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PH;L:??lfJE NUCLEAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE PH0900001 SC!u;h,i::C LIBRARY AND DOCUMENTATION CENTER SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF MARIKINA RIVER A Thesis Presented to the Department of Chemistry College of Science Technological University of the Philippines Manila In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Applied Science Major in Environmental Science Jowell P. de la Pefla Limela G. Pael March 2009 u APPROVAL SHEET The thesis entitled "SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF MARIKINA RIVER" prepared and submitted by JOWELL P. DE LA PENA and LIMELA G. PAEL in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR In ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE has been examined and is recommended for acceptance. ERWIfclP.EL EGUI SOL€DAD S. CASTANEDA Adviser / Co-Adviser, PNRI PANEL OF EXAMINERS CORAZON D. SACDALAN ELVIRA V. /&ILFAVAN Member Member RAFAELA A.©OLLAYAN FIDE^A Q. ARANES Member Department Head Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE Major in ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. Date 'NM. IGNA( Dean Ill ABSTRACT The study used the physico-chemical characteristics to determine the degree of pollution in different surface and groundwater sources in Marikina. The hydrogen ion concentration in ail the stations for surface water was generally basic ranging from 7.24 to 7.44, while conductivity was observed to be highest in Royal Ville station that has a value of 253 us/cm. Among the four stations in groundwater which obtained an acidic pH, Brgy. Singkamas deep-well has a neutral value. The conductivity was observed to be highest in Brgy. Conception which has a value of 1026 us/cm. The major ions result showed that the three stations from Marikina River have conformed to the water quality criteria for fresh waters set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, while results from different deep-well stations showed that among four stations, Brgy. Singkamas and Conception deep-wells have exceeded the recommended value concentration for drinking water quality standards. The multi-element results were obtained from an Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Results showed that significant concentrations of metals like Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, and Pb in both surface and groundwater stations have exceeded the maximum concentrations set by both DENR and PNSDW. The significant differences in the concentrations of physico-chemical components facilitate detection of contamination from domestic and industrial wastes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We want to give our warm and heartfelt gratitude to the people behind the molding of this piece of work. For they inspired and challenged us to continue and able to finish this research. This study would have never been concretized and made possible without the undoubted support and guidance of the following people... To the staff and employees of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, especially to the Analytical Measurement Research Division for the tools and equipments that they provided, for introducing their analytical techniques as well as the knowledge and information that they have shared for this research initially to: • Mrs. Soledad S. Castafieda, our thesis co-adviser, for the acceptance, trust and constructive support in the conduct of the works. • Mr. Raymond J. Sucgang, who gave us enjoyable yet informative assistance all throughout the stay. Surely, discouragement means triumph. • Ms. Rosalina V. Almoneda, whose patience, has beamed in the result of the work. Your assistance in Ion Chromatography will always be remembered. • Mrs. Preciosa Corazon Pabroa who helped us in handling the procedures for EDXRF. Your kindness and support have gone deeply within us. • Mr. Norman Mendoza, who helped us at the very start of the experiment. Some maybe inevitable, yet some are always understood. • Mr. Joseph Michael D. Racho, your presence has always been our advantage during the stay. To our beloved panel of examiners and faculties from the Chemistry Department in the College of Science, Technological University of the Philippines-Manila especially to: • Mr. Erwin P. Elazegui, our thesis adviser, for the help, guidance and for lending us the resources and; • Mrs. Rafaela A. Gollayan for the pieces of advice and ideas in constructing this research paper. Friends and classmates, (Infinite Friendships) for giving a hand, encouragement and undeniable friendship that have given us the strength and lifted us through the time of needs and hardships. Starting with Gem, Jannuel, Miel, Sharmie, Alex, Vianel, Joyce, Sharoline, Acel, Chiza, Nicca, and Roselee. What we had in yours were truly special... For Jowell P. de la Pen1 a: I would like to humbly express my sincere and heartwarming thank you to my parents Mr. Lucio L. de la Pefia and Judith P. de la Pefia as well as my brothers (Julius and Joseph) and to my sweet younger sister (Joanne) for the unconditional love, support, understanding and acceptance that embrace me all the time which keep me going; straight to the right path. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Miss Lea Salonga, Miss Jannuel Dayao, Miss Gem Tobias, Miss Geraldine Jumawid and elite ZARAGOSA family for the good times and words of encouragement that boosted my morale which gave me an extra peace of mind during the thesis process. Finally, to Mr. Jeffrey B. Perez (Bonbon) who inspired and pushed me to finish this thesis study with his so much help, un-invertible love and support. I am definitely so much blessed having you all. Limela G. Pael I would like to give my warmest gratitude to my Family, who showered me with all their support (regardless of what kind) and unending advice (though sometimes overheard) when I was tempted. To Mama Chorie, Papa, Ate Ging- ging, Kuya Elit, Kuya Berto, Jessel, Kuya Mitoy and Ate Riza, though I hardly say... your existence was truly a blessing for me. To Mrs. Rona liza of Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD), who inspired me at the very beginning. Sorry if I haven't made it ma'am. To Robert, for the copy of DAO (this is it!). To Mina and Michelle, thanks for the entertainment of knowing you.. To Shahani, Sheiralen, their Mudra and Pudra and Bonbon, for a quite playing time and for tapping my shoulders...always. This fruit of long hardships and diligences were inspired and made possible primarily by the all known rock of ages - Our Almighty God, and by those people who coached, criticized and stood before us through the discomfort of our journey. - Jowell and Ela - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number TITLE PAGE I APPROVAL SHEET ii ABSTRACT ill ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectives of the Study 4 1.2 Significance of the Study 5 1.3 Scope and Limitation 6 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 7 2.1 Review of Related Literature 7 2.1.1 Surface Water 7 2.1.2 Groundwater 8 2.1.3 Marikina City 9 2.1.4 Marikina River 9 2.1.5 Pollution 10 2.1.6 Physical Parameters 10 2.1.7 Temperature 10 2.1.8 Chemical Parameters 11 2.1.9 Power of Hydrogen (ph) 11 2.1.10 Conductivity 12 2.1.11 X-ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy 12 2.1.12 Ion 13 2.1.13 Ion Chromatography 15 2.2 Related Studies 16 2.2.1 Local Studies 17 2.2.2 Foreign Studies 18 3. METHODOLOGY . 21 3.1 Materials, Apparatus and Reagents 21 3.2 Study Sites 22 3.3 Surface Water 22 3.4 Groundwater 23 3.5 Physical Parameter 23 3.5.1 Temperature 23 3.5.2 Conductivity 23 3.6 Chemical Parameters 24 VI 3.6.1 pH 24 3.6.2 Bicarbonates 24 3.6.3 Titration 24 3.7 Analytical Techniques 25 3.7.1 Ion Chromatography 25 3.7.2 Analysis 25 3.7.3 Acidification of Instruments 26 3.7.4 Concentration of Samples 27 3.7.5 Preparation of Standard for XRF 27 3.7.6 Setting of Samples 28 29 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1 Major Ions and Trace Metals in water 30 4.2 Surface Water's Major Cation Analysis 30 4.3 Groundwater's Major Cation Analysis 31 4.4 Surface Water's Major Anion Analysis 32 4.5 Groundwater's Major Anion Analysis 33 4.6 Physico-chemical Properties of Surface Water 34 4.7 Physico-chemical Properties of Groundwater 35 4.8 Multi-elemental Concentration in Surface Water 36 4.9 Multi-elemental Concentration in Groundwater 37 Graphical Interpretation of Data 38 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44 Vll REFERENCES 49 APPENDICES A Schoeller Graph of Major Ions in Different Surface Water Station 51 B Schoeller Graph of Major Ions in Different Groundwater 52 stations C Piper Graph of both Surface and Groundwater Systems 53 D The Water type Classification of Different Stations in 54 Surface Water E The Water Type Classification of Different stations in 55 Groundwater F Over-all Procedure 56 G Schematic Diagram of Collection of Sample 57 H Preparation of Mobile Phase (buffer solution) for Ion 58 Chromatography I Preparation of Water Sample(s) for Ion Chromatography 59 J Preparation of Standards (Anions and Cations) 59 K Preparation of Samples for Energy Dispersive X-ray 60 Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) L Water Quality Standard for Drinking 61 M Computations 62 N Sampling Site for Surface water (Marikina River Bank) 63 O Sampling Site for Ground water (deep well/pump station) 64 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Groundwater and surface water's significance have been viewed from the different usages they comprise. These have been subjected to human consumption (for cooking, bathing, washing and drinking), industrial such as a solvent, a cleaning agent, a coolant, a waste removal agent or a mineral extractant and agricultural uses in both urban and rural areas of the country.
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