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Celebrating 125 Years of Oliver Heaviside's 'Electromagnetic Theory'

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Celebrating 125 Years of Oliver Heaviside's 'Electromagnetic Theory' ISSN 1364-503X | Volume 376 | Issue 2134 | 13 December 2018 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A | R. Soc. A Phil. Trans. The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it 376 Volume has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside’s ‘Electromagnetic encourage the development and use of science for Theory’ the benefi t of humanity. | Issue 2134 Theme issue compiled and edited by Christopher Donaghy-Spargo and Alex Yakovlev The Society’s strategic priorities emphasise its commitment to the highest quality science, to curiosity-driven research, and to the development | and use of science for the benefi t of society. 13 December 2018 These priorities are: • Promoting science and its benefi ts • Recognising excellence in science • Supporting outstanding science • Providing scientifi c advice for policy • Fostering international and global cooperation ‘Electromagnetic Theory’ 125 years of Oliver Heaviside’s • Education and public engagement For further information on the Royal Society The Royal Society 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG T +44 20 7451 2500 W royalsociety.org For further information on Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A T +44 20 7451 2214 E [email protected] W rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org 1364-503X(20181213)376:2134 ISBN: 978-1-78252-358-1 ISSN 1364-503X The Royal Society Registered Charity No 207043 RSTA_376_2134_Cover.indd 2-4 30/10/18 5:13 PM Oliver Heaviside’s electromagnetic theory rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org Christopher Donaghy-Spargo1 and Alex Yakovlev2 1Department of Engineering, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Introduction 2School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Cite this article: Donaghy-Spargo C, Yakovlev NewcastleuponTyneNE17RU,UK A. 2018 Oliver Heaviside’s electromagnetic CD-S, 0000-0001-5337-4522 theory. Phil.Trans.R.Soc.A376: 20180229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0229 The year 2018 marks the 125th anniversary of the first of three published volumes on electromagnetic theory by the eminent Victorian electrical engineer, Accepted: 14 August 2018 physicist and mathematician, Oliver Heaviside FRS. This commemorative issue of Philosophical One contribution of 13 to a theme issue Transactions of the Royal Society A celebrates the ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside’s publication of this work by collecting papers on a broad spectrum across the field of electromagnetic ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’. theory, including innovative research papers interspersed between historical perspectives and Subject Areas: relevant reviews. Heaviside was a remarkable man, electromagnetism an original thinker with brilliant mathematical powers and physical insight who made many Keywords: significant contributions in his fields of interest, electromagnetism, fellows of the Royal though he is remembered primarily for his ‘step Society, history of engineering, Oliver function’, commonly used today in many branches Heaviside, telegraphy, Victorian science of physics, mathematics and engineering. Here, we celebrate the man and his work by illustrating his major contributions and highlighting his great success Author for correspondence: in solving some of the great telegraphic engineering Christopher Donaghy-Spargo problems of the Victorian era, in part due to his e-mail: [email protected] development and detailed understanding of the governing electromagnetic theory. We celebrate his Electromagnetic theory: three volumes of insights, techniques and understanding from mathematical, physical and engineering perspectives—as dictated by J. C. Maxwell FRS, but interpreted, reformulated and expanded by Heaviside to advance the art and science of electrical engineering beyond all expectations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside’s ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’. 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. 1. 125 years of electromagnetic theory 2 One hundred and twenty-five years ago, Oliver Heaviside FRS published the first of his rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org ........................................................ seminal masterpiece series on electromagnetic theory. The works contained within this Special Commemorative Issue are scattered across a broad range of electromagnetic topics, including original research articles in the physical and engineering sciences as well as in the history of science and technology, including new perspectives on the work of Heaviside and his subsequent influences. The issue is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview of his work or life, nor is it intended to provide the reader with a showcase of the latest research articles relating to the work of Heaviside. The intention is to act as a mark to commemorate his work Electromagnetic theory on the anniversary of the publication of his first dedicated book on the subject in 1893. It is the view of the editors of this commemorative issue, and many learned scholars, that Heaviside Phil.Trans.R.Soc.A was a remarkable man, an original thinker with brilliant mathematical powers and physical insight—his most important work can be found in his three volumes entitled Electromagnetic theory and his connected works Electrical papers. Here, a brief overview of the man Oliver Heaviside and his main contributions are presented in the broadest of terms. Secondly, we illuminate the main points of interest contained within the three published volumes of Electromagnetic theory and discuss the ‘missing’ fourth volume. These volumes contain his significant works in the subject 376 across a broad spectrum of ideas and it is hoped that the readers of those original works and this : 20180229 special issue are as captivated as the editors by the charm, intrigue and sheer brilliance of Oliver Heaviside FRS—an eminent electromagnetician. 2. The man Oliver Heaviside FRS (portrait in figure 1) was born on 18 May 1850 and died in Torquay on 3 February 1925, at the age of 74. From humble beginnings, he was able to make very many significant scientific achievements to rival the most revered of his university-educated peers in the great Victorian era of scientific discovery. Heaviside was an English self-taught electrical engineer, physicist and mathematician, who changed the face of telecommunications, mathematics and science for years to come, up to and well beyond his death. He adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, coining such terms as inductance, impedance and reluctance, among many others, all in common use today. Heaviside invented many mathematical techniques, one is his ‘operational calculus’, a method of solution of systems of differential equations (today’s equivalent is the Laplace transform) representing the great telegraphic and electromagnetic problems of his time. He reformulated James Clerk Maxwell’s field equations in terms of the electric and magnetic forces (‘murdering’ Maxwell’s potentials along the way, due to their non-observability) while independently co-formulating vector analysis and Prof. Henry Poynting’s energy-flux theorem. This impressive catalogue of achievements in the realms of the electromagnetic theory was complemented by his many technical achievements in electrical engineering practice. He also invented the coaxial cable, for which he was granted a patent. He was responsible for the discovery of the necessary conditions required for ‘distortionless’ transmission of telegraph signals and invented the practical means by which this could be achieved—perhaps among the most important of his achievements. This list is complemented by the many improvements in practical telegraphic and telephonic systems he contributed over his lifetime. His achievements (with the correct attribution) are not well known, yet they are profound and wide-reaching. The so-called ‘Maxwell Equations’ or ‘General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field’ [1], as presented in every undergraduate physics textbook in the world are in fact in the form presented first by Heaviside, in the language that he independently developed for the purpose (alongside W. Gibbs, known for ‘Gibbs phenomena’ in Fourier theory). This ‘recasting’ alone is a major achievement, for which Heaviside was given credit by Heinrich Hertz [2]. Maxwell had published his two-volume work A treatise on electricity and magnetism in 1873 [3]. Heaviside first came across this seminal work as part of his ‘self-study’ regime while he was living 3 rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org ........................................................ Phil.Trans.R.Soc.A 376 : 20180229 Figure 1. Oliver Heaviside (SC MSS 140 08, courtesy of the Institution of Engineering & Technology Archives). in Newcastle upon Tyne in late 1873, while working for the Great Northern Telegraph Company (his only paid work, which he left in 1873 at the age of 23 to concentrate on his studies). It was his time in Newcastle that would influence his research interests for the rest of his life. It is the aim of this Special Issue to raise awareness of his very many contributions that have been documented so well in the biographies of Heaviside. There have been two widely published biographies, the first (and mathematical) biography was written by P. J. Nahin and published in 1988 [4], a second one was written in 2009 by B. Mahon [5]. Both biographies
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