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University of Thessaly Institutional Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Thessaly Institutional Repository University of Thessaly Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Mental Skills and Techniques and their Development in Extreme Sport Athletes – The Case of Wingsuit Flying by Cedric Arijs The present thesis is submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of European Master of Sport and Exercise Psychology at The University of Thessaly Approved by supervising committee: Main Supervisor: Marios Goudas, Professor, University of Thessaly, Greece Supervisor 1: Stiliani “Ani” Chroni, Professor, Hedmark University College, Norway Supervisor 2: Eric Brymer, Senior Lecturer, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Trikala, Greece 2014 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 10:17:09 EET - 137.108.70.7 Declaration by Author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that electronic and hard copies of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. ___________________________ Name & signature of the author Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 10:17:09 EET - 137.108.70.7 i Abstract This qualitative study was designed to explore the mental skills and techniques as well as their development in the extreme sport of wingsuit flying. Few previous studies have looked at the mental skills and techniques used by extreme sport athletes and no study inquired into their development. Six experienced wingsuit pilots were interviewed according to a narrative paradigm. The stories shared by the pilots reveal that they apply a wealth of mental skills and techniques known in the field of sport psychology, both for optimal performance and for safe practice. There was particular emphasis on the mental skill of self-awareness. Several sources and methods for the development of mental skills and techniques were identified, mainly outside the formal mental skills training mode. Moreover, pilots shared their mindset for safe and optimal long-term progression and participation in the sport of wingsuit flying. All themes are illustrated through narrative accounts and interpreted according to both second and third wave cognitive-behavioral approaches to sport psychology. The findings illustrate the value of including extreme sports in sport psychology research and add to the growing body of literature that depicts the extreme sport athlete as a dedicated professional athlete. Suggestions are offered for wingsuit pilots, practitioners, and future research. Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 10:17:09 EET - 137.108.70.7 ii Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation demands several months of dedication and hard work, but serves as the culmination of my two years in the European Masters of Sport & Exercise Psychology. It was a process of trial and error and I did not go through this process alone. Therefore I would like to thank some people who have guided me and supported me along the way. To Dr. Ani Chroni, thank you for your patience and persistence to keep me on track. Your encouragements to constantly try and outperform myself have made me grow as a student and a person. To Dr. Eric Brymer, thank you for your willingness to share valuable feedback and insights with a student from the other side of the world. To Dr. Marios Goudas, for your feedback on earlier drafts and the critical thinking exercises in class. To Dominika Zapotoczna, for sharing my enthusiasm for the extreme mind game and the hours spent on going through the many pages of transcription and analysis. To my parents, friends, and fellow students, who have supported and motivated me to keep going and finish this project to the best of my potential. And last but above all, I want to express my deepest gratitude to the wingsuit pilots who shared their stories with me. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to learn from you and hopefully help and inspire others. Your pursuit for happiness and deeper meaning through human flight is truly inspirational. Stay safe and may you have many blues skies in your future life and career. Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 10:17:09 EET - 137.108.70.7 iii Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Review of Literature ....................................................................................................... 3 Extreme Sports ........................................................................................................... 3 Definition. ............................................................................................................... 3 Growing in popularity. ........................................................................................... 6 Institutionalization. ................................................................................................. 6 The case of wingsuit flying. ................................................................................... 7 Reasons for Participating in Extreme Sports .............................................................. 9 Theory-driven arguments. .................................................................................... 10 The phenomenological arguments. ....................................................................... 11 On Risks, Fear and Death ......................................................................................... 13 ‘Blue Sky, Black Death’: Injury and death. ......................................................... 14 Perception of risk and fear. ................................................................................... 16 Mental Skills and Techniques .................................................................................. 18 Traditional sports. ................................................................................................. 19 Extreme sports. ..................................................................................................... 21 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 26 Qualitative and Narrative Approach ......................................................................... 26 Participants ............................................................................................................... 28 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 30 Procedures ................................................................................................................ 30 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 09/12/2017 10:17:09 EET - 137.108.70.7 iv Researcher as Instrument .......................................................................................... 31 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................ 33 Establishing Trustworthiness .................................................................................... 34 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 37 Traditional Mental Skills and Techniques and Their Development ......................... 37 Imagery. ................................................................................................................ 37 Energy management and arousal regulation. ........................................................ 41 Pre-performance routines and safety checks. ....................................................... 44 Self-talk. ............................................................................................................... 47 Perceptual cognitive skills & attentional focus. ................................................... 49 Goal-setting. ......................................................................................................... 52 Conclusion. ........................................................................................................... 54 The Mental Skill of (Self-)Awareness .....................................................................
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