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DOCaMENT BEAUNE

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7TiTLE NASA Report to Educators, Vol. 4, No. 4, December

-INSTITUTION Nationat'Aeronamtics and Space AdministratIoni Wahington, D.C. REPORT NO NASA-451 PUB DATE Dec 76 NOTE 9p. if EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$1.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Science Education; Science History; Science Materials;w*Space; *Space ./ Sciences IDENTIFIERS *Mais; NASA; *National Aeronautics and Space Administration

ABSTRACT This periodical presents a transcri of a speech by Dr.,James \C. Fletcher, Administrator of the National'A ronautics and Space Administration (NASA), commemorating theApollo-ibyuz-Test Project and outlining the significance of this joint project; preliminary resuri's of the Viking Mission to , including details of the view of Mars from orbit, the entry and landing of the craft, the siistem and sampling of the surface; announcement of the election of an American, Dr. Wayne R. Matson, as International Aerospace Education President; an announcement of the release of a career guidance filmstrip, "Take the HighRoad"; and a list of twelve recent NASA films. (CS)

, *********************************************************************** * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished *materials not available from 'other sources. ERIC makes every 'effort* *t6 oBtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * *reproducibility, are often encountered and this affects the quality * *of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * *via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not *responsiblé for the quality of the original document. Reproductions* *supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION TH!S DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- National Aeronautics and ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE Space Administration SENT OFFICIA... NATIONAL INSTITUTE (IF EDUCATION POSITION_OR POLICY

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Vol. 4 na 4 December 1976

The Significance of ASTP Viking Mats The First Months On July 21, 1974, at This articleprovides theEmbassyofthe teaChers with a scientist's Union of Soviet Social- accotintofthe .Viking ist Republics in Wash- mission and its prelimi- ington, D. C., Dr. James nary results. /t was pre- C. Fletcher, the Admin- pared for NASA. Report istrator of the National toEducators Aeronauticsand Space bY Dr. Administration, spoke at Richard Stuart /Young, ceremonies corn memo- .Chief, Planetary Biology ratingthejoin;US- and Quarantine, Office of USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test 'Space Science, National Projectflightofthe Aeronautics and Space previous year: Administration. I'm pleased td.join you today in this commemoration Whilelgars moves behind the Sun,out of of an event that, although it took place a year ago, communications reach of Earth, Viking Project remains very fresh in our minds. scientists have an to review thedata they The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project is only one of the have accumulated since Viking l's arrival at the many cooperative projects in..which our two nations Red Planet last June. In late December, when have joined. We are continuinglOint efforts in a numberconjunction .ends, they will begin a year or more of .of less publicized projects, including exchange of data extended research, which might lead -to answers to the on the planets, exchange of biomedical data from many questions that have arisen during the past months. thinned spaceflight, joint use of a Soviet biological satellite, and importantcoliaboration in remote sensing The View from Orbit. The Viking--I mission was of the natural environment.. planned so that the would remain in orbit But for most people, here and abroad, the first for a period after its arrival at Mars, using itscameras international manned spaceflight is an event that will and spectrometers to confirm the safety and scientific retain a special significance for years to come. The desirability of the landing site.lhat site-had previously docking of Apollo and Soyuz remains perhaps the mostbeen selected froM pictures obtained by in visible and dramatic evidence of our ability to 1971-72. These pictures, had been studied-in cooperate in space. Even when the future course of painstaking detail by geologists and cartographers for events-is-cloudekthis achievement- offers-hope- and several-yearsT-Cleally, thC§eTeetion of a safellaing guidance. site was vital. It had been decided thata low, smooth The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project had very clearly region which appeared to be a drainage basin for the defined goals of a 'technical and useful nature. It made huge canyon discovered by Mariner 9 looked bothas it possible for us to develop an international space safe and as scientifically interesting as could be found rescue capability; and has laid the foundation for at that time. This region is known as Chryse. further cooperation in manned spaceflight. On arrival at Mars, the Orbiter's cameraswere Cooperation includes the potential for conserving our turned on as, soon as possible, and during the first 30 resources while we -Substantiall7 increase our ability to orbits of Mars about 1000 frames of the'surfacenear (continued on page 6) '(continued on page.2) radar scanning, a site was finally found at 47.5°W, 22.4°N, about 900 kilometers (560 miles) from the original site. Although it was still above average in roughneSs, the site was acceptable to both imaging and radar.-Viking_l_landed_at_thii Site onluly During the time in orbit, other observations were . made. A grating spectronieter to deiect Water vapor *as. :used in the same regioni covered by the cameras. The ultimate objective was to study the Martian atmosphere for variations in distribution of water vapor based on terrain, season, and day-night (diurnal) 'cycles,The availability of water on a planet as .dry as Mars is exceedingly critical from the point of view of biolOgical activity. Thus knowing where the highest

-concentrations_ of water are was crucial to the selection . Of the second landing' site (previouSly chosen on this basis in a region to the north known as ). Observations Made in July and August 'during' the northern'mid-summer on Mars corresrnd to the

beginning of the maximum water vapor/4de in that. , Viking on MasiThe First months hemisphere. observations Owed very little' (cont.) water vapor in the southern hemisphere, but the / the proposed landing site (and twoalternative sites) amount increased across the equator toWard:northern" were taken with resolutionof 100 meters (328 feet) to 1 . Diurnal cycles of water changing from/ice, to kilbmeter (3,280 feet). The quality ofthe Orbiter vapor was seen in some regiOns of the:tiorth. The pictures was 'superb, paitly because of animproved vapor Was believed to be close to the stirface and maY knaging iystem but even more-becauseof the greater i be morning surface fog or haze. . .of the atmosphere than at the timeaMariner 9.[- In addition to water vapor, temperature was,also In general, the areas viewed appearedquite old mapped during the same period by means of an (based primarily on crater counts), withlittle wind infrared radiometer. The heterogeneous natime of the erosion. The proposed landing area in Chryseshowed Martian surface makes simple modeling of the thermal evidrxre of catastrophic, episodes of floodingin the structure of Mars impossible. The nature Of the southern and eastern parts of the basin; however,there surface material, texture, and the presence of clouds was no sign of accumulationsof sedimentary material, and suspended partieles all influence the:temperature Which the scientists would have found interesting. readings. At the Viking 1-landing site, Measured Craters abounded in the area and considerableevidence temperatures to date do not get above 0°C (32°F), and was obtained to suggest a permafrostlayer at some they go down to about .100°C (,7148°) at night. depth. The material ejected from craters appears to Nighttime polar temperatures are lower than anticipated have flowed as a fluid down the craterslopes,.a.s.though and are, in fact, below the temperature needed to the underground ice and soil had melted on impacts. condense carbon dioxide at that surface pressure. This During late June, it became increasingly evident thatsuggests that the local, polai-atinoiphere may be

, the Chryse (Southwest) region was too variable. It enriched with non-condensible gaSes such as argon. could not be certified as safe for landing. The area in which Viking could land with 99% The Entry and Landing. Viking was placed in a reliability-was-an-ellipse-257-kilometers4160_miles)_ Mars-synchronous-orbit-on-the4-9th-of4une,-With-its----, long and 97 kilometers (60 miles) wide. This requiredperiapsis (low point) near the preselected landing site that a sizeable area be found with characteristics in Chryse. On the 30th revolution, the Lander was shown to be acceptable according to ground-based separated from the Orbiter by command from Earth. radar and to pictures whose best resolution covered a Three hours and 22 minutes later, it landed in its far greater area than a spacecraft 3.04 meters (10 feet)now-permanent locatibn on Mars' siirface. During this wide by 2.13 meters (7 feet) high. entry phase, measniements were made on the After moving the orbit of Viking 1 toward the composition and striMure of the upper atmosphere northwest and continuing imaging and ground-based above 100.kiloirieteis (62 miles)L---by meanS of a mass 3 sptrometersensitive to neutral gases with atomicmass targeted landing site, well within the Lander units up to 60. The ionospherictemperature, "footprint." --- composition, and concentration of atmospheric ions Once-on the surface of Mars, the Landersystem was were determined by means, of an instrument calleda powered up and checked out. Power was obtained from planar retarding potential' analyzer. Thescinstruments batteries charged by two radioisotope thermoelectric .were mounted on the.spacecraft , -as were generators_(RTGs)._The-first-instruments-to-function -pressure, temperature, and accelerationsensors, which were the Lander cameras. These are facsimile produced data on atmospheric density, cameras pressure, and capable of high and low resolution imaging instereo, temperature, 'as well -as winds,.below 100 kilometers. color, black and white, and infrared. They buildup The entry experiments were jettisoned with the images in a series of vertical scans. aeroshell and functioned only during the entry phase Within seconds of landing, before parachute deployMent. camera 2 began taking the first image on the Mars surface: The retarding potential analyzer indicated that a high resolution picture of the Lander footpad and the nearby molecular oxygen is the major component of the terrain. Then it made a low resolution stan of the middle ionosphere and carbon dioxidea minor component. to far The mass sspectrometer indicated field including the sky. In general, Viking1 appears to an upper atmospheric have landed on the western slope of coniposition predominantly of carbon dioxide a basin (Chryse) (CO2), in gently rolling terrain strewn with rocks with traces of moledular nitrogen (N2), of various argon (Ar), sizes. The area as seen from orbit appeared molecular and atomic oxygen (02,0), and carbon to contain scoured channels, but they monoxide (CO). The temperature between 140 are not visible from the site and 200 itself. Topographically, the kilometers (87-125 miles)was around -53°C area is relatively smooth with craters and ridges seen in relief.There is evidence .(_.-.- 62°F). The pressure at the landingsite was of wind abrasion and trPosportas well as chemical extrapolated to be at 7.3 millibarsarid the air temperature -32°C ( -25°F). This weathering. The scene is diStinctly red incolor and even pressure at the the sky is seen to be pink. Small sand Viking 1 landing sitels sOrnewhat dunes are visible more 'than the in the-middle ground and in the aVerage Martian surface foreground where the pressure of 6.1 mb. first sample was taken. The data all reveal a loweratmosphere whose major ,constituent is CO2. In addition, however, \The foreground was disturbed slightlyduring landing there appears by the retrorocket fire. Although /to be a relatively smallamount of argon, in the cameras are capable of detecting motion, there is / contradiction to earlierreports obtained by the Soviet no evidence of probe, . This was motion in any of the pictures. There is,also no evidence a critical observation. A high of large life forms argon content could 'have preventedan early analysis or artifacts of life: Gauges on each of Viking's three of the atmosphere by the Lar leesmass spectrometer legs were used to determine-the-bearing stiengdrortheWr-face beCause it pump would have beenharmed by more material. The penetration of the footpads, the than 15% of argon, so the instrument wouldhave had movement,of the gauges, the crater caused by the cover 'of the to be used to do the soil organic analysisbefore carrying sampling head (ejected when thearm was readied for use), and out .the atmospheric analysis. The findingof only a small amount (about, 1%) of the crater caused by the samplebOOm 'latch pin when it argon permitted the use was ejected, are all cOnsistent with Earth of the Lander instrumentat the best time". materials with very low cohesion, smallgrain size, and denSities in the range of '1.2-1.7 gramsper cubic centiineter, The LanderSurface and Atmosphere.Preliminary determinations of the Lander similar to fine cave dust (loess)or talcum powder. location have The modest meteorological been deduced from radio tracking station on board the data from the Viking 1 Lander has provkled Viking I Lander. The ,radiois, of course, the primary sufficient preliminary means of data transmission from Lander data from its sensors to givesome indication of to Earth and atmospheric temperatures 1.6 meters from Lander to Orbiterto Earth. At_the le le (5.2 feet) above Lander and Orbiter radios could ,11II ion anve ocities, and surface be used to make pressures, all on a diurnal cycle./ measurements from which certain physical Temperatures were informationseen to cycle between -8,6°d (-121°F) \ could be deduced, such as surface topography. and \ The early analysis of -30°C (-22°F) ona diurnal cycle, during August. radio data has indicated thatthe The mean surface atmosPheric Viking 1 Lander is 'about 3,389.5 pressure was 7.65 mb kilometers with a diurnal ,variation (4106 miles) from the of ±0.1 mb.-Thepressure is center of planetary mass. It highest. at night. The .landed about 28kilometers (17.4 miles) from its pressure was seen to be decreasing steadily 'duringlate summer, probably organic molecule was CO, from the and an upper limit on any single caused by the freezing out of the observation did not pole. Since CO, is theput at 1 ppm. While.such -an -atmosphere at the winter (south) organisms in the soil, major com'ponent of the thin Marsatmosphere, such preclude the possibility of living it did suggest the absence of aflourishing indigenous polar deposition causes seasonaldecreases in pressure: life. The' pyrolysis done at 500°C(932°F), indicated there is less material making upthe atmosphere in he-presence of appreciable-amounts-of-boundwater, winter than there is in summer.Winds ranged 'horn--t most of which was stable at200°C (392°F). This water essentially calm to about 9 meters/second(about 20 of hydration creates an operationalproblem for the mph), varying on a very regularbasis, froth light instrument, so that the second sample waspyrolyzed easterly winds in the late 'afternoon withvelocity first at 350°C (662°F), to attempt todrive off most of 'decreasing to near zero by midnight: organics. In this directly, the Lander's the water and increase sensitivity to By sampling the atmosphere detected. capable of doing a sensitive gasmode, .there were still no organics mass spectrometer was received a sample analysiS. A great deal of interest revolvedaround the The biology instrument had also the three experiments question of nitrogen (N,), which had notbeen detected and was incubating it .in each of planned. Results have been obtained in allthree. to date, and around isotoperatios of argon, carbon, experiment, a soil sample and oxygen. The first analysisindicated hn atmosphere In the LR. (labeled release) composed of about 95% carbondioxide, 0.3-0.4% was moistened with watercontaining labeled of this molecular oxygen, 2-37c molecularnitrogen, and 1-2.f.:lr (radioactive carbon-14) nutrients. The use be perceived by, argon. Neon, krypton, and xenon werenot detected, nutrient by any microorganisms would and an upper limit of 10, 20, and 50 parts permillion a build up of "C in theenclosed atmosphere. A /' after (ppm) respectively was set on those gases.Ozone was considerable amount of "CO, was produced not detectable by this instrument,and any present injection of the "C-labeled nutrient. This"CO, / analysis of N, and CO,. It was production leveled off within the first fewdays. A was filtered out in the burst of felt that the data suggest A somewhat moremassive second' nutrient injection produced a smaller atmosphere may have existed in the past andthat there "CO, and then gradually the "CO,from the head reabsorbed. The/level of has been much less loss of gas to spacethan,has space in the chamber was aftei- a couple occurred on Earth. cartion dioxide then began of, days to very slowly creep upwardun01 the The Lander:-Sampling the Surface. Thethree experiment was terminated and thecoinr6.1 experiment remaining experiments on' Viking Irequired a sainple begun. The sudden burst of "CO, inh nominal Earth an extremely active of the Mars surface to perform theiranalyses. soil would have been indicative of On July 28, the first samples of Mars were,scoopdd 'life form. Under Martian conclitionS, it also suggests 'up by the long-armed soil samplerand deposited in the-the presenceof-highly-reactivLoxidizingments7in4he------experiment funnels. Thb exact source of thesamples soil. In the control experiment (in whichthi soil was the sudden was determined on thebasis of the early pictures from first heated to 160°C [320°F] for 3 hours) Viking and wa'S influenced by the need both to protect release of "'CO, was not observed, sugge'sting thatthe chemical the sampler and \ to select scientificallyinteresting active run was biological in nature 6r that the material. Samples were dug four timesone forthe reactions were unstable at high temperatures. biology instrumekt, twoior the GCMS (gas The GEx (gas exchange) experiment testsfor the chromatograph mass spectrometer)the second presence of the.products ofmetabolic activity. It was -to guarantee a sample was takenand onefor the run in the "humid" mode first,in which water and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Each experiment nutrient was added to the chamberbUt not to the soil. processed its sample according to its own. needs. The use of a' gas chromatographiccolumn permits the The results of the inorganic (X-ray fluorescence) monitoring of a variety of gasesrin-the chamber. as a analysis showed that the soil is primarily ,, function of time. The analysis showed arapid release , , and aluminum. Rare earths account of oxygen from the soil undertheTe7Eonditions. the 02 for less than 3% total. The reddish color ispresumed released was some fifteen times that which couldbe to be due to iron oxide. accounted for from known sources. Carbondioxide was then After some difficulty in determiningwhether or not also rapidly released. The nutrient level was the GCMS had .acquired a sample, apyrolysis raised to wet the soil. No additional oxygen was analysis was 'run, primarily to search fororganic released, and CO, gradually decreased. It was suggested Molecules in the soil sample. The first sample to be that the Martian soil in this location is highlyoxidized volatilized (pyrolyzed) gave no indication oforganics, and under the influence of ultraviolet radiation may

4 contain substantial amounts of peroxides or landed at approximately 48°N by 225°W. ,super-oxides. If true, this -could explain the sudden on Mars, about 4,000 miles from Viking 1. The /releases of 02 and CO, seen in the !experiments. spacecraft is functioning well, and pictures show the The PR (pyrolytic release) eZperiment looks forsite to be quite flat and rocky without the sand dunes evidence of theuse of carbon dioxide or carbonseen In the first landing site. In, general, the monoxide_to build organic compounds, similar to the. experiments-at the Viking 2 ,site have produced- way plants on Earth build organic compounds inessentially the same results as at Viking 1. Although photosynthesis. The -experiment was first run in thethe terrain is slightly different, the physical and light (a xenon lamp in the chamber) with the ultra- chemical nature of the soil are very similar to the violet filtered out to prevent fixation of carbon-14 byearlier. analyses at the #1 site. Samples taken from any .non-biological processes; other samples were run .. underneath rocks in the #2; site, where they in the dark. Soil wai incubated-for five days. At the presumably have been protected for long periods of end of that time, the test cell was warmed to 120°C time from ultraviolet radiation, show essentially the .(248°F) to facilitate removal of unreacted "CO, andsame inorganic composition, more bound water, the 14C0. The soil was then pyrolyzedat 650°C (1200°F).same absence of organic matter, and less 02 and more

The volatilized molecules-wEre swept in-to an organic CO, evolution in the biology instrument. . vapor trap which collects the organic material and One important difference between Viking- 1 and 2 paSses the unused radioactive gases into a carbon-14 is the fact that the seismometer on Viking2 is detector. The organic vapor trap was then heated to functioning; it is not on Viking By conjunction in 650°C, a temperature which combusts any '4C organicmid-November, no seismic events ("") had: material to 14CO3, .which was then passed into the been deteeted, suggesting at leastno great amount of same carbon-14 detector. The experiment on Mars has tectonic activity on Mars.. shown the presence of organic synthesis, again sug- gestive of biological activity, but because of the These investigations will continue- into: 1977 and Perhaps into 1978 depending chemical activity of the soil, ambiguities exist which can on the nature of the.data be removed only by continued experiments on being returned and on the general "health" of the Earth and Mars. spacecraft and its experiments. In the normal course of events, a control eXperiment We are learning a great deal about thenature and is run for LR and PR. GEi is a long-term experiment history of another planet in our solar systemdata in 31.hich fresh gas and nutrient is added to the chamber which can be compared to similar observationsof our ----arid the exchange ofgases monitored. This monitoring:own planet and which will ultimately allowus to . process can be quite diagnostic and interpreted as understand better the evolutionaryprocesses affecting biological or pon7biologicaLin nature, given enough our oWn planet. time and data. The LR and PR controls are simply The question of remains,so far, reruns of the original experiment using heat-sterilized unresolved, but hopefully further experiments, bothon soil. Such controls lave now been run \and bothare Earth and on Mars, will unravel thesource of the negativea result which would, under ter?estrial chemical reactions evident in the biologyinstruments conditions, -be suggestive of biology. However, the of both Landers. _apparent highly oxidizing nature of the 'Martian soil Viking is clearly a milestone in the 'arena of human requires that a great deal of ground-based testing be endeavor, one which may eventually beseen as the done so that all possible purely chemical explanations beginning of man's understanding of his place inthe can be ruled out. Such work is currently underway. universe.

A clear day on Mars, as photographed by Viking 2. The large central rock is about 2 feet long. samples of the symphony of language.thatwill fill space The SIgnificknce of ASTP in the future. Orbiting Earth, spacetravelers 'of many (cont.) the progress nationalities will be talking to us from the Space explore the universe which is essential to spacecraft as of our planet. But even without suchimportant steps Shuttle and perhaps from future Soviet venture that well. Beyond this, when the people of ourplanet begin toward the future, Apollo-Soyuz was a be a - confirmed that space is-an area suited tointernational _colonizing space,,international cooperation will brotherhood and separated from thepolitical strife wevital element in populating our solar system. different often see here on Earth. ' The ASTP mission demonstrated that cultures and different political and economic systems ..It was a mission, flawlessly executed,that gave us work together to make ancient dreams reality.It, good reason for mutual trust andconfidence. From the showed that we can share both the knowledgeand the onset the Soviet Academy'of, Sciences provided our cost of placing mankind permanentlyin space. national space agency with completeand detailed Those brief days in July of 1975 provide abase on technical information, answered ourquestions on its which we May build mutual trust and confidencefor the role in the project and on the Soviet supportfacilities. future. The scientific fruits of the mission werevaluable NASA technicians and weremade welcome but in the long run our experience of cooperation may at Star Village, theCosmonaut training base, and spent using Soviet equipment. NASA prove the principal gain. many hOurs of training Anthropologist Margaret Mead has given this personnel visited the Baikonur launchcomplex and evaluation Of our time: "We are at a,point in history viewed the Soyuz spacecraft beingreadied for flight. scientists where a proper attention to space, and especially to NASA, in turn, gave the Soviet space crucial'in bringing participation and near space . :. may be absolutely information necessary for their the world together." I can say it no better. afforded their cosmonauts andtedmicians training trained in the here, just as our personnel were American Serves as International Soviet Union. Aerospace Education President Manned spaceflight is both verychallenging and very rewarding. Defining and managingthe cooperation Dr. WayneA.Matson, required for such a project as ASTP wasitself a Executive Director of the challenge. But in all regards it was achallenge American-Societyfor successfully met with tangible andnotable Aerospace Education, achievements. was elected to the presi- Some of the best technicalminds of both countries o dency of the Internation- were applied to the newjoint docking system, which al Aerospace Education replaced the equipment usedpreviously in-the two Committee of the Fed spacecraft. eration Aeronautique In- Language training and careful attention todetail ternationale at its 1976 assured the safety of the crews andthe success of the meeting in Paris, France. mission. Dr. Matson is the first Among the mission achievements,the 9-day ApolloAmerican in the 71-year flight provided new data on thelow-energy X-ray history of the organiza- background in the sky. Th,baCkground had been tion to be elected president of theInternational of 'detected by/ earlier sounding rocketstudies but little elseEducation Committee. FAX is the organization was known until theASTP findings. nationalnero clubs which controls aviation ahd space Observations were made of theEarth--4ts competition, as well as helps promoteaeronautics topography, pr: esses anddynaMicswith particular worldwide. composed of attention to nmural resources, 1,vterdrainage, and The International Committee,-which is earthquake potential. The cosmonautsand-astrunautS-----=the-eoucational-representatives-of-the-memher nations and experimented with mixtures of livingcellsbiological of the FAI, meets annually to discuss aviation research that would aid futuremanned spacecraft space educ-ation programs and progress.Dr. Matson missions and their functions. Theyalso conducted has served as the U.Srbelegate for the past three years. in medical stUdies of weightlessness andthe body's As President, he presides over the annual meting reaction to infection. 'Paris and presents the international report on Conference of the The Oklahomski of Tom,Stafford andthe aerospace eduction to the General Russian-flavored English of AlekseyLeonov were FAL / 7 Dr. Matson was rformerly, a full-time NASA Growing Concerns. HQ 278. IntroduceS Landsat as a spacemobile lecturer and part time while earning hispartial solution to the world's need to monitor doctorate-at Oklalloma State University. His recent agricultural, resources. .work in aerospa4 education includes the creation of Land for People, Land for Bears. HQ 27k-illustrates .-:the National Council for Aerospace Education, the Landsat supplying data for land-use planning and the Journal of Aerospace Education, and and wildlife habitat mapping. the American Society for Aerbspace Education, as well as development/of the International Civil Aviation Organization's aviation education program materials. In addition, the following NASA films have been released: For these accomplishments he has been awarded both the National, Aeronautics Association's Frank G. Universe. HQ 220color-28 min. Through unusual Brewer Trophy and the Fig Nile G-old Medal, the animation techniques, explores almost inconceivable nation's and the world's highest awards in aerospace extremes of size and time from galaxies to subatomic 'education. particles,, from cosmic events to those that endure for only a billionth of a second. Career.Guidance Filmstrip To Be Released Mercury/Eiploration of a Planet. HQ 282color-28 A 15-minute, color/sound filmstrip about aerospacemin. The flight of to Venus and Mercury, careers, entitled "Take the High Road," has been moderated by Dr. Bruce Murray, Director of the Jet produced by. the American personnel and Guidande Propulsion Lab; includes an animated Sequenceon the Association with the assistance of NASA's origin of the solar system. Educational Programs Division. It is scheduled for release February 1, 1977. The guidance counselor may Three films were developed for showing developing borrow a copy for preview from the NASA Center ..nations, via the ATS-6 satellite, the potential of which serves his state. space-borne systems in helping them solve problems: SurvivaL HQ 274-171/2 min. Shows the Recent NASA Films use of space-age tools in predicting and coping With natural Landsat, a Satellite for All Seasons, is a series of six disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes, fires, floods. / films illustrating the/use of the earthresources . technology satellite in solving environmental problems. If One Today/Two Tomorrow. HQ 273-28 min. Review of the development of tl Each 141/2-minute, color film domes with a Film use of mass communications technologies i Lesson Guide recommending classroom activities. education; they took us decades to acquire but are available to other nations Remote Possibilities. HQ 280. Shows Landsat in "the right now. big picture from outer space." The concept of remote Images of Life. HQ 272-28 min. Landsat's sensing is explained. remote, 'sensing technology and theways it can bc used to -The Wet Look. HQ 271. Explores how Landsat's improve living conditions. remote sensing- capabilities can help resolve water resource problems. NASA films may be borrowed forgroup showings from the NASA center serving 'yourarea (see page 8), Pollution Solution. HQ 276. A look it environmental ,except for the states below: quality problems, such as strip mining, airborne -pollution, and the movement of industrial waste, and 'how they can be helped by Landsat. National Audiovisual Center(GSA) The Fractured Look. HQ 277. Examineuuysialook Washington, D.C. 20409 Connecti'cut, Maine, Mossachusetts, NewIlamp,s for minerals and to monitor geological hazards. New .York, Rhode hlang, Vermont

8 - . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Wheieeto Write for Services Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Connecticut, Delaware,'District Of Columbia, Maine, NASA publications should be ordered from the Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Superintendent of Documents; Government Printing New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,Vermont Offiee, ...Washington, DC 20402. Publication lists, film . . NASA Jclm_F-Kennedy_Space Center_ lists, and information about otherseiviCes' are , Florida 32899 available from the Educational Office at the NASA, Florida, Geoll.gia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands center servihg your state.'See the list below. NASA Langley Research gnter Langley Station, Hampton, Virginia 23365 NASA'Ames Research Center Kentucky, N. Caroliha, S. Carolina, Virginia, WestVirginia Moffett Field, California 94035 Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, NASA Lewis Research Center. 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 Nevada, Oregom-Utah, Washington, Wyoming Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,Ohio, Wisconsin

NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA Lyndon B. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 gouston, Texas 77058 Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico;N. Dakota. ---4rs- Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi,Missouri, Oklahoma, S. Dakota, Texas Tennessee

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(1 NASA' REPORT TO EDUCATORS is publishedfour tifnes The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and of educators, espiciallY at the publication per year for the communit Space Administration has determined that the Contributions and of this periodical is necessary in the transaction ofthe elementary and secondary school levels. recommendations are so icited. from readers, andshould be public business required by law of this Agency. Use of Division, Office of by addressed kis the Educ tiondl Programs funds for priming this periodical has been approved and Space the Director of the Office of Management andBudget Public Affairs, Code frE, National Aeronautics Administration, Washington, D.C. 20546.PhotocoPying for thro-agh December 31, 1976. . school use is approved.

1 . Natiónal Aeronautics and postage and feesN paid Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 'NASA 451 official business penalty for private up $300 'THIRD CLASS MAIL BULK RATE

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