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Collocation and Textual Cohesion

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Collocation and Textual Cohesion Title page Collocation and textual cohesion: A comparative corpus study between a genre of Written Sports Reports and a large reference corpus By Brett Edward Laybutt A dissertation submitted to The School of Humanities of the University of Birmingham In part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in TESL/TESL Supervisor: Tilly Harrison This dissertation consists of approximately 12,203 words Centre for English Language Studies Department of English University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT England 20th September, 2009 i To my wife ii Abstract One of the most problematic areas for foreign language learning is collocation. It is often seen as arbitrary and overwhelming, a seemingly insurmountable obstacle to the attainment of native- like fluency. The following study takes an approach suggested by recent corpus research by investigating the functional role of collocation for cohesion within a genre-specific corpus of written sports reports (WSR). Through a comparison with a large reference corpus, the study found that certain key collocations contributed to cohesion both within individual texts, or what will be termed `intratextual` cohesion, and also across texts within the genre, or `intertextual` cohesion. It was also found that many of these collocations are the result of underlying metaphors. The study suggests that, for foreign language learners, focusing on this functional role of collocation within genre may provide a more systematic and manageable technique for the study of collocation. It also goes on to suggest the need for a distinction between ‘teaching genre’, suitable for ESP or EAP classes, and ‘genre teaching’, which encourages learners to view language not as rule-generated but as a system of choice within differing stratum of text, context and genre. iii Acknowledgements First of all, I would to thank my supervisors over the course of this MA: Tilly Harrison, for all her insightful comments, suggestions and keeping me focused in writing this dissertation, and also Wendy Mah for all her advice and support during the coursework. I‘d also like to thank Tony Cole for his statistical discussions. Lastly, I‘d also like to thank my parents, without whom none of this would have been possible. iv Table of Contents Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Figures and Tables............................................................................................................ viii Notation within the dissertation ...................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the study ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aims of the study ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Structure of the dissertation .......................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 - Literature Review .................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Collocation ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Background to collocation and text ........................................................................ 5 2.2.2 Definition of collocation ........................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Collocation and EFL ................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Investigating collocation ............................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Corpus linguistics ................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 General versus specialised corpora ...................................................................... 11 2.3.3 Corpus design for specialised corpora ................................................................. 13 2.3.4 Corpus studies, collocation and cohesion............................................................. 14 2.4 Analysing genre ............................................................................................................. 17 2.4.1 Definition of genre.................................................................................................. 17 2.4.2 Analysing genre ...................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Written sports reports (WSR) as a genre ............................................................ 20 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 3 – Methodology ........................................................................................................ 25 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 ‘Guardian Champions League’ corpus (GCL) .......................................................... 26 v 3.2.1 Collection of data ................................................................................................... 26 3.2.2 Construction of Corpus ......................................................................................... 27 3.3 ‘Bank of English’ corpus (BofE) .................................................................................. 28 3.4 Analysis of GCL corpus................................................................................................ 30 3.4.1 WordSmith Tools 5.0............................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Keywords ................................................................................................................ 30 3.4.3 Function words ....................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Analysis of collocation .................................................................................................. 33 3.5.1 Identification of collocation ................................................................................... 33 3.5.2 Comparison of collocation ..................................................................................... 34 3.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 36 Chapter 4 - Results ................................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Keywords ....................................................................................................................... 38 4.3 Content keywords ......................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 ‘goal’ ........................................................................................................................ 40 4.3.2 ‘ball’ ........................................................................................................................ 43 4.3.3 ‘minutes/minute’ .................................................................................................... 47 4.3.4 ‘shot’ ........................................................................................................................ 50 4.4 Frequency keywords ..................................................................................................... 55 4.4.1 ‘after’ ....................................................................................................................... 55 4.4.2 ‘from’ ...................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.3 ‘was’ ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.4.4 ‘have’ ....................................................................................................................... 64 4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 69 Chapter 5 – Discussion and Conclusion ................................................................................. 70 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................
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