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Redalyc.Is Soft Drink Consumption Associated with Body Composition? a Crosssectional Study in Spanish Adolescents

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Redalyc.Is Soft Drink Consumption Associated with Body Composition? a Crosssectional Study in Spanish Adolescents Nutrición Hospitalaria ISSN: 0212-1611 info@nutriciónhospitalaria.com Grupo Aula Médica España Gómez-Martínez, S.; Martín, A.; Romeo, J.; Castillo, M.; Mesena, M.; Baraza, J. C.; Jiménez-Pavón, D.; Redondo, C.; Zamora, S.; Marcos, A. Is soft drink consumption associated with body composition? A crosssectional study in Spanish adolescents Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 24, núm. 1, enero-febrero, 2009, pp. 97-102 Grupo Aula Médica Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=309226743008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Nutr Hosp. 2009;24(1):97-102 ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ S.V.R. 318 Original Is soft drink consumption associated with body composition? A cross- sectional study in Spanish adolescents S. Gómez-Martínez1, A. Martín1, J. Romeo1, M. Castillo2, M. Mesena3, J. C. Baraza4, D. Jiménez-Pavón2, C. Redondo5, S. Zamora4 and A. Marcos1 1Immunonutrition Research Group. Dept. of Metabolism and Nutrition. Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN). Instituto del Frío. Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Madrid. Spain. 2Physiology Department. University of Granada. Granada. Spain. 3Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group. School of Health Sciences. University of Zaragoza. Spain. 4Department of Physiology. University of Murcia. Murcia. Spain. 5Pediatrics Depart- ment. University of Cantabria. Cantabria. Spain. Abstract ¿SE ASOCIA EL CONSUMO DE REFRESCOS AZUCARADOS CON LA COMPOSICIÓN Objectives: Published data about the association bet- CORPORAL? ESTUDIO TRANSVERSAL ween the consumption of sweetened soft-drinks (SSD) EN ADOLESCENTES ESPAÑOLES? and obesity in childhood are controversial and still incon- sistent. In addition, data are lacking in the Spanish popu- lation. The purpose of this study was therefore, to explore Resumen the cross-sectional association between body composi- tion-related parameters and SSD consumption in Spa- Objetivos: Los datos publicados sobre la asociación nish adolescents. entre el consumo de refrescos azucarados (SSD) y la obe- sidad en la infancia son controvertidos y todavía inconsis- Subjects and methods: A representative sample of 1,523 tentes. Además, estos datos son muy escasos en la pobla- adolescents (768 boys and 755 girls), with complete die- ción española. Por ello, el propósito de este estudio ha sido tary data as well as anthropometric measurements, were estudiar la asociación entre los parámetros relacionados included in this study. Weight, height, waist circumferen- con la composición corporal y el consumo de SSD en ado- ces, and 6 skinfolds were measured, and BMI and percen- lescentes españoles. tage body fat were calculated. From a 24h dietary recall the subjects were grouped in 3 groups according to their Sujetos y métodos: Se ha realizado el estudio en una SSD consumption: 1) Non-consumers (0 g of SSD con- muestra de 1.523 adolescentes (768 chicos y 755 chicas) sumption); 2) Moderate consumption (< 336 g/day of que tenían cumplimentados los datos dietéticos y los SSD, equivalent to the average SSD portion size); and 3) parámetros antropométricos (peso, altura, circunferen- High consumption (> 336 g/day of SSD). cias de cintura, y 6 pliegues). Se calculó el IMC y el por- centaje de grasa corporal. La dieta ha sido calculada a Results: 67% males and 75% females did not consume partir de un recordatorio de 24h. Los sujetos fueron divi- any SSD the day before the dietary recall interview. didos en grupos dependiendo de la cantidad de SSD que Males consumed more SSD than females. Regarding the consumían: 1) No consumidores (0 g de consumo SSD); 2) association between SSD consumption and measures of Consumo moderado (< 336 g/día de SSD, equivalente a obesity, no difference was observed between the three una bebida al día de SSD); y 3) Consumo alto (> 336 g/día groups of SSD consumption in any of the anthropometric de SSD). measurement, BMI or body fat. Resultados: El 67% de los varones y el 75% de las Conclusion: As no association was present between mujeres indican no consumir este tipo de bebidas el día SSD consumption and obesity in our cross-sectional study anterior a la encuesta. Los varones en general consumie- we suggest that dietary patterns and habits as well as ron más SSD que las mujeres. En cuanto a la asociación lifestyle factors such as physical activity should be pre- entre consumo SSD y medidas antropométricas y de com- posición corporal, no se encontraron diferencias signifi- cativas entre los tres grupos de estudio en los parámetros antropométricos, IMC o grasa corporal. Correspondence: Grupo Immunonutrición. Dpto. Metabolismo y Nutrición. ICTAN. Conclusión: Dado que no se ha encontrado en este estu- Instituto del Frío, CSIC. dio ninguna asociación entre el consumo de SSD y la obe- C/ José Antonio Novais, 10 sidad, sugerimos que los patrones y hábitos dietarios así 28040 Madrid. Spain. como los factores del estilo de vida, y la actividad física, Recibido: 7-X-2008. deberían tenerse en cuenta al examinar las relaciones Aceptado: 6-XI-2008. transversales o longitudinales con la obesidad, y que los 97 sent when examining cross-sectional or longitudinal rela- estudios de intervención multidisciplinar son cruciales tionships with obesity. Multidisciplinary intervention cuando se trata de desarrollar soluciones contra el incre- studies are crucial when trying to develop solutions mento de una epidemia como la obesidad. against the increasing obesity epidemic. (Nutr Hosp. 2009;24:97-102) (Nutr Hosp. 2009;24:97-102) Palabras clave: Consumo de refrescos azucarados. Obesi- Key words: Soft-drink intake. Obesity. Adolescents. dad. Adolescentes. Introduction meters and SSD consumption in a representative sam- ple of Spanish adolescents. The prevalence of obesity is increasingly recognized as a global health problem in developed countries.1,2 Obesity in childhood and adolescents, in particular, is a Subjects and study design major concern due to the fact that physical and psycho- social problems are among the short-term adverse The final number of subjects included in the effects and associated risks from obesity in the early AVENA Study was 2,859 from which 1,523 adoles- stages of life3 and because obesity tends to track over cents (768 boys and 755 girls) were included in this time.4,5 Certain lifestyle habits, such as unhealthy die- study (table I), who completed dietary data as well as tary habits and physical inactivity are obesity risk fac- anthropometric measurements. The methodology of tors and may also be established during childhood and the AVENA study has been described elsewhere13-15. adolescence.6 Briefly, a multicenter study was performed involving a The current high intake of sugar-sweetened bevera- representative sample of urban Spanish adolescents ges such as calorie-sweetened soft drinks (SSD) has aged 13 to 18.5 years. The population was selected by been proposed to contributeimportantly to the calorie multiple-step, simple random sampling —first taking intake excess which is the most important factor into account location (Madrid, Murcia, Granada, San- underlying the development of obesity.The evidence tander and Zaragoza) and then by random assignment from nationally representative surveys in USA shows of the school within each city. The cities were chosen thatboth portion sizes and the number of servings of according to the population rate (> 100,000 inhabi- these beverageshave increased. Therefore, according tants), geographical location in the country (north- to some authors7 in the reduction of the calorie intake, south gradient, in order to be representative) and taking the decrease in the consumption of calorically sweete- into account the main technical question, that is, the ned soft drinks should be part of the solution. necessity of having a research group in the city. Sample Published data about the association between the size was stratified by age and gender. The socio-econo- consumption of SSD and obesity is still controversial mic variable was considered to be associated to loca- and inconsistent. Although soft drinks had long been tion within the city and type of school. As the selection suspectedto contribute at least partially to the obesity of schools was done by random selection proportio- epidemic, only very recently epidemiological studies nally to the number of schools in each city district, the have begun to investigate the direct relationship bet- socio-economic variable was also considered to be ran- ween soft drink consumption and long-term weight domly assigned. After analysis of the data, this method gain. Some studies have reported positive relations has proven to be adequate, since the socio-economic between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and status of our sample has a normal distribution accor- obesity in Spanish adults and adolescents.8,9 However, ding to the distribution in the Spanish society (data not other studies have established a weak or no relations- shown). hip between obesity and sugar-sweetened beverage The study was conducted in accordance with the consumption in children and adolescents,10,11 inclu- ethical rules of the Helsinki Declaration (Hong Kong ding a study evaluating sucrose intake from sugary revision, September 1989), following the EEC Good beverages where sugar and sucrose consumption were not related to BMI.12 Controversial results may arise from differences in the design of the studies Table I (characteristics of participants, sample size, statistical Descriptive characteristics of the study sample power, etc.), methodology bias in self-reported data, lack of attention to confusion variables, among other Boys (n = 768) Girls (n = 755) factors. Age (y) 15.4 15.4 ± 1.5 Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate if Weight (kg) 64.1 56.5 ± 9.8 SSD consumption is related to or cause obesity. The Height (m) 171.2 161.8 ± 6.0 purpose of this study was to explore the cross-sectional association between body composition-related para- Figures are means ± standard deviation.
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