Skeletal System
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Synovial Joints Permit Movements of the Skeleton
8 Joints Lecture Presentation by Lori Garrett © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Structure and Movement Learning Outcomes 8.1 Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each category. 8.2 Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint, and describe common accessory structures and their functions. 8.3 Describe how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1: Joint Structure and Movement Learning Outcomes (continued) 8.4 Describe flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, and circumduction movements of the skeleton. 8.5 Describe rotational and special movements of the skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 8.1: Joints are classified according to structure and movement Joints, or articulations . Locations where two or more bones meet . Only points at which movements of bones can occur • Joints allow mobility while preserving bone strength • Amount of movement allowed is determined by anatomical structure . Categorized • Functionally by amount of motion allowed, or range of motion (ROM) • Structurally by anatomical organization © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 8.1: Joint classification Functional classification of joints . Synarthrosis (syn-, together + arthrosis, joint) • No movement allowed • Extremely strong . Amphiarthrosis (amphi-, on both sides) • Little movement allowed (more than synarthrosis) • Much stronger than diarthrosis • Articulating bones connected by collagen fibers or cartilage . Diarthrosis (dia-, through) • Freely movable © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 8.1: Joint classification Structural classification of joints . Fibrous • Suture (sutura, a sewing together) – Synarthrotic joint connected by dense fibrous connective tissue – Located between bones of the skull • Gomphosis (gomphos, bolt) – Synarthrotic joint binding teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. -
The Shoulder Girdle and Anterior Limb of Drepanosaurus Unguicaudatus
<oological Journal of the Linnean Socieg (1994), Ill: 247-264. With 12 figures The shoulder girdle and anterior limb of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus (Reptilia, Neodiapsida) from the upper Triassic (Norian) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/111/3/247/2691415 by guest on 27 September 2021 of Northern Italy SILVIO RENESTO Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita degli Studi, Via Mangiagalli 34, I-20133 Milano, Italy Received January 1993, accepted for publication February 1994 A reinvestigation of the osteology of the holotype of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus Pinna, 1980 suggests that in earlier descriptions some osteological features were misinterpreted, owing to the crushing of the bones and because taphonomic aspects were not considered. The pattern of the shoulder girdle and fore-limb was misunderstood: the supposed interclavicle is in fact the right scapula, and the bones previously identified as coracoid and scapula belong to the anterior limb. The new reconstruction of the shoulder girdle, along with the morphology of the phalanges and caudal vertebrae, leads to a new hypothesis about the mode oflife of this reptile. Drepanosaurus was probably an arboreal reptile which used its enormous claws to scrape the bark from trees, perhaps in search of insects, just as the modern pigmy anteater (Cyclopes) does. Available diagnostic characters place Drepanosaurus within the Neodiapsida Benton, but it is impossible to ascribe this genus to one or other of the two major neodiapsid lineages, the Archosauromorpha and the Lepidosauromorpha. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:-Functional morphology - taxonomy - taphonomy - palaeoecology . CONTENTS Introduction ................... 247 Taphonomy ..... .............. 249 Systematic palaeontology . .............. 251 Genus Drepanosaurus Pinna, 1980 .............. 252 Drepannsaurus unguicaudatus Pinna, 1980. -
The Ear in Mammal-Like Reptiles and Early Mammals
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica Vol. 28, No. 1-2 pp, 147-158 Warszawa, 1983 Second Symposium on Mesozoic T erre stial Ecosystems, Jadwisin 1981 KENNETH A. KERMACK and FRANCES MUSSETT THE EAR IN MAMMAL-LIKE REPTILES AND EARLY MAMMALS KERMACK, K . A. a nd MUSS ETT, F.: The ear in mammal-like r eptiles an d early mammals. Acta Palaeont. P olonica , 28, 1-2, 147-158, 1983. Th e early m embers of the Theropsida lacked a tympanic membrane. In the later theropslds, the Therapsid a, a tym p an ic membrane develop ed from thc skin on the lateral side of th e lower jaw. The tympanum is not homologous In the Therapsida and ' t he Sauropslda. The ther apsid ea r w as a poor receiver of airborne sound, both In hi gh frequency r esp onse and In the r ange of frequencies encompassed. With the radiation of the Sauropsida in the Triassic the large therapsids became extinct, the small therap si ds evolv ed In to the mammal s and became nocturnal. High frequency hearin g w as essen tial for the nocturn al mode of life; quadrate and arttcutar became diss ociated from the jaw hinge to become the m ammali an au di tory ossi cles . I n the Theria the cochlea became coil ed. The spiral cochlea could n ot have existed until there w as a middle ear w ith the n ec essary h ig h f re q uency r esp onse. This m ay n ot have been until the Cretace ous. -
Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited
Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria -
The Intramandibular Joint in Girella: a Mechanism for Increased Force Production?
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 271:271–279 (2010) The Intramandibular Joint in Girella: A Mechanism for Increased Force Production? Lara A. Ferry-Graham1,3* and Nicolai Konow2 1California State University, Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, California 95039 2Brown University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, Box G-B204, Rhode Island 02912 3CEAZA, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Zonas Aridas (Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones), Universidad Cato´lica del Norte. Box 599, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile ABSTRACT Intramandibular joints (IMJ) are novel Bellwood, 2002). This is likely due to the forces articulations between bony elements of the lower jaw required for obtaining food items many of which are that have evolved independently in multiple fish line- either tough or firmly attached to the substrate ages and are typically associated with biting herbivory. (Alfaro et al., 2001). In several reef fish lineages, This novel joint is hypothesized to function by augment- aspects of the feeding apparatus have been radically ing oral jaw expansion during mouth opening, which would increase contact between the tooth-bearing area altered for force production, either via hypertro- of the jaws and algal substratum during feeding, result- phied or via structurally altered musculature (Friel ing in more effective food removal from the substrate. and Wainwright, 1997), modified muscle attach- Currently, it is not understood if increased flexibility in ments (Vial and Ojeda, 1990; Konow and Bellwood, a double-jointed mandible also results in increased force 2005), or increased suturing and/or reinforcement generation during herbivorous biting and/or scraping. of bony elements and dentition (Tedman, 1980; Therefore, we selected the herbivore Girella laevifrons Streelman et al., 2002; Bellwood et al., 2003). -
Latin Language and Medical Terminology
ODESSA NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Department of foreign languages Latin Language and medical terminology TextbookONMedU for 1st year students of medicine and dentistry Odessa 2018 Authors: Liubov Netrebchuk, Tamara Skuratova, Liubov Morar, Anastasiya Tsiba, Yelena Chaika ONMedU This manual is meant for foreign students studying the course “Latin and Medical Terminology” at Medical Faculty and Dentistry Faculty (the language of instruction: English). 3 Preface Textbook “Latin and Medical Terminology” is designed to be a comprehensive textbook covering the entire curriculum for medical students in this subject. The course “Latin and Medical Terminology” is a two-semester course that introduces students to the Latin and Greek medical terms that are commonly used in Medicine. The aim of the two-semester course is to achieve an active command of basic grammatical phenomena and rules with a special stress on the system of the language and on the specific character of medical terminology and promote further work with it. The textbook consists of three basic parts: 1. Anatomical Terminology: The primary rank is for anatomical nomenclature whose international version remains Latin in the full extent. Anatomical nomenclature is produced on base of the Latin language. Latin as a dead language does not develop and does not belong to any country or nation. It has a number of advantages that classical languages offer, its constancy, international character and neutrality. 2. Clinical Terminology: Clinical terminology represents a very interesting part of the Latin language. Many clinical terms came to English from Latin and people are used to their meanings and do not consider about their origin. -
1. Synarthrosis - Immovable
jAnatomy Lecture Notes Chapter 9 I. classification A. by function - 1. synarthrosis - immovable 2. amphiarthrosis - slightly movable 3. diarthrosis - freely movable B. by structure - material attaching bones together 1. fibrous -.dense c.t., no joint cavity a. suture - very thin, short fibers synostosis - ossification of fibrous c.t. in a suture joint b. syndesmosis - ligament (the longer the fibers the more movement is possible) c. gomphosis - periodontal ligament holds teeth in alveoli 2. cartilaginous - cartilage, no joint cavity a. synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage b. symphysis - fibrocartilage 3. synovial - joint capsule and ligaments II. structure of a synovial joint A. bone and articular cartilage (hyaline) • articular cartilage cushions bone ends by absorbing compression stress Strong/Fall 2008 page 1 jAnatomy Lecture Notes Chapter 9 B. articular capsule 1. fibrous capsule - dense irregular c.t.; holds bones together 2. synovial membrane - areolar c.t. with some simple squamous e.; makes synovial fluid C. joint cavity and synovial fluid 1. synovial fluid consists of: • fluid that is filtered from capillaries in the synovial membrane • glycoprotein molecules that are made by fibroblasts in the synovial membrane 2. fluid lubricates surface of bones inside joint capsule D. ligaments - made of dense fibrous c.t.; strengthen joint • capsular • extracapsular • intracapsular E. articular disc / meniscus - made of fibrocartilage; improves fit between articulating bones F. bursae - membrane sac enclosing synovial fluid found around some joints; cushion ligaments, muscles, tendons, skin, bones G. tendon sheath - elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Strong/Fall 2008 page 2 jAnatomy Lecture Notes Chapter 9 III. movements at joints flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction rotation inversion eversion protraction retraction supination pronation elevation depression opposition dorsiflexion plantar flexion gliding Strong/Fall 2008 page 3 jAnatomy Lecture Notes Chapter 9 IV. -
Anatomy and Relationships of the Triassic Temnospondyl Sclerothorax
Anatomy and relationships of the Triassic temnospondyl Sclerothorax RAINER R. SCHOCH, MICHAEL FASTNACHT, JÜRGEN FICHTER, and THOMAS KELLER Schoch, R.R., Fastnacht, M., Fichter, J., and Keller, T. 2007. Anatomy and relationships of the Triassic temnospondyl Sclerothorax. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 (1): 117–136. Recently, new material of the peculiar tetrapod Sclerothorax hypselonotus from the Middle Buntsandstein (Olenekian) of north−central Germany has emerged that reveals the anatomy of the skull and anterior postcranial skeleton in detail. Despite differences in preservation, all previous plus the new finds of Sclerothorax are identified as belonging to the same taxon. Sclerothorax is characterized by various autapomorphies (subquadrangular skull being widest in snout region, ex− treme height of thoracal neural spines in mid−trunk region, rhomboidal interclavicle longer than skull). Despite its pecu− liar skull roof, the palate and mandible are consistent with those of capitosauroid stereospondyls in the presence of large muscular pockets on the basal plate, a flattened edentulous parasphenoid, a long basicranial suture, a large hamate process in the mandible, and a falciform crest in the occipital part of the cheek. In order to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Sclerothorax, we performed a cladistic analysis of 18 taxa and 70 characters from all parts of the skeleton. According to our results, Sclerothorax is nested well within the higher stereospondyls, forming the sister taxon of capitosauroids. Palaeobiologically, Sclerothorax is interesting for its several characters believed to correlate with a terrestrial life, although this is contrasted by the possession of well−established lateral line sulci. Key words: Sclerothorax, Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli, Buntsandstein, Triassic, Germany. -
A Unified Anatomy Ontology of the Vertebrate Skeletal System
A Unified Anatomy Ontology of the Vertebrate Skeletal System Wasila M. Dahdul1,2*, James P. Balhoff2,3, David C. Blackburn4, Alexander D. Diehl5, Melissa A. Haendel6, Brian K. Hall7, Hilmar Lapp2, John G. Lundberg8, Christopher J. Mungall9, Martin Ringwald10, Erik Segerdell6, Ceri E. Van Slyke11, Matthew K. Vickaryous12, Monte Westerfield11,13, Paula M. Mabee1 1 Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America, 2 National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, 4 Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 5 The Jacobs Neurological Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America, 6 Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, 7 Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 8 Department of Ichthyology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 9 Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America, 10 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America, 11 Zebrafish Information Network, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America, 12 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, -
Comparative Bone Histology of the Turtle Shell (Carapace and Plastron)
Comparative bone histology of the turtle shell (carapace and plastron): implications for turtle systematics, functional morphology and turtle origins Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn Vorgelegt von Dipl. Geol. Torsten Michael Scheyer aus Mannheim-Neckarau Bonn, 2007 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1 Referent: PD Dr. P. Martin Sander 2 Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Martin Tag der Promotion: 14. August 2007 Diese Dissertation ist 2007 auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Januar 2007 Institut für Paläontologie Nussallee 8 53115 Bonn Dipl.-Geol. Torsten M. Scheyer Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, dass ich für meine Promotion keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe, und dass die inhaltlich und wörtlich aus anderen Werken entnommenen Stellen und Zitate als solche gekennzeichnet sind. Torsten Scheyer Zusammenfassung—Die Knochenhistologie von Schildkrötenpanzern liefert wertvolle Ergebnisse zur Osteoderm- und Panzergenese, zur Rekonstruktion von fossilen Weichgeweben, zu phylogenetischen Hypothesen und zu funktionellen Aspekten des Schildkrötenpanzers, wobei Carapax und das Plastron generell ähnliche Ergebnisse zeigen. Neben intrinsischen, physiologischen Faktoren wird die -
2020 Health Science Core
Title 7: Education K-12 Part 57: Mississippi Secondary Curriculum Frameworks in Career and Technical Education, Health Science, Health Science Core Mississippi Secondary Curriculum Frameworks in Career and Technical Education, Health Science 2020 Health Science C o r e Program CIP: 51.00000 – Health Services/Allied Health/Health Sciences, General Direct inquiries to Instructional Design Specialist Program Coordinator Research and Curriculum Unit Office of Career and Technical Education P.O. Drawer DX Mississippi Department of Education Mississippi State, MS 39762 P.O. Box 771 662.325.2510 Jackson, MS 39205 601.359.3974 Published by Office of Career and Technical Education Research and Curriculum Unit Mississippi Department of Education Mississippi State University Jackson, MS 39205 Mississippi State, MS 39762 The Research and Curriculum Unit (RCU), located in Starkville, as part of Mississippi State University (MSU), was established to foster educational enhancements and innovations. In keeping with the land-grant mission of MSU, the RCU is dedicated to improving the quality of life for Mississippians. The RCU enhances intellectual and professional development of Mississippi students and educators while applying knowledge and educational research to the lives of the people of the state. The RCU works within the contexts of curriculum development and revision, research, assessment, professional development, and industrial training. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... -
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Evolutionary Development of the Mammalian Presternum Zeynep Metin Yozgyur Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Prerequisite for Honors in Biological Sciences under the advisement of Emily Buchholtz April 2019 This material is copyrighted by Zeynep Yozgyur and Emily Buchholtz, April 25, 2019. © 2019 Zeynep Yozgyur 1 Abstract The mammalian sternum has undergone a reduction in relative size and complexity over evolutionary time. This transformation was highly variable across species, generating multiple, controversial interpretations. Some authors claim that the evolutionary reduction led to loss of presternal elements, while others believe that all, or some, presternal elements were fused into a structure ambiguously referred to as the “manubrium”, a term adopted from the post- interclavicular unit of pre-mammalian ancestors. Previous work on the Paramylodon harlani presternum revealed a composite presternum and identified three elements - mediocranial, mediocaudal and lateral - each with a different developmental origin and marginal articulation. This project used medical and micro CT scans to determine if these elements are conserved across species and if there is a characteristic histology associated with each. All three elements were identified in humans based on their locations and articulations. Their fusion during ontogeny was documented. Elements could not be associated with a characteristic histology. Instead, histology appears to reflect the mechanical forces to which different regions of the presternum are subjected, whatever their developmental origin. This opens the possibility that the presternum can be used to infer the limb use and locomotor style of extinct taxa. These lines of evidence indicate that the reduction of relative sternal size seen over evolutionary time has not led to element loss.