.9 3.4 Use of the Information 3.11 3.5 Comments 3.12 4.0 OPERATIONAL FACTORS - LASER SYSTEM 4.1 Introduction 4.1 4.2 Laser Design 4.2 4.3 Laser Operational Factors 4.3 4.3.1 Ice Cover 4.3 4.3.2 Turbidity 4.3 4.3.3 Wind 4.10 4.3.4 Bottom Reflectance 4.10 4.4 Marine Biological Parameters 4.11 4.4.1 Rooted Vegetation 4.11 4.4.2 Plankton 4.13 4.5 Detailed Examination of the Great Lakes Region 4.5.1 Subdivision la 4.15 4.5.2 Subdivision lb 4.17 4.5.3 Subdivision 2a 4.18 4.5.4 Subdivision 2b 4.18 4.5.5 Subdivision 3 4.19 4.5.6 Subdivision 4 4.21 4.5.7 Subdivision 5a 4.21 4.5.8 Subdivision 5b 4.26 4.5.9 Subdivision 6a 4.26 4.5.10 Subdivision 6b 4.27 4.6 Measurement of Water Clarity 4.28 5.0 OPERATIONAL FACTORS - FLYING 5.1 Introduction 5.1 5.2 Survey Logistics 5.1 5.3 Flight Conditions 5.3 5.4 Flight Safety 5.4 6.0 REGIONAL ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Parameters Analyzed 6.1 6.1.2 Spatial Analysis 6.2 6.1.3 Temporal Analysis 6.5 6.1.4 Reliability of Information and Data Sources 6.8 6.2 Pacific Coast 6.2.1 Logistics 6.10 6.2.2 Physical Geology 6.10 6.2.3 Oceanography 6.11 6.2.4 Meteorology 6.14 6.2.5 Regional Analysis and Summary 6.16 6.3 Great Lakes 6.3.1 Logistics 6.33 6.3.2 Physical Geology 6.33 6.3.3 Limnology 6.36 6.3.4 Meteorology 6.37 6.3.5 Regional Analysis and Summary 6.37 6.4 Atlantic Coast 6.4.1 Logistics 6.61 6.4.2 Physical Geology 6.61 6.4.3 Oceanography 6.64 6.4.4 Meteorology 6.65 6.4.5 Regional Analysis and Summary 6.66 6.5 Hudson Bay/Labrador Coast 6.5.1 Logistics 6.87 6.5.2 Physical Geology 6.87 6.5.3 Oceanography 6.90 6.5.4 Meteorology 6.92 6.5.5 Regional Analysis and Summary 6.92 6.6 Arctic Coasts 6.6.1 Logistics 6.109 6.6.2 Physical Geology 6.109 6.6.3 Oceanography 6.112 6.6.4 Meteorology 6.113 6.6.5 Regional Analysis and Summary 6.113 7.0 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 7.1 8.0 REFERENCES 8.1 LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Factors influencing laser data accuracy 3.4 3.2 Preliminary assessments 3.8 4.1 Spectral attenuation coefficients of water 4.6 4.2 Percent transmission related to suspended matter 4.6 4.3 Water transparency in Lake Erie 4.9 4.4 Spectral attenuation coefficient for the Great Lakes 4.16 4.5 Secchi depths for Lake Huron 4.20 4.6 Water transparency in Lake Erie 4.22 4.7 Water transparency in Lake Erie 4.23 4.8 Water transparency in Lake Erie 4.24 4.9 Average water transparency in Lake Erie - 1965 4.25 5.1 Probability of success of airborne missions, southern Beaufort Sea 5.5 5.2 Mean number of days/year with thunderstorm activity 5.6 6.1 Canadian coastal regions 6.4 6.2 Data format for secondary parameters 6.6 6.3 Pacific Coast subdivisions 6.13 6.4 Composite distribution of the Fraser River sediment plume 6.15 6.5 Great Lakes subdivisions 6.35 6.6 Atlantic Coast subdivisions 6.63 6.7 Hudson Bay/Labrador Coast subdivisions 6.89 6.8 Arctic Coasts subdivisions 6.110 6.9 Sediment dispersal model for southern Beaufort Sea 6.114 LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Factors that Affect Laser Operation 4.4 5.1 Factors that Affect Flight Operations 5.2 6.1 Parameters that Limit Laser Bathymetry 6.3 6.2 Pacific Coast - Bathymetric Areas 6.12 6.3 Great Lakes - Bathymetric Areas 6.34 6.4 Great Lakes - Summarized Bathymetric Areas 6.34 6.5 Atlantic Coast - Bathymetric Areas 6.62 6.6 Hudson Bay - Bathymetric Areas 6.88 6.7 Arctic Coasts - Bathymetric Areas 6.111 7.1 Summary of Bathymetric Data 7.2 7.2 Summary of the Results 7.2 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The primary (permanent) limiting factors on laser bathymetry are water depth, ice cover and distance from an airfield. The latter was found to be non-limiting in Canada, but the ice cover criteria (mean open-water conditions for at least one month per year) excluded northern parts of the Arctic Archipelago from the analysis. 2. The most limiting of the secondary (temporary) factors was found to be water clarity. Turbid conditions, whether a result of biological or geological processes, would preclude operation of the laser technique. 3. The only region with a detailed data base is the Great Lakes; elsewhere, the evaluation involved considerable interpretation. Except in a few areas, for example, western Banks Island, the data base on water clarity was considered to be poor. Sufficient information, however, exists in most areas for the regional level of analysis that is the basis of this study. 4. The area of the Canadian shelf with depths less than 20 m is in the 2 2 order of 220,000 km : only 120,000 km (55 percent) of this was considered suitable for laser bathymetry at some time of the year. 5. Over 60 percent of the areas considered suitable for laser bathymetry are north of 60 °N. 6. Laser bathymetry would be limited to an area in the order of 45,000 2 km south of 60°N, due to constraints imposed by water depths and water clarity. Extensive shallow areas of the Lower Great Lakes, southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, and southern Hudson Bay have turbid waters that would probably preclude use of the laser system. 2 7. North of 60 °N, an estimated 75,000 km of charted or uncharted waters, with mean open-water conditions for at least one month each year, could be considered as suitable for laser bathymetry. The coasts adjacent to the Mackenzie Delta and the Plain of Koukdjuak are excluded due to high concentrations of suspended sediment. 8. Laser bathymetry could be considered as a viable method for reconnaissance surveys of uncharted or poorly-known waters in the Canadian arctic and subarctic. N O11. 0 110 0 81 N1 0/Z 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 OBJECTIVES The development of innovative techniques for the accurate measurement of water depths is a response to the increasing requirements for data. Present techniques for obtaining accurate depth information are based on the use of ships or launches equipped with echo-sounding equipment. Airborne measurement techniques could potentially become a cost-effective, rapid, and accurate means of hydrographic surveying in shallow waters. The development of an experimental airborne laser field system has matured to the degree that decisions on the wide-scale use of the system will be required in the near future. The primary objectives of this study are to define and evaluate the operational and environmental factors that control the use of the technique geographically and to identify areas of Canadian waters where the system would be a feasible hydrographic tool. Water depth is the primary limiting factor for the airborne laser survey technique. Other parameters, however, that affect either the accuracy of the system or the operation of the aircraft must also be considered. An accurate evaluation of the applicability of the system, therefore, required initially the identification of the nature and the consequences of all significant factors. After this initial phase, the study progressed through an analysis, in time and space, of the controlling factors in order to determine in detail when and where the technique could be utilized. The waters adjacent to Canada's coasts were divided into a series of regions in order that data and information could be compiled to assess the local feasibility of the system. This approach provides an estimate of how much of Canada's coastal waters may be surveyed by the airborne laser method and also provides an explanation of how the various factors affect the use of the system.
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