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Predation on Hardest Molluscan Eggs by Confamilial Snails (Neritidae) and Its Potential Significance in Egg-Laying Site Selection

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Predation on Hardest Molluscan Eggs by Confamilial Snails (Neritidae) and Its Potential Significance in Egg-Laying Site Selection PREDATION ON HARDEST MOLLUSCAN EGGS BY CONFAMILIAL SNAILS (NERITIDAE) AND ITS POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE IN EGG-LAYING SITE SELECTION YASUNORI KANO1 AND HIROAKI FUKUMORI1,2 1Department of Marine Ecosystems Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan; and 2Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan Correspondence: Y. Kano; e-mail: [email protected] (Received 12 December 2009; accepted 14 May 2010) ABSTRACT Neritid snails (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) protect their eggs in a hard capsule, of tough conchiolin, reinforced by mineral particles derived from the faeces and stored in a special sac near the anus and oviduct opening. Predation on this arguably hardest of molluscan egg capsule is described and illus- trated here; neritids of the freshwater to brackish-water genera Clithon and Vittina, generally classified Downloaded from as herbivores, feed facultatively on the eggs of various confamilial species after breaking the reinforced capsule lid by means of prolonged radular rasping. Intensive predation pressure by these common inhabitants in Indo-West Pacific coastal streams may have given rise to the remarkable egg-laying be- haviour of Neritina on the shells of other living snails. Our laboratory examination showed that Neritina species deposited clusters of egg capsules more frequently on the living shell than on other http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/ substrates, and that the predation rate was significantly lower on this moving ‘nursery’. Predation rate was even lower on the small egg capsules of Clithon and Vittina themselves, which were deposited one by one in the depressions on the rough surfaces of stones. INTRODUCTION passes through the oviduct opening, the contents of the crystal sac are poured onto the thick wall of the lid for further Snails of the family Neritidae (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha) reinforcement (Andrews, 1937; Fretter, 1946; Houston, 1990). produce robust, reinforced egg capsules that are comparable Calcified egg capsules are also found in freshwater snails of the in strength to eggshells of birds and reptiles. Andrews (1933) family Ampullariidae (Caenogastropoda) and in pulmonate by guest on November 17, 2015 reported that female neritids have a unique organ for the land snails (Heterobranchia), but the thin walls of those strengthening of the egg capsule called a reinforcement or capsules provide protection mainly from dehydration rather crystal sac, located close to the anus and oviduct opening. than physical damage (Bandel, 1990). Sand-coated eggs in The crystal sac of the marine intertidal genus Nerita some caenogastropods, including the Cerithiidae, Thiaridae, Linnaeus, 1758 contains specially made ‘crystals’ or calcareous Hydrobiidae and Naticidae, are not encapsulated in a conchio- spherulites. The spherulites are either aragonitic or calcitic, lin case (Andrews, 1935; Amio, 1963; Soliman, 1987). Thus, 5–500 mm in diameter, and are presumably secreted in the neritids arguably produce the hardest egg capsules among digestive gland of females (Andrews, 1933, 1935; Bandel, molluscs. 1990; Tan & Lee, 2009). When faecal pellets containing the Such reinforced egg capsules are presumably less suscep- spherulites are released from the anus, a portion is carried by tible to predation than the relatively soft capsules produced cilia to the crystal sac where the mineral particles are sorted by other gastropods (e.g. Pechenik, 1986; Rawlings, 1990; and stored (Andrews, 1937; Fretter, 1946; Houston, 1990). Turner, Turner & Ray, 2007; Dumont, Roy & Himmelman, The formation of spherulites is a shared-derived feature or syna- 2008). However, there have been only few reports of preda- pomorphy of Nerita species alone. In contrast, in other marine tion on neritid eggs (e.g. drilling by snails of the family to freshwater neritids, it is sand grains, diatom skeletons and Muricidae in high intertidal rocky pools; Taylor, 1976), and other hard material taken in with food that are instead sorted the adaptive significance of the reinforcement has not been out from faeces and stored in the same sac; this is the case in established. Here we first demonstrate that limnic neritids of species of Neritodryas Martens, 1869, Fluvinerita Pilsbry, 1932, the genera Clithon and Vittina, generally classified as Theodoxus Montfort, 1810, Clithon Montfort, 1810, Vitta Mo¨ rch, herbivores, feed facultatively on the eggs of various confami- 1852, Vittina Baker, 1923, Puperita Gray, 1857, Neritina lial species after breaking the reinforced capsule wall by Lamarck, 1816, Neripteron Lesson, 1831 and Septaria Fe´ russac, means of intensive radular rasping. We also propose that 1807 (Andrews, 1935; Bandel, 1982; Knudsen, 1992). extensive predation by these common and ubiquitous The neritid egg capsule is a flattened spheroid, 0.5– inhabitants of coastal streams and estuaries in the Indo-West 4.5 mm in length, made up of two approximately equal Pacific may have caused the remarkable egg-laying behaviour halves sutured together around the equator (Andrews, 1935). of Neritina species reported previously by many authors One half, the base, is fixed to the substrate and rises up to (Andrews, 1935; Adegoke, Dessauvagie & Yoloye, 1969; form part of the side wall of the capsule; the other, the lid, Vermeij, 1969; Maciolek, 1978; Brown, 1980). These fre- lifts off when the young escape. The walls are of tough con- quently deposit their egg capsules on the shells of other living chiolin, lined internally by a membrane enclosing an albumi- snails, presumably to increase the offspring survival in safe nous fluid in which eggs float (Fretter, 1946). As the capsule ‘nurseries’. Journal of Molluscan Studies (2010) 76: 360–366. Advance Access Publication: 9 June 2010 doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq018 # The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Malacological Society of London, all rights reserved. PREDATION ON NERITID EGGS Table 1. Specimens used in the 4-day laboratory observation on the oviposition and egg-eating behaviour of limnic neritid snails. Species n Males Females Shell length in mm* Shell width in mm* Clithon corona (Linnaeus, 1758) 9 2 7 23.0 + 3.7 (17.3–28.4) 15.3 + 2.0 (12.4–19.0) Clithon retropictus (Martens, 1878) 1 0 1 19.4 13.4 Vittina variegata (Lesson, 1831) 10 5 5 24.6 + 2.3 (22.8–30.5) 17.6 + 1.8 (16.6–22.5) Neritina pulligera (Linnaeus, 1767) 12 1 11 28.4 + 3.3 (22.6–34.4) 20.6 + 1.8 (17.7–23.5) Neritina iris (Mousson, 1849) 5 0 5 24.6 + 1.2 (23.5–26.2) 16.9 + 0.6 (16.6–18.0) Neritina petitii (Re´cluz, 1841) 3 2 1 23.7 + 0.5 (23.1–24.0) 17.8 + 0.2 (17.5–17.9) Septaria porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758) 10 5 5 23.1 + 3.8 (17.9–29.1) 17.4 + 2.4 (14.2–20.7) *Average + SD (range). MATERIAL AND METHODS of the hemisphere, which corresponds to the base of a creeping snail, was not considered as a part of the available surface. A total of 50 neritid snails, including 20 individuals of Details of predatory behaviour were observed and documen- Neritina (N. pulligera, N. iris and N. petitii), 10 Clithon (C. corona ted photographically through the glass wall for six species of and C. retropictus), 10 Vittina (V. variegata) and 10 Septaria Clithon and Vittina. In addition to the three species in the main (S. porcellana), were collected from a ditch in Ibusuki, aquarium for the 4-day culture, Clithon cyanostoma (Morelet, Downloaded from Kagoshima, Kyushu Island, Japan, and brought back to the 1853), Clithon faba (Sowerby, 1836) and Vittina waigiensis laboratory (Table 1). The snails were measured and placed in (Lesson, 1831) from the same ditch in Ibusuki were kept in an aquarium (60 Â 28 Â 28 cm) filled with freshwater, together another aquarium with the egg capsules of various neritids for with 11 stones of various sizes (3.5–19 cm in maximum diam- this observation. All specimens used in this study were pre- eter) and composition (limestones and sandstones). Egg capsules served in pure ethanol and deposited at the Department of deposited naturally on the stones and snail shells were carefully Biological Production and Environmental Science, University http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/ removed with a brush and tweezers prior to aquarium obser- of Miyazaki, Japan. vations. The aquarium water was kept filter cleaned at room temperature (c.278C). The sex of the neritid snails was deter- mined by the presence of either penis or female ridge (see Andrews, 1937; Fretter, 1946). This was achieved by boiling the RESULTS 8 snails in 80–95 C water for 30–60 s after which the soft part Egg capsules and oviposition was removed from the shell following all aquarium observations. Egg capsules laid in the aquarium were identified to species Thirty-five females of seven neritid species laid a total of 1,485 by the combination of the following ways: (1) direct obser- egg capsules in the 4-day aquarium observation. The capsules vation of the oviposition; (2) size comparison with capsules were variable in size and shape among species, but relatively from separate aquaria with a single neritid species; and (3) uniform within a species (Table 2). This contrasts with the by guest on November 17, 2015 DNA sequencing of the egg. For species identification of results reported by Andrews (1935) that showed considerable several capsules, genomic DNA was obtained from inside eggs intraspecific size variation of neritid egg capsules, which pre- using a Qiagen DNeasy kit. Fragments of the mitochondrial sumably reflected the variable size of capsule gland of COI gene were amplified using a PCR and the ‘universal’ maternal snails (Andrews, 1935; Fretter, 1946). The constant primers LCO1490 (50-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTG sizes of conspecific capsules observed in this study may be G-30) and HCO2198 (50-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAA attributed to the rather uniform sizes of females of each species ATCA-30)(Folmer et al., 1994).
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