T 6S2fr *

PLlittt,'J h) Hu,tttg Zltou FOUNDERT SOONG CHING LING (MME. SUN YAT-SENI (18e3-1e811. PUBLISHED MOD.ITHIY BY THE CHINA WELFARE IIISTITUTE IN ENGLISH, SPANISH, FRENCi{, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTI.'GUE5E AilID CHINESH

Artfc$es o tfue Mont& vo[. xxx! No.2 FEBRUARY I982 Populotion Conferemce p. 24 Asion.porliomentorions ond experts meet in Beijing. CONTENTS lnterviews with delegotes froh live countriei: o legcte explores in depth Chino's t Populotion Problem s ccuses ond implicotions ond su I Populaticn Planning in China urb growth. Asian Population and Development aa orld Chmm;rion Sports Wornen Uolleyhullers World Champions in Women's Volleyball 15 p. 15 Economy lntroducing members of the Tianjin-the City that Needed Water o teom thot won Chino's first China's Growing Computer lndustry 30 world cup in o Gig boll' Two spolt (footboll, bosketboll, Rural Factories JC volleybollf. Country Fairs and Free Markets 44 I See Tomorrow EA The Mushroom Man" 68 Friendship Rurol ildsterrlity 0nd fhild Csre p. 1E Edgar Snow and 'Red Star Over China' 1) Snow ls Remembered in His Own Country 14 New ottitudes ond Boston Museum Paintings in China ol leode e, ShondonE pr hove moternEl-iniorit Soci€ty core ucotion. Transforming a Rural Maternity and Child-Care System 18 Solving Neighborhood Disputes 3B Eetrgur Smow crnd Shinc Culture V Song: I Love You, China 36 Comnnemoroting the tenth o Zhao Yuanren Pioneer Chinese Linguist 46 versory of Edgor Snow's deoth, o Xi'an Archaeology- Shows Progression of the Ages 49 Chinese tronslotor of 'Red Stor Over Chino' recolls the book's influence Notionol Minorities in Chino ond internciionoliy, Folk Arts of the Oroqen trA Across the Lond h{eeded 9,'X{xlter fer The Strange r-ife Cycle o1 the Caterpillar Fungus 34 Tion3in p" 6 The Anymaqen Mountains 40 China's Forests Past and Present 65 When one of Chinq's - mojor industriol cities Columns ond Speciols foced o serious crisis, Tc Our Beaoers: To Reunify China ? hundreds of thousqnds Taiwan Links (photos) J of people ond govern- Our Postbag 4 rnent bodies ct oll levels were mobilized to pro. Cartcons 5 vide short- ond long- Chinese Cookeryt Pork Loin Soft-Fried in Batter 11 term solutions. Legends and Tales from History: Jiang Taigong - He Fislred and Waited 7o Throurgh tFte Ages in Language Corner. Lesson 14 Xinrrn p. SP Mending the Fold After the Sheep Have Escaperl 71 ln ond cround this sinEle Cover Pictuies city. one con troce the Front: Villarge Nursery in Shandong (see story on development of Chinese P, 1B) zhou Youma culture from eorliest mon most Back: Tri-color glazed figurines of the Tang dynasty through some of her illustrious dynosties.

€ditorjol Oflicer Wqi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino Annuol subscri'ption in U,S"A. USSB.@ Applicotion ic moil ot 3eeond Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing. closs postoge rote is pending in Son Froncisco. ln North Amerlco, Generol Dirtributor: GUOJI SHUDIAN. P.O. Box 399, Beijing. Chino, send oddress chonge to Chino Books ond Feri'odicols,lnc,,2929 21 street, Son Froncisco, CA 94100. . TO OUR READ EP.s N

ties, which Soong Ching Ling helped to advance, helped China retain its nationhood against Japanese invasion in 1937-45. Now is the time for a third o Reunify China co+peration, for the historic task of peaceful reunification.

rf\HE e points, widely recognized reasonable nou, resume a column that, some years ago, ni as TYf I onciliatory both at horhe and abroad, were VY erved as a regular channel of communication and announced last September 30, just prior to the 70th betu,een or.rr editors and our readers on,topics ranging anniversary of the 1911 RevoLution which under Sun from major pub)ic issues to very everyday things. Yat-sen's leadership overthrew the 2,000-year-old Last November we distributed as an insert the Chinese feudal monarchy and set up the first Chinese , nine important proposals for the reunification of Chi- Republic. On both the mainland and Taiwan this rev- na through the return of Taiwan to the mother coun- olr.ition is seen as a crucial- watershed. macle Lry by Chairman Ye Jianying of the Standing Chairman Yo's proposals include: Committee of the National People's Congress. What Early reunification talks on a reciprocal basis be- has happened since? From this side of the water, tween the Communist Party and the Kuomintang. there he,ve been many steps: Postal, shipping and trade services; reunion of An official invitation has been extended to f amilies; tourist, cultural, academic and athletic head Chiang Ching-kuo, of the Taiwan administration, exchanges. to Madame Chiang Kai-shek and other Kuomintang After reunification, Taiwan to be a special ad- notables, to c,ome to the mainland for talks, or to visit ministrative region with autonomy inch.rding reten- their native places, kin and ancestral graves. tion of armed forces, and no central interference in Several ministries have ahnounced plans for re- local matters. Taiwan's social and economic system, suming shipping, mail, and telecommunication links way of life arid economic and cultural relations with and re-opening trade (including preferential prices foreign' countries can remain unchanged with no for coai and oil supplied to Taiwan) as well as for in- encroachment on lawful possession or on inheritance- vestment opportunities. The national civil airline has of private property, houses, land, enterprises or for- projected. flight schedules to Taiwan and extended eign investments. Official and representative per- emergency landing rights to Taiwan planes. The Chi- sonages in Taiwan are to be given leading posts in nese Red Cross is arranging to help contact and re- national political bodies. People from Taiwan desir- unite long separated families. The All-China Federa- ing to settle on the mainland are ensured proper ar- tion of Trade Unions offers accomodations for Taiwan rangements, non-discrimination and freedom of entry 'i.vorkers. Travel agencies will arrange tdurs. Re- and exit. Businessmen from Taiwan will be free to cent appointments to the People's, Politicai Consulta- invest and operate enterprises oh the mainland with tive Conference include a number of pre-liberation lawful rights, interests and profits guaranteed. high officeholders in the Kuomintang. It would be advantageous with no risk for Response from the Taiwan authorities has so far Taiwan autl'rorities to begin -discussions on -these been negative or absent. However, rallying to the moderate terms. And no foreign government can proposals, former Kuomintang general Li Mu-an has gain by obstructing history's trend og hindering talks visited the mainland and noted editor and author among Chinese on matters that are theirs alone to set- Prof. Ma Bi, among others, has moved heie. Some tle.. China has made it unmistakably clear by her public and media personalities in Taiwan have risked cautions against U.S. arms sales to Taiwan that she urging contacts and negotiations. More ask: Since all will not trade her sovereignty for any external con- Chinese want the country united, why not talk now? sideration, ar:.ci any "two Chinas" scheme cannot leave her relation with countries that take to this course un- \ffE ourselves, as a magazine established and led affected. But countries that respect China's so- vv by the late Soong Ching Ling, hope that talks vereignty or help peaceful reunification will preserve will come soon. We have reported patriotic actions for and deepen their friendship with nearly a quarter of reunification. Our Chinese edition is helping to re- mankind. establish ties between separated families, and has suc- That there is only one China, and that its ultimate ceeded with more than twenty. reunification must come, is recognized on both sides Soong Ching Ling was the wife, helper and in- of the Taiwan Strait, and internationally. These pro- heritor of the spirit of Sun Yat-sen, who not only posals, we think, provide a good opening. Important founded and led the Kuomintang but, responding to not only to all Chinese but also to peace in the pacific the Chinese Communist Party's initiative, enthusias- and tire world, they conform to majority interests ticaliy prornoted the first cooperation between the and feelings and represent the direction events are Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which moved bor;rrd to take, though the course may be gradual and China forward in 1924-1927. The second Communist- difficult. To smooth and speed the process, they de- proposed period of cooperation between the two par- serve general understanding and suppo.rt. tr

2 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS \^- & ims

&msq* flTT.s,

llembcls ol the ('hin('se tcanr antl the Chinesc 'faibei teirrrr shake hands before the Novetnbel l98l lgth World Women's Tonnis Team ClhampionshiD in l'ok}"o.

Seamen lrom China's mainland working on the West Ger- man freighter "Josef Roth" were given a warm welcome b)' their Taiwan compatriots when their ship called al Jilong Harbor in northern Taiwan in March 1980. At the invitation of the Jilong branch of the Taiwan Seamen's Association. they went ashore to visit Taibei. Fang Lifen (right), chair- man of the Jilong branch was photographed with a mainland seaman on the freighter.

Ireng Qiyong lrom thc rnainland (riSht) and l'an Chonggui from Taiwan exchange views on the [amous Chinese classical novel "A Dream of Red Mansions" on which they are both cxperts, at the firsl international symposium on the book held in June 1980 at Nlsdison. Wis. in the U.S.

Deng Yunkuai (first left) and Lin Qingping (in back), youns Taiwan compatriots now living in the U.S. in 1980 visited Beijing, where they happily met Jiang Jianchun (second right) from Taiwan now living in that eity.

On September 30, 1980 'Lianhe Bao' (Union Gazettel publish- ed in Taiwan carried a picture of Ge Xiaobao, a Taiwan movie star gireeting his mother in Hongkong aft€r a 3l-year separation. She and her daughter went th€re from NanJing to meel him.

FEBRUARY 1982 Warm Greetings tremely prolific author, so the amount of research is tremendous! I would be On the occasion of the 32nd anniver- extremely grateful if any reader who sary of the victory of the Chi[ese has particularly interesting material revolution, please allow me to extend relating to Lu Xun's lile and work to you, the People's Republic of China would share it with me. and her people my warmest greetings. JONATHAN FRYER On Soong Ching Ling In the past 32 years the industrious Brurelles, Belgiunt people, under the The China Reconstructs articles and and ingenious Chinese leadership of the Chinese Communist special pamphlet in memory of Soong Party the support of tlre Ching Ling were wonderful to have, and with Thinks Politics Excessive people, have made great and I congratulate you for getting them world's achievements. your rnagazine clearly sums aII together. It made me feel that I I think successes Chinese people China. believe truly knew her, although our friend- The the up the way of life in I have achieved the political, social, people like have more ship really through my father, in would to was economic and cultural fields not only pictures of some of your General Joseph W. Stilwell, and my in color consolidate the fruits of your revolu- famous monuments and scenic spots. sister Alison and I did so only 1976. in tion, but also heighten the international But there are too many articles about But what a warm and loving person prestige of your country. politics. There should be a wider she was! She made us feel that we I you and the Chinese people variety, including articles for every age were lifelong friends, too! wish greater successes in building group. like the Chinese in the back NANCY STILWELL EASTERBROOK still I socialism. magazine of course find Carmel, Ca., U.S.A. of the but AMERICO ESPINOZA G. pronouncing it very difficult. Djido, Venezuelo Once again I would like to thank you Positive Change; Wants More on very much for your magazine. It is Education very much appreciated. - Honest Approach L. LAVELL May I commend your invaluable work Bognor Regis, U.K. in bringing your magazine up to inter- Although not a subscriber I have Reconstructs fot national standards? I have been a been reading China my subscriber for the last half decade and the Iast five years. Fortunately to Youth Cooperatives; and Some have seen a gradual but positive change field of university studies is related in'its contents from the days of the China, so I have found the, magazine Questions an invaluable source of information. In gang of four to the present. I would like to say that I read every ' As a postgraduate student in educa- recent years I have noticed considerable change in the format, and structure of article of your magazine Iine by line. tion, may I suggest you to talk more The article "Jobless Youth Stert Small about the educational system in China the magazine. It has become more compact and readable, However, most Businesses" in your October issue in- and to what extent it has brought about terested me most. Please tell us more a new social orientation in China? importantly, there appears to be a far more honest approach to the material about the life of various types of STEPHEN ISABIRYE people: middle school and college Kampala.'Uganda written about, an honesty apparent in criticisms of mistakes and in treating students factory workers, office the weaknesses in the economy. I find workers, artists, etc, What is their Self-Evaluation this trend very refreshing and gratify- family life like? What are their ing. It no longer reveals the parrot working conditions? How do the city article Up: Mao The "Summing methods of the media in the years of people and villagers sirend their Sun- Zed6ng, Cultural Revolution, 32 Years the gang of four. Credibility has days and holidays? How is Iife for of New China" in your October 1981 returned to China! retired people or widows? issue, as a whole, is wonderful. It is PHILIP A. MCWHINNEY WALTER SCHLEH honest self-evalua- a fine example of Nathdn, Australia Kiiln, Federal Republic oJ GermanA tion. In every article throughout this issue shortcomings are mentioned together with positive achievements. In Writing about Lu Xun Asks for More Even Approach the article I have mentioned it is obvious that a great deal of effort was I have read with great interest the Your magazine is excellent and covers made to achieve a balance that wiII articles in the August 1981 issue of your a wide range of topics. It certainly be useful in improving future work. magazine concerning the centenary of gives foreign friends a better overall Mao, as well as China as a whole was Lu Xun, and sincerely hope that the picture of China's progress and achieve- examined. Lastly, it was done in festivities Lnd publications connected ments. Ianguage that everyone can understand. with this event will help to spread his Yet. one defect is that the articles are you On pages 36 and 37 you carry graphs reputation around the world, as well always about progress - seldom do of industrial output comparing 1949 to as consolidating his position in the mention setbacks. In future editions I 1980, I am tired of only this comparison. pantheon of Chinese Iiterature. hope you will give a more even aP- It is not entirely honest because it For the past five years, I have been proach about developments in China. doesn't show the steady growth, and doing research into the life and work This wiII give readers a better under- possibly decreases, in production during of Lu Xun, with the ultimate aim of standing of the rate of progress and the cultural revolution. It would be writing an English-Ianguage biography perhaps attract more readers. much more useful to see annual of him suitable for readers who do not Finally, please print a few more growth. Why not show a bar graph --have a profound knowledge of Chinese articles and colored pictures about with the production in 1949, then 1955, history or literature. children, their time spent in schools, then 1960, 1965, 1970, 19?5 and current I expect to be working on Lu Xun with their families and what they do levels? This would be more informative. and the Birth of Mod.ern China (as t}r,e during leisure time. KENNETH ALLEN book will be cailed) for another three ONG CHIN BEE Prince Georges, Md., U.S.A. years. He was, as you know, an ex- San Francisco, Ca., U.S.A.

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS cAR OruS

I

I

Like father, like son. Xu Jingkat

Gold necklace or noose? -Cao Kairiang

Helping the shoots to grow by pulling them upward. Liu Yong

How do you like my composition? Sun Z,eLiang

Revealing outfit. Gao Shiilu

FEBRUARY T982 Tianjin-lhe City that ileeded lUater

DENG SHULIN

E OR some time Tianjin. a city of ple. National funds have been aI- First, the lower reaches of the r ? million, has su.flered lrom a Iocated and hundreds of thousands rivers around Tianjin have for chronic water shortage. The prob- of people in Tianjin and elsewhere years been receiving less and less iem reached crisis proportions in mobilized, for the effort was not water because so much has been the summer of 1981, with water just to alleviate the immediate diverted and stored in the upper for daily use rationed to .075 cubic crisis, but to solve the water reaches. At one time floods used nieters per person and many in- shortage once and for ail. to be a major problem there. After dustries forced to slow or even liberation, and especially since suspend operations. 1957, a number of dams and Why No Water?_ But Tianjin is one of China's reservoirs were built. Water was major manufacturing and com- diverted for irrigati.on, and as the At Tianjin, 137 kilometers area under irrigation and in- mercial centers; industrial output southeast of Beijing, the Haihe - value constitutes 4 percent of the dustrial development in the city River is joined by its tributaries continued grow, country's total. So Tianjin's prob- to water need and flows into the Bohai Sea. The increased- greatly, Even in flood lems have a strong impact on the river is of course the city's na- seasons Tianjin's national economy, the drive for water supply was tural water source, but for three low. In dry seasons, water slowed modernization, and ultimately the main reasons this has not been to such a trickle that shiplocks on welfare of the entire Chinese peo- sufficient. the Haihe River had to be closed to prevent salt water from the Bohai water Sea from backing up into from the Huanghe River, diverted to Tianjin to solve the immediate crisis, the river. l'lows through the People's Victory Canal. Wang yousheng Second, the city's own need for' water increased rapidly with the development of industries. In 1949 total industrial output value was .wws 650 million yuan and population was 1,890,000. In 1980 output value had reached 19,390 million yuan and population 3,500,000. Both the city's 4,000 f actories and the in- creasing number of inhabitants needed more water. Third, in the past two or three years there has been little rainfall in the upper reaches of the rivers. In 1981 north China suffered its worst drought in a century. The two main reservoirs supplying Tianjin ran dry and reservoirs Workers in Wucheng county, Shandong province, open up the Zhangweixin C,anal upriver were very Beijing's to bring low. Huanghe River water to Ttanjin. Watg yousheng Miyun Reservoir, which had pre- '! - qd..6t N. viously supplied water to Tianjin, * s.$ g had none to spare. Moreover underground water is {t. because overuse B in short supply ,. } ;f: over the past few decades has re- sulted in the lowering of the water table and dangerous ground sin- kage. Any further attempt to tap und,erground supplies would only

t .:* .-;-o., DENG SHULII{ is a staff reporler for China Reconstructs.

Y.X". CHINA BECONSTBUCTS

jra'*.*., cause more sinking and lead to more problems than it would solve.

Conserving Water Bringing water over long dis- tances .to supply a city the size oI Tianjin is no easy task. In their intensive planning efforts, the na- tional government and local offi- cials concentrated on two majot' goals finding new sources of supply- and reducing water usage rvithin the city. About half of the city's total water consumption is for industrial use, and here the elimination of waste can greatly reduce overall needs. City authorities have called upon local enterprises to find new ways of saving water, and the re- Resert'oir. good. Premier Zhao Ziyang (2ncl right, front tow) inspecls the new Paniiakou sponse has been W ang lilenglin Cooling systems account for 40 percent of the 'vvater used daily by plants industries. A number of adoption of new technology, it has ond largest river, ernpties into re- have now adopted methods of cut its water needs from 120 tons the.Bohai Sea south of Tianjin. such sys- cycling aLl the water in to 10 tons daily. Twice before 1972 and be- sea water instead tems or of using tween 19?5 and-in 1976-the river's permit. of fresh where conditions water had been diverteci to the Some plants have overhauled their Short-Term Answers But the present div-brsron boilers and pipelines to insure city. larger scale against water loss and found dif- In August 1981 the nationai gov- would be on a much - ferent ways of recovering water ernment, as part of the overall plan some 600 million cubic meters of once wasted. for soiving Tianjin's water' water at one time, about the equi- The Beining Paper Mill is one shortage, decided to divert water valent of the total volume moved of many plants which have shown from the Huanghe (Yellow River) in the three previous years. Water- what can be accomplished by as an emergency measure until ways have tg be dredged, dams earnest effort. - Througtr careful long-term projects could be com- and dikes reinforced, and several leview of its procedures and the pieted. The Huanghe. China's sec- hundred rn,aterlock.s. culverts.

Diversion 0f the Huanqhe River lrom Henan and Shandong

Panjiakou Beservoir and Diversion of the Luanhe River

:-- i-' f )litun Re\eruoit ( ,u0", province Duheiting Reservotr ) )

Douhe * Reservoir \9 I Ta ngshan is" ns. People's Vit'tory Cunal .piolztrou t. "s,./'rz Henon Province^r(. '-. Y

}.EBRUARY T98:I would not be siphoned off for the lives of all Chinese including irrigation while the diversion was the eommune members -themselves. taking ptace. It would be more Once this',','as understooC, coopera- difficuit, but in most places under- tion $,as widespread.. In Shandong ground water could be used for pro'"'ince, some 400,000 people took irrigation instead of river water. part in the public'work Local authorities also took the of excava- lead'in explaining the situation to tion, clredging and construction. commune members. Supplying water to Tianjin was vital not just lrnmediate Crisis Solved because the people there needed it; the city's role in the economy C)n October 14, 1981, after pre- meant that its well-being affected parations that involved among

, Reseruoir by the Great Wall

along the ancient Great Beijing, is China's third the Changjiang (Yangtze) It consists of a large dam, power station, reservoir and two smaller auxiliary earth dams. The Iianjin rnunicipal Ieaders trace the dam's maximum height is 10?.b meters, 3b- route of the new waterway system that about equivalent to a will bring in Luanhe F(iver water, storSz building, and along its 1,040-meter-long top two automobiles thus solving the city,s shortage on a can be driven side by side. long-term basis. Li, Fen Panjiakou harnesses the i,uanhe, one of the great rivers of northern China, which flows fron.r north to south through the pan- jiakou gap. The river carries an average annual volume of 4,600 aqu€ducts arrd bridges built. The million eubic meters of lvater. But rainfall in the area is ve_ry State Council (the executive organ irregular; the heavy rains of July, August and September make up of the Nationai People,s Congress) 60-80 percent of the precipitation for the whole year. At high-water allocated 160 million yuan for the seasons, the river flooded iocal area.s, rnhile project at other seasons not and appointed a special enough water was available for irrigation and other uses. group to lead the work. The new project will control floods, generate power, and make The diverted water would reach water available when it is needed throughout year. put Tianjin the It will rhrough three different under control 75 percent of the river's drainage basin and over b0 routes (see map.) The first and percent of its total flow. longest was through Zhengzhou in To the right of the dam is a power house equipped with four sets Henan province to the Xinxiang of generators with a total capaeity of 450,000 kw. One 150,000 kw. People's Victory Canal, and thencE set is already in operation, and the remaining three pump-storage by rneans of the \Meihe River and sets are soon to be installed. Average annual power output will be two other canals to Tianjin, for a 638 million kwh. total distance of 8b0 kilometers. The other two routes covering rFHE reservoir, which is now basically completed, has a total distances of 600 and 480- kilometers r storage capacity of 2,930 million cubic meters and a standard just - both originate southwest usabie capacity of about 1,950 million cubic meters. In 1962, when of Jinan, capit"al of Shandong floodwaters inundated surrounding areas, river flow was measured province" at 18,800 cubic meters per second. Diverting water into the reservoir These waterways were built to will reduce the rhaxirnum rate of flow to 10,000 cubic meters per irrigate farmland, and the diverr second, thus ensuring the safety of villages along the river and the sions had to take place during the nearby Beijing-Shanhaiguan Railway. winter season when silt deposits An engineering unit of the People's Liberation Army was sent were low. But this coincided in to build the reservoir in an effort to acceleraie construction. part part with the period u'hen corn- of the urgency stemmed from serious water shortages in Tianjin, mune members normally irrigate Tangshan and other areas which are scheduled to receive water newly sown wheat that woutd be from Panjiakou. harvested the foliowing spri.ng. The entir€ project, when completed, wilt be a major part of Local governrnents in Henan, He- China's water control and hydropower network. n bei and Shandong provinces, after consuitation, agreed that water

8 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The dam under constr Panjiakou is China's third lar ojecr of this kind; the dam' is aboutJhat of a 3S-storv

Sunrise over Piiniiirk(lrl

Ancicrlf arid mtrdcrn engineerine 1,:ars: thc ijrert l\:ril ,rrrr'lrrili" Pilnii;tl(it' P.r.,,i r lii Measuring the water table along the canal.

An older waterway which will become part of the new northern canal.

Survey work on the northern canal, which will divert the water of the Luanhe River to Tianjin. Pltotrts bt Li lt'rt other things the moving of 33 mil- Thermal Power Plant where it will Construction of the northern lion cubic meters of earth, the be used for cooling purposes, and and southern canals is underway. .com- People's Victory Canal opened its then be channeled to Tangshan. The northern canal will bre sluice gate and Huanghe water That city's famed Kailuan coal pleted in two years. By 1984 Pan- flowed through on its way to Tian- mines have a great and growing jiakou should be supplying Tian- jin. By October 28 the water had need for water. Along the water- iin wlth 1,000 million cubic meters reached the city. to the great re- ways, part of the water will be of water per year, thus giving the lief of the inhabitants. On Novem- diverted to irrigate farmlands. city a more permanent and reliable ber 27 the other two waterways The northern canal will carry source of water. E began to channel water toward water to Tianjin. The canal wiil Tianjin. For the time being, at funnel water into a l0-km.-long least, the water shortage was over. tunnel near the Daheiting dam, CORRECTION Li Sigong of the flood-control and from there into the Yuqiao In . the article "A Chinese and drought-resistance headquar- Reservoir 150 km. from Tianjin. Village's 45 Years" appearing ters in Tianjin remarked that such An underground channel will in our January issue, the date a vast cooperative eventually replace present of r"ei Xiaotong's most recent effort could only the visit to Kaixiango.ng should have taken piace in today's so- open channel from Yuqiao to the be Octob,er 1981. cialist China. The state had paid city to avoid water loss through In "Ttrree Decades Mirror- evaporation and seepage. A new ing the New China", in roughly one yuan for every cubic column 2 of page 5 "Three- meter of water diverted to Tian- reservoir nehr the city, the Er- Family ViIIage" should read jin; but city people were asked to wangzhuang, will soon be built to "On the Three-Family Village." pay only 0.09 yuan per cubic meter store water. as their share of the cost. The long-term solution to the city's water shortage, worked out after careful consideration of the water needs and r.esources of the Chinese Cookery 2 teaspoons Chinese re

FEBBUAN.Y 1982 11 !! t{t; ,s {

A woodblock print of Edgar Snow amid scenes lrom (he famons journey that made the book. Fu ,Iinctshenrt ffidgor Snow ond 'Red Stor Over C,hlms* An eer[y Chinese eclition of 'Red Star Or'er China,' DONG LESHAN printed in 1938. to FI the winter of 1975 I was asked edition of Red, Star Ouer China obstacles, many made their waY T in -8. by Fan Yong. managing direc- pub,lished in Shanghai in December the revolutionary base area tor of the Joint Publishing Com- 1938. Because of the Political Yanan to join the struggle. Others pany (Hongkong tsranch) to work situation then, lt came out under found ways to fight right where oR s new Chinese translation of the title Notes on a Westusard they were, either in JaPanese- fteci Star Ouer China by the late Journey, which was less likelY to occupied Shanghai or the so-called Hdgar Snow, the famed American attract the censor's attention. rear areas where the KMT ex- journalist. I accepted willingly, for Nevertheless, the Kuomintang ercised a reign of terror against, the task rneant far more to me than authorities soon banned the bor:rk. anyone suspected of "Communist an ordinary professional assign.- Anyone discovered reading it leanings." rnerrt. risked arrest as a suspected {'*iorn- to Iluring oulr conversati6n, Fan muni.st, with

lrt CHTNA EECONSTBUCTS oppressive government and foreign the whole world, including the Chi- objective report of one of the great invaders; he asked himself why nese people in KMT-controlled 20th century revolutions. The dif- people did not resist. And then he areas, to the situation in the base ference is that Reed's book was heard of some Chinese who rvere area. He helped people understand about the already successful Octo- resisting. In leaving the KMT- the nature, principles and practices ber Revolution in Russia, while ruled areas for the new world the of the Party, the fighting aim of Snow's was about a revolution still Communist forces were trying to the Red Army. He faithfully and in the making. build, Snow inevitably involved obJectively reported on all he saw. When Snow wrote about it, the himself in the tidal current of the He was our best friend, and he nature of that revolution was un- revolution. loved China deeply." knorvn or misunderstood by many By the mid-1930s the Red ArmY people, even i.n China. His book had completed the epic Long Worldwide Response broke through the KMT veil of March and estabiished their base rumors, lies and slanders and toid area in northern Shaanxi. Because The first edition of Red Star the truth about China's revolution. of the KMT blockade and Pro- Ooer Ch.ina was published by Gol- Countless people were deeply im- paganda efforts, it was extremelY lancz, London in 1937, and was an pressed by Snow's conclusion that difficult for most Chinese, much immediate sensation. In a month's the revolution was just and its suc- Iess foreigners, to learn what was time, five printings had been sold cess inevitable. It is not difficult. really happening in the base area. out, over 100,000 copies in just a then, to understand why the book Edgar Snow, with the help of few weeks. It was hailed as a work has been reprinted again and again Soong Ching Ling, left Beiping (as of real historical and po,litical over the years. Even today,'when Beijing was then called) and broke significance. In the U.S. the book, the red-star flag has flown over all through the KMT blockade to reach published by Random House, also of China's mainland for over 30 Shaanxi. There he spent four became a bestseller, the most years, this book is essential reading months gathering information. popular non-fiction work about for those who want to understan

FEBRUARY 1982 r3 nized as having been right, and Snow Is Remembered his efforts for a harmonious rela- tionship between a nation compris- ing one quarter of mankind and his own were beginning to bear in His Own Country fruit. The Fund's primary purpose is MARY CLABK DIMOND not only to collect books, pho- tographs and memorabilia pertain- ing to Snou"s life, but to gather D DGAR SNOW died in Eysins, overcome the problems of their also for students, scholars and the 11 vaua, Switzerland on Feb people. general public materials relevant ruary 15, 1972. The same day of Edgar Snow is well known and to the history of China in this cen- February of 1982 marks the tenth much beloved by the Chinese peo- tury. The Edgar Snow Memorial anniversary of that sad event. ple. When they heard of his fatal Fund Collection is available for re- Edgar Snow, born in 1905 in illness, the government of China search, and the growing demands Kansas City, Missouri, the son of dispatched a team of doctors, nur- for this service have been gratify- a printer and publisher, was de- seS and equipment by plane to the ing. A portion of the Collection scended from early American set- farm house where he lay dying is on display at the General tlers. Through relatives, he was to care for him and his family Library at all times, and a Iarger familiar with both life in the city through those last tragic weeks. variety will be shown during and life on a farm in rural mid- several months of 7982 in recogni- America. He was raised in a warm, tlon of the tenth anniversary. strict and intellectual atmosphere. He attended grade school, high rFHE Fund also sponsors annual school and junior college in the city I Edgar Snow Visiting Profes- of his birth. A memorable trip sorships from China at the Univer- in a Model-T Ford car to California sity of Missouri, Kansas City. Thus at age sixteen broadened his hori- far, two have been held in the zons, and he later filled out his fields of medicine and of the per- education at the University of forming arts by Dr. Xu Jiayu of Missouri School of Journalism, at Shanghai and by Madame Zhou Columbia University in New York Guangren of the Beijing Conser- City and at a variety of jobs de- vatory of Music respectively. A manded of a young man of a family Visiting Professor in the field of in modest circumstances. law and a leading actor and direc- He reached the highest points of tor of the Beijing People's Art his career traveling the eastern Theatre wiII be the next Edgar hemisphere as a foreign correspon- Snow Visiting Professor-s. Etlgar Snow in 1940. dent. Of these years he was to Suppiying informational ma- parties to spend thirteen'in China, and one terials for use of travel of the several books he wrote is China bearing Edgar Snow's name, fellowships, attracting the classic Red Star Ouer Ch.ina, qINCE his death many American arranging the story of the beginnings of \J friends joined together to per- outstanding lecturers and estab- China's restoration as a powerful petuate his memory. The Edgar lishing suitable housing for stu- China, and self-respecting nation. Travel- Snow Memorial Fund Inc. was dents and scholars from the ing over much of China, Edgar organized in 1974 in connection mostly in connection with Missouri, are among Snow witnessed at first hand and with the General Library of the University of projects. prime goal then wrote of the dilemma of this University of Missouri, Kansas other Fund A is an expanded physical facility at great country which was then City. Its intent is to commemorate almost totally crushed by foreign through its activities the coura- the University. The Fund has an Directors of nations, dishonest rulers and des- geous and talented journ'alist who excellent Board of twenty- perate living conditions. He risked wrote the true story of the world's fourteen individuals and his life to penetrate military lines most populous nation. Stubbornly, six Sponsors of national and inter- national distinction. The Fund is to interview future Chinese leaders over decades of his life, Edgar worthy memorial which strives who were then mobilizing in the Snow presented these facts in spite a mountains of the northwest to of their unpopularity over a period to carry on a man's work in an when he was maligned and sub- ever-changing world. This me- jected to persecution in his own morial in mid-America to as MARY CLARK DIMOND is President eountry. At the time of his death dynamic a man as was Edgar of the Board of Ilirectors of the Ealgar be Snow Memorial Fund at Kansas City, in 1972, the prophecies of Edgar Snow means above all not to Missouri, U.S.A. Snow were beginning to be recog- static. !

L4 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS amplons-

HE LU

TWELVE plucky Chinese girls, r averaging 24 years, charged into world volleyball championship last November, downing the,teams of Japan, the Soviet Union, the United States, Cuba, South Korea, Bulgaria and Brazil. What are they like and what made them cup-winners? They came from one army and six provincial teams. They average 1.78 m. (5' 8") in height. All of &i:, them liked ball games when they *1-ri were small, and all of them trained ilf l-,r tI. I Si.\K* in sports schools. As members oI ,aee& the national volleyball team, they }{t * *tl}t built up determination. and spirit, all-round skills, near-perfect team coordination and a general strategy of attack. In 1977 they won fourth place in the world volleyball games and in 1981 drove to the top.

'Iron Hammer' Lang Ping, the team's chief spiker, is 21 and 1.84 m. (6 feet) A proud moment as the Chinese red flag rises over the winners' box. tall. A Beijing girl; she had wanted

Lang Ping (Ieft), the team's best spiker, shoots a ball past In the match with Cuba, Sun Jinfang's timely maneuver straining Ameriean team members. saves the ball for the Chinese siale.

FEBRUAEY T982 15 to be a painter, a geologist and Volleyball Tournament she was even a pilot. But when she was given a "Best PlaYer" award. thirteen she went with her father to an international volleYball Soul of the Teart bY the match and was so fascinated At the prize-awarding ceremonY sure and graceful way the Players after the world matches in the the ball that she changed handled Osaka stadium, the audience was would be a her mind she by Sun Jinfang. caPtain volleyball player.- impressed women's tearn' She Sent to a sports school bY her of the Chinese outstanding player, tather, Lang Ping was not admitted got three titles, because she was thin and onlY the best setter, and best PlaYer' 27 weighed 35 kg. Stubborn insist- Sun Jinfang was born Years familY ance got her enrolled in another ago in a railroad worker's sports school. Here, hard work in beautiful Suzhog in south China' chosen for the and rapid Progress soon boosted At 16, she was into the Beijing women's Jiangsu province team. Her of- her of volleyball team. Not content, she fense and clefense, and quickness credited wanted to wear the emblem of the rnind and movement was skill national team which she did in to hard work. In 1976 her 19?8. In 1979,- at the 8th Asian made her a setter on the national Games in Bangkok, her sPiking team. made some teams call it a "new "A setter should have temPer In a lraining session, Coach Yuan lVei- weapon of the Chinese team". At Iike a lamb," a volleYball expert min hits balls over ahe net at an acute one who members can the Asian volleyball championship said, "because he is the angie so team Practice any reeovery of low shofs, the next Year, her Powerful slams initiates cooPeration at game." Yet during a Cao Iluiying in training. helped China win-and moved her moment in a successful up with SJo Hyman, an American match, aPPlause for a sPiker, girl 1.96 rn. tall and Mercedes point alwaYs goes to the for Pomares from Cuba, as the world's while the setter is often blamed sPiker best spikers. lack of cooPeration if the Now called "Iron Hammer", she faiIs. lamb, was asked, "Where do You get Your Sun Jinfang is such a hammer power?" Lang Ping skillfully serving her partners' No smiled. "Hard practice, of course," matter from which direction, the she answered. EverY daY she ruhs whether well Passed or not, her Iong-distances and does squatting ball becomes sure and safe in exercises with barbells on her back. hands. .A,n excellent offense organi- She lifts weights to increase her zer, she is good at finding the strength. At the 3rd World CuP weaknesses of rivals and thorough- Zhou Xiaolan (rishi) and teammates strength and ('ht'n Ytqiong (lelt) and Yang Xi litt Team captain Sun Jinfang is Parti- jump hurdles to improve weights. cularly good at setting uP shots- timing.

CHTNA AECONSTRUCTS ly familiar with the personality, temper and techniques of her teammates. Lang Ping is quicker than the others and can be given balls that are a bit far from her. Chen Zhaodi should not be passed to if she is too impatient. Liang Yan can take fast passes because she turns them into quick offense.

Srnall But lmportant Zhang Rongfang, 25, from Sichuan province is only 1.74 ,q' rneters (5'Ar1r"r.tal]. This has driven her to train more strictly to compensate for her shortness. To develop her passing skill, she did Zhang Rongfang (second lett) and leammates extra training the study the strategies of other tearus with coach. Once ohrough televised matches, photos b1J Xifilzua she was exhausted from practicing saving balls fed to her by the coach, strong ones, weak ones, got every reason to set up her own Yuan and Deng took the girls to some far from her and some close. family and retire from volleyball. the volleybalJ. court, even before When she had scarcely recoverd She won three titles at the 2nd they couJ.d recover frcm jet lag. from fatling with one ball, another World Cup Volleyball Tournament Some had felt sick getti.ng off the would be shot at her. She became and was elected a deputy to the plane. "Vornit if you want to, but so furious with the coach that she National People's Congress. In- training starts now!" saici the caught the bali and threw it away. jured in an international tourna- coaches. "Go get ball coach Not unlil the next day the !" the ment in 1978, she was hospitalized ordered. "And get out of here when they had won tlteir first until a fairly long time. After she re- you think training is necessary!,, match did the girls begin to regret: covered she told her fianc6, "This She stamped her feet and shouted, that they had cursed ttreir two has stolen a lot of precious time "I 'uson't get out!" She went on "devil" coaches. from practicing in spite of her aches and me. I want to extend my Yuan Weimin, 42, and Deng parns. sports life, even if only another Ruozeng, 45, were both captains of two or three years, Such efforts made Zhang pr I'Il miss the the Chinese men's volleybail team. Rongfang an excellent volleyball chance to help China rvin." Her Since they began ccaching the fianc6 player. Everyone on told her, "Have confidence women's team 1976 they have the Chinese yourself, in women's volleyball team has in Huiying. We can poured all their hearts and energy had wait." the sarne experienee" "Each of into the girls' training, confident Another girl on the team us," one of the girls said, ,,has been tried to they would capture the r,vorld cup tired out from training to the point test her boyfriend. One d"y, for China some day. They work putting on a sad look, she said to of bursting into tears. We, too, got hard in eaeh coaching sessioil and him, "I'm getting older and don't angry with our coach, but he was carefuily study new trends and have 'nnuch more play right. Otherwise, how could we time to techniques in the volleyball worid. have captured the volleyball. Let's get married now.': world cup?" In the Osaka stadiurn spectators Worried, the boy answered, "No, saw two very serious men without no... not now when China needs Love and Volleyball the slightest smile. Actuaily both you." The girl burst otit traughing of th,em are full of and have Sports life for an athlete is not and said, "You're wonderful!" In life wide Yuan Likes Iong. Aware of this, the girls have the eyes these girls, interests. litera- of their good concentrated all their efforts on boyf riends must support them ture and is a fairly catr- the volleyball they love so much. wholeheartedly in their cause. ligrapher. Deng Ruozeng is in- But they are not living in a terested in music and sings with a vacuum. They receive thousands beautiful voice. But for volleyball Two of letters, for example, many from 'Mereiless' Men they give up much. Their wives boys expressing their love for The girls have often called Yuan are volleyball players. Eack frorn them. Photos and gifts come to Weimin and Deng Ruozeng who Osaka, Yuan and Deng immedi.ate- them almost every day. How do coach the tearri 'ldevils", for they ly plunged into preparing the girls the girls regard love? are hard taskmasters. for the world volleybail. charnpiorr* Cao Huiying is a veteran at 22. In 1980, right after the team's ship in 1982 and the Olympic Her fiance is a worker. She has plane, landed in the United States, Games in 1984. u

FEBRUABY T982 1n the walls papercuts and colorful children's posters. From one of the classrooms come the c1ear, bright voices of ehildren singing to the accompaniment of a small organ. I listened in on lessons in Chinese phonetic spelling and character recognition; the textbook used is an experimental one for kindergartens developed in Shan- dong province. Simple arithmetic is also part of the curriculum. One class was in the middie of a hygiene lesson. "What kind of water should we drink?" asked the teacher. "Boiled!" came the quick ''WhY and eager voices. not Plain the 'We always rvash up before eating, don't we?' water?" Giggles now with answers: "Because it'll give You a STOMACH ACHE." "Why?" wondered the teacher. "Because it's got BACTERIA in it," was the 'flransforming triumphant responSe. a Maternity Sun Deyue, vice-head of the brigade in charge of welfare, tells me that 140 children from ages 4 and Child-Care System to 7 are enrolled in the kinder- garten's four classes. It is popular parents 90 percent of all XTMEN LUSHA with eligible children- attend it. AII the teachers are women of about 20 with junior or senior middle school UYE production brigade set up ternal and child care. Even today E) education and some specialized IJ 115 iirst kindergarten in 19?2, Yantai's standard progress is of training. Since the brigade con- for some years brigade mem- the exception rather the rule. but lhan sists a single village, the chil- bers adraittedly paid more atten- But there movement forward of is dren eat and sleep at home. At- their chicken and pig and, as at Yantai, this movement tion to tendance at the kindergarten is farms. These latter made money is connected with the countryside's for the brigade, while the former growing prosperity, changes in free. was seen as a "losing proposition." econornic stlucture, and the impact The Nursery Today Buye's kindergarten and of population-control policies. The brigade's nursery is situated nursery faci.lities just about red-tiled brick are At the Buye Brigade in another row of equal to any f ound in China's buildings with a southern ex- cities. and maternal and inf ant Rongcheng county is situated on posure. The rooms for the higher health care formerly one of the the coast at the apex of the Shan- and intermediate classes are equip- weaker points- of the health-care dong peninsula between the Bohai ped with small tables and chairs, s5zstem have greatly improved. and Huanghai seas. The economic a variety of toys and a cupboard The progress- in this brigade is base is about half farming and for each child's drinking cup. A typical of Rongcheng county, Yan- half fisheries and other marine row of small towels hangs on the tai pretecture. Shandong province. enterprises. Buye itself comprises wall. In one playroom a gaily Some 80 percent of the county's 910 househoids and just over 3,000 painted metal turnabout whirls production brigades now have people. briskly, its seats filled with laugh- well-equipped professionally staff- On my visit to the brigade I was ing children. proudly 'In ed kindergartens serving 34,000, escorted around the new the room for children under or B0 percent of all kindergarten- kinder'garten - a row of grey brick a year old a kang (sleeping plat- age children. Besides the 823 kin- buildings with red-tiled roofs and form of bricks in the style of the dergartens there are 55 permanent a floorspace of about 150 square north China countryside) is encir- nurseries for children under three. meters. A spacious playground in cled with a wooden railing, inside For many years rural areas have front of the building is equipped of which a nurse plays with her lagged behind the cities in ma- with slides, seesaws, tot-size bas- charges. Against the wall is a ketball equipment and sandboxes. neat stack of little quilts in gay XIMEN LUSHA is a staff reporter for In the neat, weli-lit classrooms are cotton prints. Suspended on China Eeconstructs. rows of sma]l desks and chairs. on strings are rag dolls, cloth tigers

1B CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS A walk by the seashore, and teachers ready to answer eager questicrns about boats and rhe sea. Kinderganens take pains to serve nutritious meals.

A heginning lesson in calisahenics for thc tots of the Fengtou brigade kindergarten.

,

}..

Teacher Sun Mingxia with a new pupil

Doctors from the county health center for mothers and children visit kinder- gartens liequently to make sure the young ones have regular check-ups"

A major duty of Dayudao brigade's barefoot doctor is making the rounds of homes with newborn babies.

Picking apples is a popular extracurricular activity. Phcrtos hr Zhttu YrLtlttu and roosters and wooden or women are the main work force plastic toys. in the latter two sidelines. Freeing The nursery has a bathhouse them from daytime child-care re- and a small kitchen where mid- sponsibilities has thus greatly in- rnorning and afternoon snacks are creased income for individual prepared. A weekly menu on the families and for the whole brigade. wall lists noodles in pork-liver Out of its larger income, the soup, scrambled egg pancakes, brigade spent'10,000 yuan on the meat dumplings and meat-filled kindergarten and nursery pre- buns, and the cook tells me the mises, equipment and toys. In- menu is changed once a week. The genious ways were found to make younger children twice a day drink the money stretch farther. The a milk substitute prepared by the blacksmith and machine main- kitchen staff. tenance tedms, for instance, made To cover the cost of the food, the nursery turnabout from scrap Examination and treatment of the n€w- parents give.the nursery one and metal bought from a junkyard, born is an important part of the train- a half to three kg. of grain and A third major reason behind ing course for iRongcheng county's new between 30 and 60 cents a month, the changes in attitude and im- contingent of barefoot doctors specializ- ing in maternal and child care. depending on the age of the child. proved child care is the local suc- Firewood, vegetables and a small cess in the national family plan- monthly money subsidy are pro- ning campaign. AII couples have vided by the brigade. There is no now responded to the govern- other charge to parents. ment's call to have only one child; no second child has been born in A Changed Situation the brigade since 1980. This makes Buye brigade rank among the When the brigade's kindergarten best in family planning in the was first set up 1972, a in only rural areas. few old rooms with a total floor- Naturally, the only chiid is quite space some of 30 square meters precious to the parents, who want were set aside for Children had it. hi.m or her to receive the best care to bring their own stools, and so as to grow up sound in mind tables were irnprovised from and body. The nursery and kin- planks and bricks. of For lack dergarten have not disappointed trained teachers and nurses, a few young patient the them. Parents now r€mark on how' Entertaining a in elderly women were asked look county hospital's pediatric wa,rrl. to polite and tidy their children have after the children. The prevailing Zhang Jingming and Zltou Youma become, how well they can sing feeling ivas still that nurseries and and dance, and how many kindergartens were "losing pro- developments and pass on good positions" characters they have learned to on which not much ef- recognlze. ideas. She knows the strong fort should be expended. points and shortcomings cf every New circumstances have chang- - Aid from Government teacher in every kindergarten, and ed the attitudes of the brigade is always ready to help out with leaders and the villagers as well, To help brigades, Rongcheng difficulties. Formerly, no brigade For one thing, prefecture and county's bureau of education has hurseries had kitchens. Wherr county leaders have made real ef- organized seven suecessive teacher one started a kitchen, Wang went forts to promete mother and child training classes, and to date over to work on the people of other care and to assist brigades in car- half the county's teachens have brigades rvho thought it too much rying out improvements. A second taken the course. Provincial and trouble. Eventually many nurse- major reason is the rapid advance prefectural health departments ries set up their own kitchens. in farming and sideline activities; have helped oirt by reprinting the attitude now is that women teaching material from Beijing Maternal and. Infant Care neecl to play A bigger role pro- and Tianjin on preschool education, in Since 1975, Yantai prefecture's duction rather than staying home child health care and training for maternal and care centers to care for children. child-care workers. child and heaith departments have The brigade's annual per hectare Crucial, too, is the devoted band made significant advances. One yield of grain, about seven and a workers Wang of in the field. major step was reorganization for half tons before 1975, surpassed 13 Yunxiu, head Rongcheng of the ranks of rural midu,ives. Nlost tons by 1980. Income from embroi- countSr's Maternal and Child Care had been country women recruit- dered goods (mainly for export) Center, is in her forties and rather ed for the work in the early 1950s. has jumped from 10,000 45,000 con- to frail. She is nevertheless Allhough given some scientific yuan per year, and income from stantly busy going from brigade kelp raising has doubled. And to brigade to keep track of (Continued ort p. 43)

FEBRUARY 1982 oo Fopulation Plannimg En Chirea

LIU ZHENG

C HINA is the world's most and despite the swift population r-,,1 populous country. Almost one- The present crrticle is condensed growth during that same period, fourth of all human beings are ond odopted from o poper pre- China has been able through her Chinese*. sented ot the Asion Conference solve basic prob- Sheer size would be of Porliomentorlons on Populotion own efforts to the enough to make China of interest ond Development held in Beijing, lems of feeding and clothing her to experts and ordinary people October 1981. people. But the rapid increase of everywhere who worry about population from 540 million in world population problems, But the early years- after liberation to 4. The national economy has the particulars present billion has of our country's undergone tremerrdous develop- the one situation have even deeper in- brought its own problems. - ment since 1949" However, because ternational implications because Employment, China's labor force of setbacks and mistakes, most they mirror on a large scale many numbers more than 400 serious those of the "cultural rev- now of the problems facing ali de- million, of r,r,hom about 300 million veloping countries: are engaged in agriculture. And 1. Over 80 percent of the the relatively high birth rates have Chinese people produced a large number of people live in the rural iii.'.: d A .: *....',':J . iJ areas, where population growth .. ., of working age in need of employ- rates are higher than in the in- ment. In recent years the economy dustriaiized cities, and are econom- has had great difficulty in ically dependent on agriculture. absorbing this influx of new labor. a, Ise Thus the country's overall socio- Recent policy changes have the economic development will depend . "ds eased but not eliminated very much on solving the basic present problem. New emphasis problems of the countryside. on labor-intensive production, col- 2. Economic growth after 1949 lectiveiy owned enterprises and Ied to dramatically improved living srnall-scale individual employment standards, a rapid expahsion of in the period from 1977 to 1980 has medical and health facilities, and resulted in the finding of jobs for a consequent drop in the mortality Professor Liu Zheng addresses the 26.66 million. But in the future rate from more thap 20 per thou- October 1981 Asian Conference of some three million urban Youth Parliamentarians on Fopulation and sand in old China to about 6-8 per Development. Zhang Sttuicheng and 20 rnillion in the rural areas thousand in the 1970s. The overall will reach working age. Large decline in mortality'was investments wilt be required in in- not accom- olution" period, the advancer 'weru- panied by a corresponding decrease not nearly as great as they might dustry, transport, communications new in birth rates, so that the rate of have been. and other areas to absorb this natural increase rose to around 2 The population problem is in- labor force. This will lead to a pgJcent per need to create year. timately connected with economic conflict between the jobs amount of 3, The age structure of the development. The rnajor task and the lirnited the population is young. As of 1975 facing China today is modernizing investrnent funds available to major 36.8 percent of the total was age 14 the economy while restricting the state. Thus ernployment is a problern. and under, while those 65 and over population growth rate, for only in aspect of the population were percent. To accelerate the less than 5 Feeding, this way can per capita GNP and Accumulation. clothing, educaiing and providing general living standards be raised process of modernization, it is jobs accumu- for the young is therefore a iri a relatively short period of time. imperative to increase the major problem, as is restricting lation of funds for investment the rate of population growth in Problems of Eapid Growth purposes, and such accumulation the future for, as these figures China had a population problem must come primarilY from show, a very- large proportion of even before 1949; its backward domestic sources. Increases in the popuiation is in the child- economy could not begin to sup- national income are at Present bearing range. port its people adequately, and the limited, and the growing PoPula- majority of the population was tion will absorb most of any new LIU ZHENG is Director of the Fopula- reduced to the level of dire poverty lion Research Institute, *As 1980, one billion Chinese Peo- and starvation. . of the end of ple's University and Vice-President of Since that time the ireople (including Taiwan province), or China's Demographic Society, economy has been transformed, 22 percent of the world's population.

24 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS population of a medium-sized country to China's already large numbers. For many years, China had paid sole attention to economic produc- tion and almost no heed to rising population figures. State planners did their best to increase overall GNP, but the fact that per capita output and incorne lagged behind was not sufficientiy recognized. By the early 1970s leaders at all levels had realized that the spiral- ing population was seriously exacerbating the problerns of economie construction, and popula- tion control was brought into the orbit of state planning. Govern- ment organs at all levels estabiish- Baek in the 1950s, Chinese economist Ma Yinchu,s advocacy of population control ed special offices or departments in China tliil not get the attention it deserved. The Conference of Parliamentarians to lead family planning efforts. conferred an honorary award on centenarian professor Ma, who could not attend Study classes were held every- because of infirmity. Zhang Shuicheng where to raise the consciousness of leaders and family plannlng workers on the importance of this increases. leaving little for accumu- school age are in school today; only Long-term goals, guidelines lation. Based on 1978 estimates, 88 percent of primary school work. the state spends an average of graduates go on to junior middle and policies were established. Today population planning is an 2,200 yuan to bring up a child from school and only half to senior'mid- integral part of state policy. The before birth to the age 16. dle school. And less than 5 percent of new Constitution promulgated in Raising the 600 rnillion children of senlor middle school graduates March 1978 made family planning born since 1949 to age 16 has can acquire a higher education. for the first time part of China's therefore required a ex- Thus. more than half of all young total fundamental law. and the 1980 penditure of 1,300 billion yuan- people cannot receive a full secondary education a fact ob- Marriage Law passed by the Na- roughly 30 percent of the total - gross national income viousl.y detrimental to the improve- over that general same period. ment of scientific and cultural levels and incompatible At a Shanghai textile miltr which has Living Standards. Rapid popula- done outstancling work in promoting with a fully modernized society. pledge tion growth has also held down family plauning, women who to It is evident that China's efferts have no more than one ehild receivo living standards and per capita to develop the economy must be special certificates. Wan.91 Zijin consumption. From 1953 to 1978 accompanied by equally vigorous 3ffi a large share of the annual efforts to control population increase in consumption funds - numbers, increase the quality of some 58 percent - went to satisfy the population, and adjust its the needs of new segments of the growth growth populatign to the of the rather than improving national economy. the standard of living of the ori- ginal population. Eunds available for consumption increased by 280 Strengthening Family Planning percent no mean achievement. - China's outstanding achieve- But at the same time population ments in population control during rose by 66 percent, so that per the 1970s are illustrated by the capita consumption increased by rapid decline of the natural growth only 130 percent. rate-from a high 25.93 per Education. Population increases thousand in 1970 to 11.66 per are also a major factor behind Chi- thousand in 1979. na's relative slowness in establish- Between 1966 and 1971, ing universal primary and mid- population had increased at an dle school education and the low average yearly rate of almost 2.6 college enrollment. Only about 95 percent; or 20 million a year percent of all cAildren of primary equivalent to adding the total-

FEBRUARY T982 OR tional People's Congress stipulates and the liberation of women. Large ployment. One-child urban fami- that both husband and wife have families under present conditions Iies are allocated the same housing the duty to practice f amily inevitably burden women with space as two-child families, and in planning and encourages both late heavy child-care and housework rural areas one-child families are marriage and the postponement of responsibilities. A countywide allotted housing land and private child-bearing. Every commune and survey in Sichuan province showed plots equal to that of two-child neighborhood has full or part-time that the number of days rural f amiiies. family planning personnel respon- women could participate in paid Attempts are also being made to sible for promoting family plan- Iabor was inversely proportional to relieve people's concern about ning and conducting population the number of children they had. their o1d age by strengthening so- surveys which provide the basis for A woman with one child could cial security benefits for the elder- local and national policies. work about 300 days a Year; those ly. Urban one-child or childless with two children, about 250 daYs; couples now have a subsidy to Education and Publicity and those with three, onlY about their retirement benefits. Better- 10 days. off rural collectives have instituted China tirmly opposes coercion planning. retirement pension schemes; many and cornmand in farnily Economic Incentives Years of experience have taught in the medium income range that the most effective rneans of Current policy is to encourage have set up comfortable homes for obtaining results are education and married couples to have onIY one the childless eiderly; and even the propaganda. child. In China, the family is still least well-off try to ensure that A key factor is educating people the primary unit of consumPtion childless or one-child couples enjoy to the enormous significance of and procreation, and the number a relatively better than average population control to the state, the of births is closely tied to familY standard of living. Where neces- collective and the individuai and to economic interests. In deciding sary, the state gives appropriate the great difficulties uncontrolled how many children to have, assistance to rural collectives. population growth has brought in parents take into account the costs the past. of bringing up a child until it Contraceptives Comparisons are used to show reaches working age. But theY also how family planning relates to consider that when the child grows Effective control of birth rates collective eeonomic development up it will contribute to familY depends to a great extent on pro- and beiter iiving standards for income and, in particular, Provide viding women of child-bearing age each family. For instance, a survey the parents insurance for their old with technical advice and guidance 6f a commune in Shifang county. age. on contraception and ensuring Sichuan province, showed that This consideration is particularly adequate supplies of reliable con- families of three or less (usually important in rural areas, where the traceptives. China advocates use of one child and two working cost of raising a child is still quite a comprehensive range of con- members) have per capita in- low and where, because social traceptives. with the specific means comes of 400 yuan and per capita security benefits are inadequate, depending on physical conditions grain allotments of 400 kg., while elderly people are mainly de- and individual choice. Contracep- the corresponding figures for pendent on their children. Econo- tive devices are provided free of families oI five or more (usually mic incentives are designed to charge by the state, as are induced two working members, two or make having only one child more voluntary abortions and steriliza- more children and one elderly attractive and advantageous. tions. Women undergoing abor- person) were 200 yuan and about There are two kinds of monetarY tions or sterilization are given time 350 kg. of grain. Of the commune incentives: (a) In urban areas, one- off after the operation, with futrl families in debt, 86.6 percent had child famities are given annual pay or regular workpoints insured. three or more children. Such com- welfare benefits ranging from 30- Chinese health departments at parisons are easily grasped by rural 60 yuan, depending on locality. In all trevels have trained a large con- peopl.e. rural areas, varying amounts of tingent of professional personnel Family planning involves the work points are awarded. In both who have contributed much to transformation of old social tradi- places, allowances continue for the keeping down the birth rate tions. Sentiments such as "have first 10 to 14 years of the child's through research, education and sons early," "the more sons, the life. (b) A mother who pledges to technical guidance on contracep- more blessings," and "sons are have only one child is given ma- tive use. better than daughters" have been ternity leave up to six months Finally, family planning workers rooted in peopie's thinking for at full pay if she is a wage-earner at the grassroots levels help edu- thousands of years, and overcdming and drawing the normal quota of cate women as to the biological these ideas is a vital part work points if she is a commune mechanisms of reproduction, the of educational and propaganda member. range of contracePtive choice, and efforts. In many areas priority is also the most appropriate means for Publicity also emphasizes the given to only children for nursery their particular circumstances or relation between family planning placement, medical care and em- condition. !

26 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Asian Populstion and Deyelopment

must be able to unite and act in concert. The UN-sponsored Conference of Porliomentorions on Populotion, Development ond Resources in Asio wos held October 27-30, 1981r, in Bei- jing.The more thon 100 delegotes from 18 countries exchonged ex- WERNER FORNOS, director of the U.S. Population .{ction Council: 'Ihe results of China's efforts over the last three years have far surpassed thc expeliences in any other country to date. Among other Asian c(,unlries. Sin.Iapr,yc als,, _ Ed.

RAJIT ATAPATTU, Convenor among the most hardworking in of the conference and head of the the world, from u'hat I have seen Sri Lankan delegation: on my visits to China. The people have faith in their country's leader- In the first decade after World ship. As in China, we in Sri Lanka War II the chief concern of demo- should devote more eff orts to graphers and planners was the de- educating and guiding the peas- vastatingly high mortality rates in ants, and helping them to see that the poorer countries of the world" The international community con- centrated on the development of health infrastructures which re- sulted in a dramatic reducation in mortality figures. Life expectancy rose appreciably. Then, in the 1960s, we began to hear another message "Cut your lVelrrel Fornos. population growth or- the world's resources will not be sufficient to feed you." The people of Asia have has an admirable record. China's responded to the challenge as re- and Singapore's population Pro- sponsible citizens of the world. q grams have as their cornerstones With improved startdards of health the things that we thini< ought to and education, our rural poor in- be stressed for growth rates to creasingly realize that they can come down. In Indonesia, Thailand, have fewer children and be con- Hongkong and Sri Lanka there fident of their survival, so they have also been declines in birth have begun to plan their families. Dr. Eanjit Alapat[u, rates, though not so dramatic as Asian governments have also come in China or Singapore. to consider population control a In Singapore, positive incentives part of development strategy. f amily planning is beneficial to include giving offspring of two- I am most impressed with the themselves and to the country. child families guaranteed state col- dedication of Chinese leaders in This is the first time that Asian lege educations at the college ot tackling their immense population parliamentarians have gotten to- their choice. Families with onlY problem by taking the very bold, gether to explore a specific prob- two children are entitled to free and I think very practical, step of Iem. But it shows that action medical care, have preference in calling for one-child families. which represents some two-thirds newly constructed public housing, As for the development program of the world's people is responsible and a number of other minor in China, people are cooperating action. If we can together discuss benelits. whole.heartedly with the govern- these related problems, we can dis- Disincentives inelude: offspring ment. The Chinese people are cuss other problems. We Asians of fanr.ilies with more than three

FEBRUABY 1982 27 children can only go to elementary I have a suggestion on the one- 17 per thousand. In China too pop- school; they have no preference in child family.'I think family plan- ulaiion gro.,rzth quickly declined to public housing; and if they are in ning is a mutual responsibiliLity of only 17 per thousand in 1979. public housing when they have rnen and womerl, anrtr I think that Such rapid drops are unique their third child, they must move the man should also sign the one- around 1he world. out. Government .workers or mili- child pledge. I also think we should Japan has not found it necessary tary officers who have more than get young peopie to think about to have so r:ornprehensive a family two children rrzill not get promoted. responsible parenthood rvhen they planning policy or organizational Persons with more than two chil- are in school; perhaps the one- network as China's. Japanese fami- dren cannot get government jobs. child pledge ought to be signed by lies want to have fewer children, In Indonesian villages on the is- high school students. and the government encourages land rif Bali, they give every the use of contraceptives (though newly-r.,"'ed couple a pig. As long as it does not encollrage abortions). tirey have no children, they may China's famiLy planning policies ke,ep it. State experts artificialiy are among the most advanced in inseminate th,e pig, so within a the world. Contraceptives of all year the family has almost all its kinds are available, as are abor- meat supply free. After they have tion and sterilization operations, one child. and only one child for and the network of barefoot doc- two years, they get a second pig. tors and other pqrsonnel are well- equipped to assist and peo- But once they have a second educate child, ple. great they lose both pigs. There's a deal of inter- Each village has a family plan- national interest in China's popula- tion planning system. ning chief designated, responsible problems for getting the message to every Major in Japan in- cLude urban migration and the famiiy that if Indonesia is to be a aging the population. are strong, prosperous and respected of We concerned about how to redistri- nation in the world, it is the bute population responsibility of each citizen to and industry more heip limit the size of the family. evenly between the urban and rural same 1 trad an opportunity, thanks to areas. Chi.na faces the problem. interesting is my colleaguer lMadam Wang of the An note that our Chinese Farnily Planning Associa- third overall development plan, recently gov- tion to see whatever I lr'anted to approved by the TOSHIO KUBODA, founder of the see at Evergr,een Commune. I saw ernment, includes as a central Population Research Institute at point a concept partiaily borrorved evidence everywhere of motivation Nlhon University, Japan: for small families, political leader- from China "dingju," or the de- Japan is poor in both land and velopment- of industries and ship that wanted to make the goals natural resources. The only thing work, and ttLe availability all retention of population in the of it has in enormous quantities is means ior family planning, includ- countryside. population. But Japan, in its eco- I harre proposed that demo- ing sterilization and abortion. As nomic development, has turned Nladame (member of graphers of our two counJries con- He Liliang disadvantages into advantages, and the Chinese delegation and deputy duct comparative studies of pop- has overcome many obstacles. conference) has ulation changed and economic de- convenor of the Japan has succeeded in building told me, China seeks to promote a strong economic foundation be- the one-child family through mo- cause education has been regarded tivation, peer pressure, and assist- as a basic necessity of life. Dissemi- ing people to see that this is in nation of elementary education is their best interests. a means for successfully controlling One challenge China faces is the the population and implementing very large portion of the popula- famiiy planning. In Japar-i, educa- tion that is under trventy years of tion has had a significant effect on age. which makes it very difficult changing the way of life and pro- to achieve the one-chiid goal. But moting low rates of birth and China's policy is a forward-iooking death. one. For this is not just China's Erom 1947 to 1949 our "baby problem, but the whole world's. boom" years Japan's- birth rate We, you and I, don't own this was about 34 -per thousand popula- world, we only rent it for a little tion. Then the birth raie started while. before we pass it on to to decline very quickly, and in just future generations. 10 years it had halved from 34 to

2B velopment in Hokkaido, Japan and not be placed purely on the en- in China's northeast, as these two thusiasm of the early post-libera- regions have many similarities in tion years. If the present genera- geography and resources. Such tion is not able to see tremendous research would benefit us boih" i changes in their material life, at am v€ry hrppy that China and least they can be assured that the Japan are able to cooperate and next generation wi1l. That is to say, conduct exchanges. the interests of the state and the China's agriculturai population individual should be integrated. makes up ?0 to 80 percent of the Some people hold doubts about total, and in rural areas there China's modernization program. exists problem obtaining a the of But I don't see it that way. I think Population complete education. your leadership strata has new and education are not the same successors whose principle it is to problem. but they are closely raise the living standards of the interrelated. and shouid be co- people- great poten- ordinated. China also has tial in terrns of rnaterial and pop- DR. OW CHIN HOCK, chairman ulation resources. If China has a of the delegation from Singapore: stable political line, assimilates Most people in Singapore are advanced technology and rationally premise beginning to accept the Dr. Ow Chin Hock. uses the resources just mentioned, more children born, the that the she can become a very strong less there be for al1 of us to will country in twenty years' time. share. Singapore is a city-state, with its population concentrated on the same time the concepts I have RATTANSINGH RAJDA, Indian some 620 square kiiometers of land. just mentioned haVe taken root in parliamentarian: The rate of population growth has people's minds and young couples Your government has made con- fallen from 46 per thousand in 1957 go voluntarily to family planning vincing efforts to control popula- agencles. to tr 2 per thousand at present. Our tion growth. a problem about next obiective is to attain zero China's population planning which all of us are concerned. Chi- population growth by the year seems to be quite successful. But na has put forth the goal of one-' 2030. the base figure of the population child families, and it remains to be In the past ten years and more, is still quite large, and 80 percent seen whether this can be carried Singapore has told its people that of the people are in the country- out in the long run. if they want their children to live side. Since China's agriculturai In India, our system is one of economy is based on labor power, well, they must reouce the nurn- persuading peop).e not to have population planning rural areas ber in each family. The aim is to in more children. We believe in per- raise people's standard living. must begin with the mechanization of suasion. We believe in convincing This rneans more than ma- of agrie,rlture. iust people that it is in their own in- terial possessions; it also includes The Chinese are now pursuing terest to have fewer chiidren. We education, health housing an excellent agricultural policy; care. and had a slogan or three chil- social welfare" the responsibiiity system, which "Two dren are enough." Now we say not It is true we have a strict systern is bringing more economic bene- of rewards and sanctions, but at fits to the peasants. Reliance can- (Continued on p. 72)

The UN-sponsored Asian Conference of Farliamentarians on Population and Developmenl, rneeJs in Beijing. Photos by Zhang Shuicheng

,,i9, r.tr: ",i#,ti{$ hima's Growing Gomputer lndust!'y

PENG JIANCHUN

{} EELING ill, a worker drops in puter came up with the same diag- the 60-odd scholars and engineers 1' at the H<,rspital of Chinese nosis as the physicians themselves brought to Beijing from all parts Traditional Medicine in Beijing. 95 percent of the time, and now of the country {o participate in a The doctor who sees him. drawing other doctors' specialized knowl- projeet to develop computers, some on teehniques developed over edge is being programmed into the specialized in physics, others in thousands of years, takes his pulse. machine. mathematics, but the majority had asks him a number of questions, Still more remarkable is the re- never even seen a computer. and. proceeds through the tradi- cent appearance of a computer- One of the few who had worked ticlnal repertoire of examination. controlled laser editing photocom- with them abroad was Wu Jikang, Then he turn.s to a computer ter- position system which provides an now vice-head of the Computer In- minal and taps out the results on a extremely fast and efficient way stitute of the Chinese Academy of keyboard. Presently Chinese characters. a teleprinter of typesetting Sciences. Only 38 at the time, he begins click and out comes a Developed Associate Professor to by was made one of the technical Wang Xuan and several colleagues leaders of the group. Wu had been Beijing University, the system at outstanding student Tongji uses advanced technologies that an at University in Shanghai, and after make possible a high degree of in- graduating had won a scholarship formation compression and high- to study radio technology at the speed retrieval to compose !h" almost infinite variations of Danish Technical University.. He 1953 with am- the Chinese written characters. returned in fired the Different typefaces and sizes bition to serve his country through can be set at a speed of science. 100 characters per second; In a hostel in Beijing's western Iines and pages can be composed suburbs, members of the group automatically. In theory and func- began to study pulse technology, tion the systerri is at the top of its logic circuits and programming. class world-wide, and its use will They read up on computer tech- greatly advance book, newspaper nologies in other countries and Shanghai railway clerk operat€s a com- and magazine publication. after a period of assimilating what puter-controlled ticket-selling machine. they had learned, set about mak- ing a computer. The work went Starting from Zero forward at an intense pace. Wu sheet iisting the patient's symp Jikang and others of the group toms. a diagnosis of his condition, The birth of China's computer went in rotation to live and work and a prescription. industry is linked with the name of at the Beijing Wire Telegraphy Computers are finding their rvay China's late Prernier Zhou Enlai, Factory, which had undertaken to who 1956 meeting into all aspects of Chinese life. The at a first called manufaeture the computer. for research in and manufacture of medical computer mentioned above China's first electronic computer has been programmed with the electronic computers. The follow- ing year, presiding over the draft was completed in the autumn of diagnoses and treatments of two 1958. Its chief elements were ele- prgctitioners l2-year program for science and of traditional medi- tronic tubes and the main memory cine, one a specialist technology, he placed electronic in liver dis- bank consisted of magnetic drums, orders and the other internal computers among the four major in which made for slow calculation. medicine. Computer-aided diag- development priorities. Soon another computer was on nosis has been tried on an ex- At that time, computers were an perimental basis with 2,000 pa- entirely new field in China. Not Iine, capable of 10,000 calculations per tients. A cheek showed the com- one university in the country of- second by means of 4,200 elec- fered courses on the subject; com- tronic tubes and 4,000 transistors. space PENG JIANCHUN is a staff reporter puter scientists and technicians The main body occupied a for China Eeconstructs. were few and far between. Among of 200 sg. h, the power source and

30 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Beijing's Hospital of Traditionr I Chincse I\iedicine has hugtrn (o use compurers in diagnostic work. Shanghai-made minicomputer combines the functions of a computer, amplifier, tape recorder and TV set.

tocom- ded the acters. photo; bt Liu C.hen .{

Large general-purpose conrputer designeei and made in Ohina. Frofessor Wu Jikang guides younger colleagues in reseerch on minicomputer s)'stems.

other accessories another 200 many general appiications. The es- and accesgories for computers. TI're sq. m. or more. It was this compu- tablishment of the State Bureau of 200 or roore exhibits lvere the ter - cumbersome and unwieidy Computer Industry and the Com- products of some 90 research and by today's standards - that opened puter Com.mission provided re- production units throughoui the the door for China's coruputer in- search aiid indusirial deparimen*'s country. dustry. It was first used on April and institutes of higher learning Today Ctrina has more tiran 100 14, 1959, to calculate designing the three main forces in computer- cornputer research and manufac- tabLes for underground waterways research and manufacture rvith turirrg units employing more than was people. tie* in northeast China and soon i.t poinfs of asscrnbl;r. - 70.000 ProCuction i,s of tween 500 anci 800 large computers being applied in a number Subsequently, the DJS 100 serles areas related to economic construe- some coneputer began to appear. it was annually, together with tion and naiionai defense. 7,300 accessory uriits. The Chinese joint,ly designed and manufactured computer inCustry has con.e a long by University, the Chi- Qinghua rvay fronr that first group of corn- nese Academy of Sciences, the Setbacks and Advances puter designer.; who had hardly Technology Re- Tianjin Wireless seen a computer. search Institute, the Beijing No. 3 The generation compu- first of Computer Factory and a dozen ters used mainiy eiectronic tubes. other units throughout the coun- These were foLlowed in the mid- Popularization try. The same group produced the 1960s by a second generation of DJS 180 smail computer series, the transisiorized computers. and by a As Director Li Rui of the State DJS large computer series, the third generation, in the early 200 Bureau of Computer Industry 060 minicomputer 1970s, using chiefly integrated cir- DJS 050 and points out, present emphasis is on series, and DJM 300 anaiog euits. This rate of advanee rvas the applying and popularizing basic fairiy rapid. But it was attained computer series. Some twenty or research as quickly as possible, partly by a one-sided emphasis on rnore types of peripheral equip- thereby promoting developmental research, hardware and main com- ment have also been produced, in- resear,ch, applications, technicatr ponents while neglecting manufac- cluding paper iape readers, line sert ice and pr:oduct marketing. ture, software and nece$sary ac- printers, magnetic tape maehines, Software centers for each series of plott€rs cessories. So these succeeding gen- magnetic dish machines, compnters have been set up in Rei- erations of computers were hardly and CRT (computer readout ter- jing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Anhui and more useful than flowers in a minal) displays. Liaoning to ensure that the compu- vase: few went into mass produc- In the autumn of 1981, a natlon- ters sold provide optimum service tion and fewer still found wlde- aI computer sales exhibition was to users. spread application. held in Beijing. Some 1,800 sq. There have also been rnarked im- The turning point came when an meters of floorspace were covered p.rovements in computer reliability August 1974 national conference of wi.th computers of various sizes and substantial reductions in sel1- computer experts summed up past and functions. CTR screens flashed ing prices. The China Computer experience and deternrined that sharply d.etined letters or multi- Technology Service Company now much more emphasis had to be colored graphs and designs. The has branch units in a dozen prov- placed on developing standard lines hall also contained a varied as- inces and cities. More than 90 com- of eomputers which would have sortment of "distant relatives'n puter factorie.s have instituted

FEEBUAEY 1983 33 technical service departments to facilitate,popularization and ap- The $trange Lile Gyele plication. Computers are no ionger iimited o[ the Gaterpillar Fungus to laboratories and scientific insti- CHEN MENGLING tutions; they are increasingly to be found in industrial, agricultural, A N ancient Chinese book of commercial. educational anC miii. fI plant lore calis the caterpiliar tary establibhments. Some exam- fungus "winter v/orm, surnmer ples: grass" and says that it "Iives in The Shanxi Textiles MiIl ttses a the soil in winter, has hair, and jac- computer-control system for wriggles. During the summer the body of the quard weaving of arti{icial fibers, hairs appear on the surface of the caterpillar making pos.sible autornalic alterna- soil and the worm turns into tion of flower and anirnal

34 CEIINA BECONSTRUCTS factory 20 years ago. Its forty workers only had two cauldrons for boiling glue and bamboo poles Two Rural Factonies for drying the emery cloth in the sun, Cutting the cloth, applying glue, PENG XIANCTIU the spraying the emery grwder and drying were all done by hand.. In 1963 machines, made TIRADITIONAL Beijing enamel- after workers had. gone to learn r ware uses copper plate f or from factories in Tianjin, Shanghai glazes the body, enamel made o{ and other cities, were used. These porvdered pigment and is fired did starching, spraying, cutting many times at high temperature until it is perfect. The objects are and drying. mainly ornamental. The "cultural revolution" stop- Unfortunately, ihe "cultural rev- ped aIL this. Bui in 1978 they re- olution" early banned art enamel- conditioned their machines and !\,are landlords." as "luxuries of linked them together to form an Shops were closed and craftsmen assembiy iine. Zhang Jingbao, 31, criticized. This lasted until 1976 when the ten-year fiasco was vice-head o{ the factory, had stu- halted. Painting enamelw'are. died in the Qinghua University for Complaints of foreign business- two years arrd majored in machine men unable to find art enamehvare that he had kept for many yeatx. building. He led a hine-member spurred the old Beijing Hand- Moving in to live and work at the technical innovation group for the icrafts Import and Export Com- factory, in, half job" pany to restore the production of he taught enough First they went to large such ware as quickly as possible- a year so that he and the workers factories to study advanced In early 1978 the company located were able io start trial-production. technology, then they began Guo Zhenhua, a veteran artisan trlzithout enough toc'rls at first, drafting plans for their assembly rvho had been sent permanently to they rnanaged to put together a line. It was winter. In spite of the countryside in 1966. He was coal-burning kiln. It couldn't reach thc. cold, they often worked until to delighted to return to Beijing the required temperature and coal resume a craft he had learned midnight. With no crane. ihey ware. May since childhood. The company then dust spoiled the In lifted equipment and machines by consulted the Yongfeng commune 1979, with a small electric kiln, hand. outside the city, asking rvhether it they began production of a few Six months later the S0.meter could build an art enamel factory articles. assembly line was operating, with on the basis of its experience in Sometimes Guo and the workers workers only supervising the running a cloisonn| factory. As a stayed on the job arcrund the clock, machines initia- technique and tribute to their matter of fact. the for example in the delicate process - raw material for the two are tive and creativeness. The Dong- similar. of gilding the rims of articles. The sheng commune's emery clobh now Soon the Huaying Enamelware first gilding took place at erosses oceans to be sold in various Factory was set up in the com- rnidnight. When the elegant articie parts of the world. tf mune's Tundian brigade. It began was finished, everyone cheered. utth 15 workers and staff When they took it to the company members, six transferred from the the next day, it v/as pronounced up Assembly line at the emery cloth cloi,sonn€ factory and 8 newly to standard. Traditional enamel- factory. Photos bA Peng Xianchu recruited from the brigade" Guo ware was being made again after Zhenhua becarne its director. As 13 years. one of the main processes is Today, with a large electric kiln painting and designing, Guo first they made themselves, the workers taught his workers to master this are producing many articles of art. He supplied his own albums increasing quality standards. of landscapes and figurres, and an atlas of beautifully illustrated EMERY CLOTH ASSEMBLY fairies and enamelware designs LINE

PENG XIANCIIU is a staff reporter lor The Dongsheng cgmmune near Chiua Beconstructs, Beijing set up an emery cloth

FEBRUARY T982 I LoYe You, China

From the film 'Story of a trSeturned Overseas Chinese Girl' (Feraale Soio)

Words by Qu Cong Larghetto, con yubato, Lauda MLrsic b1' Zhcng QiLrltng

\ skv - lark Il ies -,- the hlue -

1" I love you Chi- na, 2. I love you Chi - na,

you chi- love yout shoots stur- dy in spflng, love

y0u Ghi- love your ing hlue seas in the south, love

youl gold- en huits in au- tumn. your prne-tfees so y0llI danc- ing snow flakes in the no rth. your bound-less for-

36 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS green, I ove your red plum hlos- soms I ove your sug- ar-came s0

ests, love your loft- v moun- [arns I ove your gur- gl- ing small

sweet, like hon- eY milk re- fresh- hea rt. streams, their love- lY rip- ples Iloa- ting dreanns

\--l +' - love you, Chi- na, I love you, chi- na Beau- ti fui you, love you, Chi- na, I love chi - na Beau- ti lul

moth - er, oh, my moth- er - songs slng You. My glve you, My moth - er, oh, my moth-er - Youth

grve you, moth- er, oh my nroth- er- Youth I will My

Translated ond adapt,ed by Hu Sltiguart.tl

FEBRUARY T982 One of the Zhai family's sons feli in iove with the Li family's mEwHmg ffieighborhood Disputes daughter. The giri's father disap- proved because he thought the man too old for her. The two took ZENG STIUZHI out a marriage license anyway. When L{r. Li f ound out, he threatened the man and vowed AN oici Chinese proverb says, the ground or spilled a little wa- never to consent. ,1 1. ' Eveir an upright official ter near her doorstep, she was The Zirai famill' was outraged. finrls it hard to settle a fantily sure to swear at them. Once some How dare the Li family interfere ! quarrel." Today, people's organi- repair workers pi.led materials They decided to fight it out. The zstioirs mediate such disputes. outside her door. She cursed Li family al.so gathered for battie. j,oca-[ rnediation committees, them out ro)raljy, mal

CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS ly won over by the patient n'om- unhappy." As she talked, Guang- The committee had noteri tXrat. ih,: an. The Zhais' son was persuad- ren only half looked at his wife cried bitterly rvhenever she ed to call on his future mother-in- mother, smiling from ernbarrass- answered questions, but ncvL\r Ia'+r and to make up with the Li ment. SIre continued, "Our accused her husband in any wa;' f amily. He invited his prospec- daughter-in-law is realiy capable. EIer: uncle, hou,ever, constanll;r, tive fzrther-in-law to visit his It's just our son who was unrea- pointed out the faults of hcr famiiy. When the formerly irate sonable. Oh we1l, every'rhing's husband. When the court re- father arrived for the visit, all alright now." As I sat down, cessed, bcth rrran and wife brok+: rvas forgiven and he agreed to the Shuqin poured tea for nre with a into tears. marrlage. faint smile. The committee then was sure The couple had been married that the marriage cciuid bt: satred Ulending l{umpty Dumpty six years before when they were Furthermore, the-r' suspected ihat" both working in Tianjin's southern the uncle was motivated by ih,:: Alrnost a year's hard'"vork went outskirts. One day three years dcsire to get some money ancl ruas into resolving the threatened di- later, Guangren was asleep after the main obstacie" Tiie cclr"ilt vorce of a couple in the neigh- coming home from his night shift. agreed with the comrnittee io ho1tl Liu borhood, Rong Guangren and Their little daughter. not even a off the divorce verdict. Shuqin. month old, wouldn't stop crying. The mediation comrnittee now me Mother Zbang took to visit This disturbed his sleep and talked q'ith the parenis of the Li.u this Their apartrnent u'as family. started a quarrel between the f amily. They also visiteci thr-. ordinary but neat and clean. couple. Guangren .slapped his factory where Guangren vrolked r.vorked the night Guangren had wife. lnfuriated, she picked up the in order to get its cooperat'iorr and had just gotten He shift up. lirre with her Finally tensions eased. The wrt'c front of the apartment baby and went to was out in filed had long hoped for a recr:ncili:r- .small son parents, Shortly after, she buiiding watching his tion. Now the cornmittee sugg'r:r;.'i* and daughter play. I was struck for divorce. The court tried three times to ed that the husband vrrite a let1ei' by his stocky build, a sharp con- of apology to hi"s in-lar.vs. incl.u

turned home together. -l--,1

FEBRUAR,Y 1982 ss 8i hai {-ake XininoT t'5vi"'t '%) i^ t' i The Anymaqem frIountains t" WANG WENYING

T. ANYMAQEN in eastern near where the Yeliow River makes called ogirres are found here, Qinghai province is 6,282 a ring-shaped turn. Mt. Anymaqen, typicai of glaciers that move meters (20.6i0 feet) above sea also called Mt. Jishi, is the highest suddenly and violentl5r or',er short level. In a range 200 kiiome- peak; two sister peaks to the periods of .time. This phenomenon ters long and 60 kilometers southeast are 6,268 and 6,090 is different from the glaciers of the wide, it is surrounded by meters, and some 18 others reach Qilian Mountains not far from the 40 advancing glaciers. Since above 5,000 meters. Rising peren- Anymaqens, br.lt simiiar to some being opened to foreigners in 1979 nially snow--capped into the sky, glaciers in the Himaiayas and the it has attracted l5 foreign moun- they look like guards of the gate- Kaia Kur-rlun Mountains. taineering teams and spurred way to the Qinghai-Tibet PIa- Chinese and foreign scientific re- teau- Yaks and sheep graze below The llalun Glacier search. Last June a Chinese-lVest 4,500 meters. Along the Htianghe German team of scientists made a The density of the Halun Glacier (Yellow-) River- are forests anci 21-day on-the-spot investigation of is 0.89. The temperature eight me- tracts of fertile farmland. the g'iaciers" ters deep is -6.5"C. The height of Most of the Anymaqen giaciers, the snow line on the northeast Environrnent sarellite as shorvn by aerial and slope is 4,900 meters, on the south- I The Anymaqen Mountains are photographs and on-the-spot sur- west slope 5.200 rneters. Precipita- part of the eastern Kunlun Range veys. have been advancing during ti.on is in direct proportion to the the past few ciecades at speeds height, and the annual average WANG WENYING is deputy director ranging frorn 5 to 83 rneters a year. near snow 800 mm. of the Lanzhou Glacier Cryopedology the line is Rbsearch Institute under the Chinese The nine-kiiometer Halun Glacier The gJ.acier's melting volume is in- Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese has moved 790 meters since 1966 versely proportionate to its height. leader of the 1981 Chinese-West German Spectacular The annual melting volume at the scientific investigation teann to Mt. and is still advancing. Anymaqeu ice pyramids and curved structures end of the ice tongue, measured in

Professor lloffrnan, German team leader of the Chinese* Campsiie in the snow 5,300 rneters above sea level, Gerrmau joint investigation team, examines geological fea- tures at a glacier's edgc.

40 CHII{A EEOONS!'RUCTS

Meconopsis horridula (a variet\ Arenaria )'tt I.ictngptr ot popny) adds splashes of coloi to the landscape I u Lir.rrt.qprt

Icy pyramids formed by In the 20th century new chapters have been added to the history of the exploraion of the .{nymaqens. In 1922 Britlsh Brigadi.er John Pirera spotted them during an ex- peciition. He estimated the highest peak at 7,600 meters. In 1926 the American explorer Josef F. Rokku attempted to climb Mt. AnYmaqen but got only as high as 4,900 meters. From 1934 to 1946 at least eleven teams attempted the mountain, none succeeding. In 1949 the American Leonard Clark exPlored and surveyed the Anymaqens, and set the height of Mt. AnYmaqen as 9,041 meters causing a sensation among mountaineers,- f or this would make it higher than Mt. Tibetan Photos by Wang Wenaing herdsmen. Qomolongma (Mt. Everest). Later more scientif ic measurements water depth, is about 10 meters. Maqen means ''highest attendant placed the true height at 6,282 The melting volume above the of a Living Buddha." meters. n snow line is usually equal to the precipitation, about 800 mm. Moternity, Child Core obstetrical wards with simPle de- Four cross-section observations (Co.ntinued from P. 23) livery tables, high-pressure steri- on the Halun Glacier reveal a high- training, many were limited by lizers and a room witln a kang speed area three km. from the end lack of general education and med- which provides enough space for of the ice tongue. Here the rate of ical knowlerige. Some were per- three or four new mothers to rest advance is 83 meters a year. Yet suaded to retire, others kept on here for a week before going only one kilometer below, the with additional training. Mean- home, while the barefoot doctor maximum speed is little more than while, a corps of 5,000 women cooks their food and looks after five meters a year. The different barefoot doctors were chosen for them. No fees are charged for medical speeds in these two areas cause specialized . training in childbirth deliveries; the cooperative pile-ups and force certain parts of and prenatal care, aild these are system covers all costs. the glacier upwar:d. The overall now the main force in the pre- Before the new system, child- forward movement should last for fecture's maternal and child care birth-related death rates were 10 to 20 years and thus will involve network. relatively high. In 1972, because increased melting of the ice. Be- Today one of these barefoot of poor sterilization by midwives, cause melting involves the absorp- doctors is stationed in each bri- some 355 babies (.19 Percent of tion of large quantities of heat, gade. They are strictly trained in newborn in the Prefecture) died of this suggests that the weather in scientific delivery methods and tetanus. In 1979 there was onlY the Anymaqens will tend to grow instrument sterilizaticln. They one case of newborn tetanus in colder. give regular examinations both be- the whole prefecture. In the same fore and after birth, thus discover- period the overall newborn death History ing and dealing promptly with rate fell from 1.2 to .77 Percent, conditions that might endanger and for mothers in childbirth The earliest reference to Mt. the health of rnother or child. All trom .42 per thousand to .19 Per Anymaqen is in Yu Gong, a book are proficient in normal deliveries, thousand (the latter figure is well written 3,000 years ago. During and a good many can handle below the rate for most rural the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. breech and feet-first presenta- areas and comparable tb that 220) it was called Mt. Qinghai. In tions, give first aid to suffocating found in large cities). the Tang dynasty (618-907) it was newborns and suture ruptured The rural areas in general have the Great Mt. Qinghai. In the Yuan perineums. They have been train- some way to go before they can dynasty (1271-1368) it was Mt. ed to keep careful clinical records match Yantai's record in child and Yiermabumoci. Early Tibetan writ- for future medical reference. maternal care. But Yantai's ex- ings mention Mt. Anymaqen as Childbirth still usually takes perience is a good example of how "Maqensipola". Later, the Tibetans place at home, but for more com- changing material conditions and added Any to it to express their plicated deliveries commune attitudes and dedicated efforts can respect for the mountains. AnA clinics are available. A number combine to give children a better means "ancestor" in Tibetan and of brigades now have their own start in !ife. tr

FDBRUARY 1982 43 Cor,rntry Fairs and Free Markets

WU YUANFU

with peasant shares. They expand- ed, funds increased and the propor- tion of investment from shares became less and 1ess. Co-ops gradually developed into state- owned .enterprises. Based on the principle, "develop the economy and ensure supplies," co-ops not only make deals with 4 the peasants but help them with production. Since 1976 the co-ops of Wangjing county in Jilin prov- ince, f or example. have helped

( { % F- iw Traditional-style dried milk'skins'are marketed by commune members of 'the Bai nationality at a fair in Shaping, Yunnan province. Zhott Zhongllao f N China there are over 3?.000 percent of China's exports. On the I fairs in the countryside and other hand, the rural areas are the 2,000 free markets in the cities sell- biggest market for China's indus- ing agriculturai and sideline pro- trial products - textiles, daily ne- ducts. These did over 700,000,000 cessities, consumer goods, f ertili- yuan of business in 1981 about zers and farm machinery. one percent of the volume- of the regular .state-owned commercial Main Rural Commerce networks. Supply-and-marketing coopera- Prosperous rural r.narkets im- are principal portant to the national economy. tives are the commercial organizations With economic readjustment and in the countryside. Staple grain purchased the more flexible farm policies, an is by state, but the co-ops buy aimost active rriulti-channel economy has peasants build mushroom farms, developed over the last three years. everything eise from cotton and hemp through tobacco,- tea me- ginseng farms. fruit orchards and State-owned stores form the back- and dicinal herbs to native products bee farms. The tot,a1 value of bone. aided by rural fairs, free agricultural and sideline products markets of various kinds. Through and individual sellers. purchased in the county in 1980 1980, purchasing power branches in brigades and produc- In in the was 9,000,000 yuan, an increase of countryside increased by more than tion teams, they supply the 36.7 percent over 1976. 25 percent. peasants with too1s, daily necessi- Co-ops not only help production Of China's billion population, ties and consumer goods. The total but do their best make things 800 million are peasants. They pro- turnovel of supply-and-marketing to co-ops is above 70 easier for the people. In busy sea- duce all the cou.ntry's staple and in the country sons areas, on the non-staple foods. percent billion yuan a year. co-ops in border Seventy grasslands. of the raw materials tor light in- Co-ops used to be coilectively in forests or mountains owned. grew often carry goods di.rect the dustry and textiles comes from the They out of the war to period peasants' worksites, even countryside. Agricultural and rural when the Chinese Com- fields or munist Party helped soldiers and though this earns them less prbfit. sideline products account for 30 civilians organize consumer cG. They also deliver daily necessities WU YUANFTJ is a slaf f reporter for operatives in the liberated areas. to people who cannot easily visit the People's Daily. After 1949, co-ops were organized the co-ops.

44 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Though the co-ops do a large fairs in Anhui province accounted amount of work, it is almost im- for 17 percent of the total volume possible to serve everyone ade- of retail sales in the province. quately because China's country- Agricultural and sideline prod- side is vast, the population great, ucts in the free markets in the the variety of goods big and cities are mainly produced and sold transportation insufficient. Thus, by peasants from the surrounding other channels are needed. This is countryside. These markets supple- the function of country fairs, free ment state-orvned commerce. In markets, trade warehouses, com- fact, in many cities half or more of in mission shops and individuai selL- the vegetables are now bought the free markets. ers. Peasants now sell their home- government set made items and farm produce from The does not their private plots at fairs held in free market prices. These follow communes. brigades, nearby towns supply and demand" GenerallY or along roads. To ensure normal speaking, commodities in good trade, fairs employ managers and supply are sold close to state store provide stalls. prices or slightly higher, while items in short supply command bigger prices. State commerce still plays the leading role. One rePort from Anhui province says that Rural purchasing power rose by more city prices in 1981 decreased 10.7 than 25 percent last year. These three percent prices 11.96 families of SaIa nationality in Qinghai and rural province pooleal part of their incre,ased percent. income to buy a hand tractor. Trade warehouses are attached Fan Rujun to co-ops and commission shoPs to state-operated stores. These collect a service charge from communes, such shops and 230,000 individual production teams and individual dealers mainly handling catering, peasants for purchasing, transpor- services and retail goods now exist. tation and stockpiling. TheY helP Such muiti-channel trade is con- new sources of goods, ducted under the state plan. Grain, tind in- stimuiate the exchange of com- oil-bearing crops, cotton and pr:oducts, vital the na- modities and put producing and dustrial to tional economy and the livelihood marketing departments into direct of the people, can only be purchas- contact. Farms and communes are ed by the state. They are allowed also permitted to build retail de- to be sold on the free market onIY partments of their own in the if state quotas have been met. towns to sell their agricultural and sideline products. Some 170,000 (Continued on P. 48)

Waterside stalls cater to fishermen at Yueyang on Dongling Lake. Hunan province. Country fairs have a strong 1ocal Fane Weituan f lavor. Sometimes they are con- nected with cultural events or Livestock a 'temple fair' in Anhui proyinct'. Zhtr YtLnlertct sports. The Third-Month Fair in corner a[ Dali, Yunnan province, for exam- ple, has grown into an annual fair and festival for minority nationali- ties. The Nadam Falr held on the pasture lands of Inner Mongolia in the summer includes horse racing, wrestling and songs and dances. The Mule Fair held in July every year in the Wutai Mountains in Shanxi province deals with live- stock. Country fairs play an impor- tant part in stimulating economic exchange between town and coun- try.For instance, in 1981 such

FEBR,UARY 1982 Thao Yuanren- Pioneer Chinese Linguist

TIE YING and GUO BEIPING

Chinese is an ancient language woman who had refused to have with many dialects. At the begin- her feet bound, repudiated the ning of this century many Chinese marriage arranged by her parents, from various areas could not and left home to study medicine. understand one another because of Returning once again to China, their different accents, yet no he began the series of pioneer dia- real scientific study of Chinese Iect studies which was to occupy dialects had ever been made. While him during the 1920s and 1930s. most common people spoke in the He thus became the first Chinese vernacular, the small educated scholar to apply scientific methods elite employed the elaborate clas- to this area of research. His 1928 sical Chinese based on aneient Study on the Wu Dialects laid out literary models. Because it was so a clear methodology for work in complicated, the written Ianguage this field that became a model for was also virtually the property other scholars. Meanwhile, in of the few who could soend many 1925, he was appointed to the staff years mastering it. During the of Qinghua University's newly 20th century great changes have formed Research Institute of Chi- taken place in Chinese linguistics nese Studies, and later became Prolessor Zhao accepts the title ol the formal study of the lan- head of the Linguistics section of Honorary Professor at Beijins Univer- guage- sity from its president Zha.ng Long- and in the language itself. the History and Linguistics Re- xiang. Litt shaoshan Prof. Zhao's- life work is an inte- search Institute of the Central Re- gral part of these changes. search Academy. T N 1910, 71 years ago, a young Prof . Zhao was deeply influenced I Qinghua University student Scholar and Linguist by the May 4 patriotic student movement and the movement for from Changzhou sat down to take Though born in Tianjin in 1892, a "New Culture". He put his pres- an examination. Of the 430 nerv- Zhao Yuanren moved to Chang- tige as a linguist behind the call ous young students taking the zhou relatively at a early age and for greater use of the vernacular test, only a handful would be to this day considers it his native chosen to study abroad. In June and for simplified written charac- city. At Qinghua University and ters moves that would promote 1981 Beijing University conferred iater as an undergraduate Cor- at literacy- and open to masses on an .A.merican citizen the title of nell University up the in the U.S., he of people the great range an- Honorary Professor,. The recipient studied physics of mathematics, and cient culture and new ideas. In was a world-famous scholar of philosophy. But as even a child he 1922 he translated Lewis Carroll's Chinese Linguistics, a distinguished had been a good mimic and inter- Alice in Wonderl,and and, Through teacher for 45 years, a musician ested in the sounds of the different and composer, and a patriot. That th,e Looking Gloss into idiomatic dialects. Returning to teach at Chinese. young student and the world- Qinghua in 1920, he was asked to famous scholar are of course one interpret philosopher for British International Renown a+d the Professor Zhao Bertrand Russell on his Iecture Yuanren, 88, now professor emeri- tour of China. Wherever they In 1938 he returned to the Unit- tus of the University of California went, he picked up local dialects ed States to acquire his doctorate and visiting China at the warm in- very quickly, and his interest in in linguistics at Harvard Univer- vitation of the Chinese Academy of the formal study of language sity, and later to teach there. Sociai Sciences. grew. With the encouragement of During his long career of teaching friends and relatives, he went to and writing in the U.S., Prof. TIE YING is a staff reporter lor China France, Germany and Britain to Zhao's fatherly warmth and his Eeconstructs. - GUO BEIPING is a postgrarluate study linguistics. Before he left wife's excellence as a cook made siudent of journalism at the BeiJing he had met and married Dr. Yang their house a home away- from Broadcasting Institute, . Buwei, an independent young home for visiting Chinese scholars.

46 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS His writings during those years in- cluded not just scholarly studies of language, but works that were of practical use to all those learning to read, write, and speak Chinese. His Chinese dictionary, Grammar oJ the Chinese Language, and Reading Materials on Chinese are only a f ew of his maiol publications. To promote the poPularization of putonghuo, the national stand- ard dialect established by the new People's Republic, Prof . Zhao u'rote The Chinese Nationol Language for Beginners, invented a system of romanization. and produced a series of records on putonghuo. Today he is still at work on his monumental Com- m.only-U sed. Charocters which will present 2,100 characters based on the major modern dialects and Vitc-.Clrairntan Dcng Xiaoping gl"('c(s l'r'ofe5sol Z!rno anrl larnill'. thattq ()rrtlttt pronunciation systems, and which will allow the user to write both in classical and vernacular Chinese. fluence of the May 4 (1919) student aggression. anci a nunrbet' of othet On his recent visit to China. movement and the democratic rev- patriotrc songs: "We Don't BuY pro- olution he wrote a number clf Pa- .)apanese Goods". "Resistance", Prof. Zhao happily noted the - gress that had been made in open- triotic songs r.r'hich leflect the 'Self-Deleuse'" and "The Awaken- ing up the enfre range of the spirit of those times. His "Selling lng L,i,tn Roet-s'' Prot Zhao's com- Chinese language to the masses of Cloth" and "Work Song" exPress- positir-lns have earned rr place in people. ed deep sympathy lor the {)Ppress- Lhe historv tlf model'n Cl-rini:se Se|er:Led Son1,/s u'as Prof. Zhao's accomplishments as ed rvorkers and small independent. nrusic. and his a linguist have brought him in- craftsmen. Even 6is lyric songs puibiished reccrttl-v by the Pel,ple's ternational renown. His academic such as "Autumn Bell" and "Lls- Music Publishirrg FIou.se- Aithuugh posts and honors include the presi- tening to People Talking" were re- ;rs he puts it he is n()w a drop-tiul musit:. dencies of the American Society of flections of people's yearning for 1r-om botl-r lingurstics antl Linguistics (1945) and the Oriental personal liberation and hopes for he keeps up ruith Lhe Chinese Institute (1960), and a number of the future. musical .scene. He admit'es many great honorary doctorates. Shu- to his songs were recen1 w

FEBRUARY 1982 +/ studied and worked almost 40 setts Institute of Technology, To his children, he seem€d in years ago. They visited the Studio managed to locate his own family's better spirits during his siay in for the Engraving of Buddhist Su- ancestral home and burial places in China than he had been for a long tras founded by his wife's grand- the suburbs of the city. From,these time: "Whenever I turned on the father. In high spirits, Prof. Zhao he learned that his forefathers had radio or TV, I heard the sound of took numerous photos and hum- settled there some 250 years ago. rny mother tongue. I can see the med the songs he had composed On his death-bed, Bian's father new look of my motherland. I can there so long ago. At the Yixian- had urged his children to go.to speak the local dialects with my qiao Primary School, he sang frorn China and explore their family reLatives and friends. This is my memory the old school. song he had roots, and Bian was happy to be real home." The only sorrow was written for it. the first of his generation to do so. that his wife could not share his Toward the end of May the party A great part of Prof. Zhao's life journey. Before her death she had reached Changzhou, where a warm is tied up with Qinghua Univer- asked Prof. Zhao to scatter her reception had been prepared by sity, both as a student and a teach- ashes in the ocean west of Hawaii hometown officials. For the ban- er, and his tour of its campus be- so that the waves could wash them quet, they even located the same came an emotional journey into gradually back to her homeland" cook who had prepared his food in the past. He told his hosts how Since 1906 Prof. Zhao has faith- 1973. The professor was delighted: often he thought of his university fully kept a diary of events and "Today I have at last tasted real days, and when it came time to ideas. It covers his work and per- home cooking. I have seen the leave he found it difficult to tear sonal life, domestic and interna- many changes that have taken himself away. Toward the end of tional affairs, political events, ap- place. Mushu (wooden comb) his journey he u"as received by praisals of leaders in various fields Street of the old days is now Vice-Chairman Deng Xiaoping and travel observations. Old an'electronics' street." and told him how much he appre- friends and new ean only hope During their stay at Changzhou ciated the great changes that had that this rich lode of historic and Prof. Zhao's son-in-Iaw Bian Xu- taken place in China since his last human interest will be published. cheng, a professor at the Massachu- visit eight years before. tr

FAIRS, FREE MARKETS production and raised their de- the supply still falls far short of (Conti,nued from p. 451 mand for their own tools and other demand. According to an investiga- The state stipulates that goods means of pr.oduction. Sales of tion in Xiajin county, Shandong which don't belong to the nego- fertilizer and farm chemicals have province, this county of 100,000 ti.ated ' items must' be sold at increased. Shellers, small hand- families has 23,933 sewing ma- unified market quotations. This carts, waterwheels, cattle and don- chines, needs 42,359 more; has has restricted speculation, pro- keys have become best-sellers. 76,888 bicycles, needs 41, 730 more; fiteering and price gouging. Peasants are buying medium-sized has 7,363 cloeks, needs 16,569 more; farm tools and equipment. Feasants' Purchasing Power has 8,346 wristwatches, needs Changes have also taken place 15,023 more. Multi-channel trade and the in- in the purchase of consumer goods. Building supplies sr.lch as lum- purchasing creasing power of the Peasants, especially the young peo- ber, steel, cement, glass, bricks and peasants is a reflection of the brisk ple, want better quality commodi- tile also fall short of demand. As trade of ruial markets now in- ties, clothing in brighter colors, the peasants' income increases, the existence. ready-to-wear things of dacron, first thing they want to do is to The national average lncorhe of terylene and wool. Radios are still build houses and get married. the peasant rose from 117 yuan in popular in the countryside but now Between 1978 and 1980, 900 million 1977 to 170 yuan in 1980. Peasant they want TV sets as city people square meters of new housing went savings deposits increased from do. Some are replacing kangs up in countryside. Some 15 4.65 billion in 1977 to 12.06 billion (heated brick beds) with real beds. the yuan. Between January and JuIy Electric fans and wardrobes are in million families throughout the 1981 the state paid 15.3 billion demand. Eggs and home-made country moved into new homes. yuan in cash for purchasing agri- pastries which have long been gifts This figure is smaller than the cultural and sideline products, an of peasants when they visit their actual demand. increase of 29 percent over the relatives or friends are now being The present shortages worry same period of 1980. replaced by drinks, cigarettes, commercial departments and co- In 1980 the total volume of re- cakes, candy and fruit. Beer and ops. But in the opinion of econo- tail sales of consumer goods sold cakes are seen more frequently in mists this is an encouraging situa- in rural markets was 65.85 billion peasant horn-es- There is a great tion. Under present policies, the yuan, 21.1 percent higher than demand for bicycles, sewing ma- increase of purchasing power of 1979. The present flexible econom- chines and wristwatches. China's 800 million peasants will ic policies have increased the Despite the emphasis placed on stimulate industrial production commune members' enthusiasm for the production of consumer goods., and the general economy. tr

48 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Xi'am &rehaeology $hows Progre$$ion of the Ages HE ZIIENGHUANG

\rI'AN and its surrounding area the city. Excavated in 1954-1957 /\ was the site of the capitais of after being buried for 6,000 years, some of the most famed dynastles the ruins have been treated with a in Chinese history (see box) for preservative and roofed over as a more than 2,000 years. Its glorious museum of Neolithic culture. past can still be savored from the The Banpo settlement was the many archaeological relics found home of one clan. Its separate there. In fact, in this single city dwelling area was surrounded by a one can see remains of man's defensive ditch six meters deep and progression over hundreds of equally wide. The ruins consisted thousands of years from earliest of a large central house and more times through various eras of a than 4p smaller ones. The children glorious civilization. and elderly probably lived the Painted pottery found with geometric in tlesign, Banpo Neolithic settlement" large hoirse and the others in the " Xi'ar,'s Location smaller ones. The houses, of wattle and daub, lvere either square or The fertile piain where the from wild animals, and kept near round in shape; some were semi- Huanghe (Yellow) River turns from the houses. The urns were cover- underground. Banpo's was a, ma- flowing south to flowing ed, but a small hole was left oPen eastward, trilineal society. Judging from provided good conditions for cul- to allow the spirit of the child what we know of other such so- tural development. The river - come out and mingle with the cieties, there must have been spe- to valley is justly called the cradle of believed. cial houses where women re- family, it is Chinese civilization. Xi'an the The ceived their male companions from Banpo is typical of the Yangshao area was the home of one of its other clans. Neolithic culture, famous for China's earliest types human of Remains of grain found in beautiful and lively pottery designs being, Lantian Man, dating from painted storage pits show that Banpo was with animal motifs in red 600,000 years ago and earlier than a settled agricultural community. or black with hematite or man. the better-known Peking Man of There were also stone knives, axes ganese oxide. One of the most in- 500,000 years ago. A skull and and arrowheads for hunting and teresting, appearing on a bowl, is stone tools were found at Lantian defense. Hooks and fishnet weights a fish accompanied by a human southwest of the city. suggest that fish must have face. The latter may be an image Xi'an was also a center of Neo- abounded in the nearby Chanhe of worship, the fish connected with lithic culture. More than a dozen River. The distribution of f ood the people's food-gathering acti- Neolithic settlements have been ex- probably took place the large vities. Handles on the covers of cavated nearby, including Banpo in structure supervised by the eldest some of the vessels are in the shape covering 10,000 square meters, the woman. of human'or animal heads, repre- largest and best-preserved found so Beyond the houses are the re- senting earliest plastic art far in China, six kilometers east of the mains of pottery kilns and a ceme- found so far in China. Symbols tery. But when small children died, and signs carved on the vessels HE ZHENGT(UANG is chief of the ex- hitrition section of-the Shaanxi Frovince they were placed in pottery urns, may be the forerunners of today's Museum, apparently to protect their bodies Chinese characters. Steamers made of pottery show that this was one way the Yang- shao people cooked their food. A Famous Capitals Around Xi'an jar with a pointed bottom (am- phbra) used to fetch water indi- Western Zhou (Haojing) l lth centurv- /'/ I B.C. cates their understanding of the Qin (Xianyang) 221-206 B.C: principle of the center of gravity. Western Han (Chang'an) 206 B.C.-24 A.D. They used needles finely made of Tang (Chang'an) 618-907 animal bone about the size of steel ones we use today, and beads of stone or bone.

FEBBUARY T982 49 The wealthy Zhou slaveowners had their horses, chariots and drivers buried alive with them for use in the next wor]d, as did their Shang dynasty predecessors. One such Zhou horse and chariot burial pit has been excavated near tlaojing.

Qin Dynasty Pottery Army

Worldwide attention was aroused by the 1974 discovery of a huge burial pit rvith thousands of life- size pottery warriors and horses These were replicas of the troops with which Emperor Qin Shi [Iuang in the third century B.C conquered the six other major -feudal states and created Stone horses carved for lhe tom*r of a unified Western Han's general IIuo Qubing China. Expecting to be the first of a long dyna.stic line, he gave him- self the title Shi Huang. founding important find discovered in Xi'an ernperor of the Qin dynasty, in 1976 \.'as a kuei f.ood container built numerous palaces at his capi- with the story of how the first tal Xianyang to the northwest and Zhou ernperor defeated the tyran- elsewhere around Xi'an, and con- nical king of the preceding Shang structed an elaborate underground. dynasty (15th to 11th century B.C.), tomb complex at Lintong to the also a bronze slave culture. Many northeast. He is also credited as Zhou bronzes have been found the builder of the Great Wall, for around Xi'an and to its west, where he connected and strengthened the the Zhou originated. They are dec- various sections built previously by orated with vigorous animal de- separate states to keep out the signs the kuei, a legendary Xiongnu nomads from the north. dragonlike- animal which originat- He unified weights and measures ed as a clan insignia, the taotie, a and the system of writing and in- ferocious animal mask, the dragon- stituted uniform coinage through- phoenix with wings and a iong tail out his realm, as is testified by -- and a design which may once bronze measures, weights. coins have been an attempt to represent and vessels bearing imperial edicts the roll of thunder which have been unearthed.

oim.lins zhuotins (*ng rui zonb Bronze Culture at Haojing Later, with the emergenc.. of civilization, Haojing l5 kilome- ters southwest of Xi'an became the best-known of several capitals ol the Western Zhou dynasty. This '6*un* tinrongx a o,,, was a slave society rvith a written language and a high)y-developed bronze culture. On ritual vessels of this indestructible material it be- came the custom to make inscrip- tions, and today they yield much valuable. historical information An Sl,nlh )Ia? b1 Liuo Zongbto

5() CHTNA RECONSTRUCTS Some ruins of the Banpo Neolithic village, with child burial urns in the foreground. II u Sort.qliutr

Ritual wine vessel, one of many Zhou dynasty bronzes excavated around Xi'an. St.n Shuntitrq

Pottery basin with fish and human head decoration from Banpo.

Archaeologists arid loca] freasants cleaning the warriors. 1tt kt,r,.ilt

.\rmy of 3,000 nriniatures frortt a Han dyrlast\, tomb fttri \ILttttl

Potterl, gerreral

Han dynasry painted grave figuri nes. Sutt Slitrntittg

Excavation of lrmperor Qin Shi Huang's pottcry army, ll uutt.g ftoltcrtt

Camels loaded with silk and their drivers in three- color glaze recreal_e the Old Silk Road scene ),rtt'q I 't,, ', ri $i

Vrsitors to fhe i,]mD oiIJl:ll, r Li:uat l{uai ,:an i:r,lplii:,sptiuriiiri;i.ussrr.tf' zhang Lluar's tomb") t'tii, llo,',t, r utt rlutrtti

:.

F-'xquisitely.Iang cratred qtld boii.l recalls the opi-ii':nrrt of clynasli Cllr-ang'an.

tr'{a;stve s;iilptuled liorr grrards Qianling, tornb of third Tang emperor Gao Zong and consort Wu Zetian, who larer ruled in her own right" l'trrt .\f trtutt Three separate pits of pottery began the famous Old Silk Road. Eastern Roman Empire and the statues were eventually uncovered The might of the Han dynasty is western end of the Old Silk Road, at Lintong, with a total of 6,000 reflected in its art, as exemplified became the two world centers for infantrymen lined up in battle ar- by the sculptures at the tomb of cultural and economic exchange. ray in the first one, covering 14,000 the famous general Huo Qubing. Scenes from the life of the time square meters; over a thousand ca- Before he succumbed to ilLress at can be seen in murals from Tang valrymen and some chariots in Pit the age of 24, under the fifth Han tombs, 2,000 of which have been No. 2 (6,000 sq. m.); and 73 armed emperor, Wu Di, he had defeated excavated in the 30-some years of warriors surrounding a commander six intrusions by the Xiongnu, who the new China: the magnificent seated in a chariot in Pit No. 3. Pit were constantly threatening the palace at the north end of the city, No. t has been roofed over- as a trade route. dignified guards, gentle and grace- museum so that visitors to Xi'an The Emperor Wu Di Jelt such ful palace gir1s, as well as land- can see this magnificent pottery sorrow at Huo's death that he or- scapes, which began to appear in army in its origrnal location. It dered a tomb built for the young Chinese art al that time, One painting calls up visions of the battlefield general near Maoling, the mauso- in the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai depicts a game of polo; 2,000 years ago, with its vast num- leum he was then constructing for recently introduced from Fersia. inf antrymen, tens o.f himself 40 km. northwest of bers of The mounted nobles with their thousands of cavalrymen and Chang'an. The mound was made mallets raised to strike are shown, When the in the shape of the Qilian Moun- thousands of chariots. in high spirits. pit was opened the floor was as tains in the Gansu Corridor, which Huo had fought to protect. So far Tang stone carvings are among Iittered with arrows as if there had the gems Chinese The best 20 of the sculptures that originally of art. been a battle there. of them are represented by the topped the mound have been The finds show that under Qin relief of six galloping steeds which found, For the Shi Huang, a man of great talent all of animals. most carried the young General Li Shi- and bold vision, caval.ry was re- part they retain the original shape min through many battles to unify placing chariots and a shorter, of the stone, with only a few lines the country. He had such feeling Iighter armor was coming into use. to indicate the features of the ani- for his horses that when he be-- Among the weapons are crossbows mal. The main piece depicts a came the first Tang €mperor Tai- with a trigger mechanism, rare at magnificent horse with the figure zong, he commissioned them to be this early date, and bronze swords of a defeated Xiongnu fighter immortalized in stone and placed as hard as medium carbon steel underfoot. Another, a galloping lefore his tomb (Zhaoling). Four which have resisted corrosion down steed boldly carved, seerns to be of the originals can now be seen through the centuries. Analysis ready to leap out of the rock and in the Shaanxi Province Museum shows they are an alloy of 13 dif- gives a sense of vigor and vitality. in Xi'an, along with replicas of two f erent metals. The realisticallY The live burial of slaves in which were stolen and so d by a sculpted warriors may have been Western Zhou had given way to local official in 1914 and are now modeled on real soldiers of Shi use of life-size figures in the Qin displayed in the museum of the Huang's army. They represent dynasty, which still later had University of Pennsylvania.* many diff erent characters and shrunk to miniature representa- Pottery with a three-color glaze ages, and a total of 100 expressions tions for tomb use. A magnificent made its appearance in Tang times, have been tabulated. The sculp- collection of 3,000 painted pottery first mainly for funerary objects. tures are testimony to the sophisti- warriors and horses was unearthed Tang three-color glaze horses are cated plastic art of the Qin dynasty, not long ago from a grave which famous in the history of China's as well as to the high level and may possibly be that of a Han ceramic art for their perfect design speed of pottery firing at that time. dynasty minister of defense. The and realism every flexed muscle colorfully-painted stylized army is true to life,- Other famous pieces including some figures of minority- Han Art: Massive, Stylized show caravans of merchants from persons in the style of the the west with camels loaded with period - which which stresses the essence silk, as often seen on the Old SiIk The Western Han dynasty, but not detail, provides a glimpse succeeded the after a period Road. The female figurines reflect Qin of its splendid culture. of war between contenders for the the health and beauty of the rela- throne, made Xi'an itself , then tively free women of Tang times. known as Chang'an, the capital of New High Point in Tang There are also phoenix-headed its far-flung multinational empire. ewers, vessels in the shape of an ox The Han Chang'an off the north- Xi'an, as Chang'an, experienced or elephant head, and various wine west corner of today's Xi'an was another period of splendor during containers, pottery copies of Per- one of the cultural high points of the 7th century fang dynasty, sian originals made in gold and China's history. From the city which ruled the greatest and most caravans with silks began to move flourishing empire in Chinese *A photograph to Persia (now Iran) and history Chang'an of one of them ap- 'rrestward after the Han. peared onr p. 17 of the June 1981 China then on to Western Asia. Thus and Constantinople, capital of the Reconstructs.

FEBBUARY 1982 55 siiver, reflecting the Persian tn- flnence on Tang art. (}roqem In 1087 the court decided to pre- tolk f,rts of the serve the texts i-:f the classics carv- ed in stone. A century later they XU YIXI were housed in the Forest of Steles at Xi'an. At present jt contains rnore than 1,000 inscribed tablets rFHE vast flol'ests of the Greater color:ed Oroqens rnade from the Han the thlead The. times to -t- and Lesser H;nggan Moun- last imperial the once used local plant tibers for 'dynasty Qing, tains in China's northeast are home embroidery thr"ead and tassels, n'hich ended in 1911. to over 3,000 people of the Oroqen Today silk thread in rnany colols They consist mainly of Tang co- nationality. In pre-liberation days i-s available. pies of the thirteen classics which they lived by hunting and Small iten-rs ol daily nse such as every scholar ha,C to rnaster, in- gathering, and almost ali their .sccnt pouches. tobacco pouches, cluding the Book of Rites, Book of items of daily use made from waist ornaments and .smali leather History, Baok of Sorzgs, Book of '"vere local materials fur and h'ides, bags all feature dt-.licate embroi- Changes, the Spring and Autumn - wood and bone, and birch bark. deled appliqu6s When a young Annals and the Ans.lects of Con- Though their lives have undergone miin and woman become engaged. fucius, an'd Mencius, which was great changes since then. their the man traditionally sends his carved iater. Totaling 600,000 traditional arts and crafts have f iancee a horse, wild boar flesh rvords, carved both they are on survived. Using the simplest ma- and wine as betrothal gifts sym- sides of 124 stone tablets (people - terials, Oroqen folk artists rrrake bolic of his role as huntbr and pro- caii them the heaviest coilection of even the mosL utilitarian obiects o{ vider. The r,voman demonstrates books in the w

56 storing food and household posses- considered unfortunate colors, they sions, and birchbark work is pre- are painted on a case only when a served as a traditional art. In early woman is widowed or some other summers when the bark is flexible, misfortune befalLs her. They are the men choose straight, clean rarely seen today. birch-tree trunks and make three cuts in the bark circular ones around the trunk-'two and one Designs from Nature dovrn the middle. In this way they can peel off large sheets of bark Oroqen folk art, whether itr which are then made into a varietY embroidery or incised bilchbark, is of containers. characterized by symmetrical de- The women incise patterns on signs taken from nature. The most the soft, r'esilient birchbark by common motifs are flowers, birds, means of small mallets and chisels trees, clouds and rvaves. Striking, made of bone. The completed pat- but less common. are designs of terns are sometimes colored lvith animals or human heads in which red, yellow and black pigments, or exaggeration and distortion are else left in their natural color. A freely used. These designs express great variety of sma1l round and good Iuck, happiness and love. boxes are Overall, the artistrY of the Oroqen oval decorated birchbark An Oroqen woman in lur-lined ha( used to store sev"ing equipment, is simple and robust, honest and and gown paints a design on a birch- odds and ends and representations direct. trark container. Zhttang Xueben of gods and spirits. Larger clothes Today the Oroqens are settled chests and water buckets are still farmers, no longer dePendent tor sometimes made of bark. Vegeta- their livelihood on the vagaries of b1es, wild fruit and dried meat are (he hunt. Many ol' the Products use in their dailY lives stored in containers with wide they -such bases and smal1 mouths. as clothes made of woven cloth. are the The "A.damalo" birchbark cases, metal tools and utensils - round or in the shape of a flat co- same manufactured products used coon, are an important part of a in other parts of China. young woman's dowry and feature But aspects of the o1d waY of life patterns with symbolic meanings. are still preserved, such as fur and hunting In the center oI the lid is a large hide garments for winter expeditions. Though no longer a f lower cluster interiaced with signifying marital necessity, blrchbark household smaller flowers, for their bliss and a permanent union. The utensils are valued still and The Oroqen edge of the'lid and the bodY of the artistry tradition. people themselves and the case are decorated with continuous Per'- repeating patterns symbolizing the sonnel of state organizations na- woman's eternal loyalty to her concerned with minoritY making ef- husband. The floral desi.gns are in tionality cultures are forts not only to develoP lolk art three colors re'd, f or the woman's collect and happiness; -yellow, for the the techniques but also to organize Lhe best samPles of Past man's; and black, the background and present works of art. D color. Because blue and white ate

Scert pouch.

llnrbroidered Iur-lined glovcs antl pouch made by Oroqen women. Zhuang Xueben

Geometric pa(terns in many colors de- corate birchbark storage container. Drduings ba Yu Yiti

FEBRUAEY T982 57 I See Tomorrow SAM GINSBOUR,G

LfOW are thinqs at home?'' I around with a thrifty master's eye. II asked. "Teirific!" said Lu He is Lu Hongbin, Lu Mingming's Mingming, a former woman stu- father and a well-known national dent of mine. "You wouldn't labor model, secretary of the local recognize the place if you saw it Party cell who has been leading again. Why don't you go down Aiguo's peasants step by step along some day and take a look f or the road to socialism since the yourself?'' She was speaking of liberation of the entire country. Aiguo village, located in Juxian We stroll down the typical vil- count;z in southeastern Shandong, lage Main Street, similar to dozens where I had worked f or some I have seen in all parts of the months in 1971. As she spoke, province. The street takes us past mentioning people, places and an almost unbroken freshly white- events, little pictures of those days washed adobe wall punctuated by kept floating up into my mind. gabled gateways. Lu guides me into one of them, Aiguo Village Professor Sam Ginsbourg, with Lu the home of a man I used to know. Hongbin (right), admires the brigade's In April 1981, now, ten years The place Iooks familiar, except flourishing orchard. Iater, I stood on a stone bridge, the that two rooms have been added to the original three and a radio gateway to Aiguo, at the end of these pumps must be to the the only street in the village worth and a new sewing machine are women here ! in evidence central room. the name, The other end of it in the We walk on. A long two-story stretched out to disappear around But what is this? In the corner brick building attracts my atten- a curve a kilometel away. in an of the courtyard is a brand-new tion. It's not often one sees two- expanse of wheat fields. hand pump. I try it out. It works "There's story houses in the countryside. The tall lean man with a cotton easiiy. one in every This one eight self-contained jacket has thrown over his shoulders household now," explains Lq. I fIats, each with a little yard and stands alongside me looking recall the numberless pails of a separate entrance. I knew the water I had drawn from wells and tenant of one of them. Ten years * This articlc, has been adapted by carried on a pole every morning the.author ago she was a girl who used to from the last chapler of his for the owners of the houses lived reminiscences Nllr Flrst Sixt!) Years in I work here after graduating from China. to be published in the near in and some of the neighbors when a middle school in town. She futurc by the New World Press. Beijing. was I here in 1971. What a boon comes out and greets 1ne warmly. She tells me she has long since The 'responsibility system'has boosted village morale and agricultural production. settled down in Aiguo, is married to a young brigade member, and has two children. She leads me into her home a room downstairs and one upstairs- of which she is obviously proud.- It is furnished simply but comfortably. There is ii. Li a transistor radio on the table and *. :1'. some scientific literature on a home-made bookshelf. Both she + and her husband are studying, she tells me. ded'x@w The building, explains Lu Hong- y, \ .:".. bin, has been built for newlyweds for whom there isn't enough room

SAM GINSBOURG was born in Siberia, in 1914. From lg26 to 1947, his home was Shanghai. Then he weut to the Shandong Liberated Area anrl ioineal in revolutionary work there. Now a citizen of China, he ts a p-ro- fessor in the Foreign Languages Depart- menJ of Shandong University.

5B CHINA EECONSTRUCTS in their parents' houses. "You're yard is the inevitable grindstone. me awake that night in the guest certainly better .off than some I remember it well, remember the house. The street, though I had youths in the city," I remark. "We heavy exertion, the f eeling of seen only the externals, w'as, I have any number of young people never arriving anywhere, as I felt, the key to the character and in our university who have had pushed the great big stone round life of the village. I wondered postpone plans to their to marry and round, helping to grind corn, what lay under the surface. or have children for lack of sorghum, millet. Then I discover Lu, when asked the following housing." that the brick base of the grind- morning, offered to tell me in de- stone has been converted into a tail about the new Party policies Growth and Change coop for a flock of white Leghorns being implemented in the village, which scatter as I bend over to Lu suggests visiting the kinder- but advised examine the coop. me first to talk with garten. We enter the gate of a No, the grindstone not use some of the brigade members or large compound. I stand there for is in any more, the o1d woman explains. cadres. He recommended visiting a moment delighting in the noisy The grain is not distributed among the owner of the house I had stay- games sixty boys of fifty or little the households these days: every ed in ten years back. That even- girls, rosy-cheeked, well- and brigade member has an account ing I dropped in on the family. dressed. They catch sight of me. book for purchasing grain, the The old man, now the produc- The games stop. They line up and, same as city dwellers. Whenever tion brigade storekeeper, his wife, led by their teacher, greet me with flour is needed all he or she has one of their two sons, two of the shouts of: "Granddad, how do you to do is to pay a grinding fee of five daughters, some children (the do!" They are sweet and entirely one fen (cent) per catty and get old man had ten grandchildren, unselfconscious. The teacher, a the flour. -most of them living in other girl of about 22, steps forward and We are out in the street again. I villages) filled the room. They introduces herself: the daughter of ask Lu Hongbin about the retire- had been warned of my coming the owner of the house I stayed ment of the old Chairman. "A and had turned out in force to grand in ten years ear*ier. The kid I used old man that has done more welcome "Teacher." to play with has grown into a very than his bit'for the peasa4ts in I didn't crowd them with ques- parts," goes on charming young girl, obviously a these he says. He tions: they knew what I wanted to say that 28 old men and women very capable and very authoritati.ve a general idea of their lifb and in the brigade are now on pensions. person in the kindergarten. We -work today. exchange a few words. "Why don't There is no age requirement, anyone who longer The old man gave the back- you drop in and see my father?" is no fit for ground physical a story, the others filled in '(I sure will." The children labor is entitled to - pension. The allocations come from the details. stand without crowding us or mak- I listened to the unhurried ing impolite remarks. As I turn the brigade's public welfare fund, which constitutes percent of the speech, occasionally taking notes to leave they call, "Goodbye, 3 brigade's last of salient facts. They were: Granddad !" total income, which year was 430,000 yuan. Two Eons both working, at I recollect vaguely that the house a big in the village, salaries of around- 45 yuan a month of an old man, the Chairman of "That's thing you know." continued Lu. "From each. the Poor and Lower-Middle Peas- days immemorial sons had had to Three of the five daughters ants' Association whom had I support their parents. That's married. Nothing was said about come to like very much in 1971, is caused half the family quarrels. their economic nearby. I decide to call on him. status: their income The son was unwilling or unable was their husbands' concern. His wife opens for us. We recog- to provide for the old folk; the Ten children among them, four nize one another without difficulty. oldsters weren't happy about the woman glad see attending school right in the The old is to treatment they got; sons tried to "Teacher" again, looking so well village, another five in the kinder- shift the burden on to each other's and no older than ten years ago. garten, one still breast-fed. "You shoulders. Now that the brigade She tells'me her husband is away must have seen some of the kids takes care of the old people, there's in the kindergarten this morning," visiting their son in another more county. retired now, you courtesy, less squabbling and added the fourth daughter. "He's wrangling, Iess language. know?" The other children are bad Three senior middle-school Elders are shown respect. The main graduates in the family. away, too. Three are college stu- thing is dents, she reports proudly. the material base." Lu The previous year the old store- smiled happily; he was pleased She shows me the houses they keeper and his two unmarried with how well the big question had have recently nine rooms daughters had received 470 built been solved. in all in all, r4ost of them- intended for yuan in cash and about 250 kilo- the children when they marry. grams grain (wheat One Farnily of and coarse We go out into the cleanly food grain) each. swept courtyard. There's the hand Scenes I witnessed during the The wife had got more than 450 pump again. In the corner of the day along Aiguo's main street kept yuan for two,pigs she herself had

FEBRUARY 1982 59 raised and recently sold to the brigade, as well as sorne hens. Two new sewing machines, two new b'cycles added during the past few years; new houses erected for the ever-increasing famiiy. Back in my room after the visit I reckoned up all this and some other thjngs, such as savings in the bank, spare grain in the brigade storehouse, free schooling and medical service it amounted to a happy and secure- life free from anxiety and fear, if not wealthy yet.

Responsitrility System 'I'he brigade's new two-story housing for young married couples. "Wi1l you give me a rough idea of what the new farm work system 1971, waiting for everybody to as- with concrete individuals or groups is all about?" I asked Lu when I semble, then waiting for the team of people" It's this way in farm- saw him next. "WeiI, in the past leader to appear and assign the work and in sideline occupations, brigade rnembers had no material day's work?" It really was the with rank-and-file brigade mem- interest in the quality and quantity place. "Waiting at street corners, bers and with cadres. Of course, of their work. Whether they ac- waiting at field borders, making there's a big diversity of ways the tually worked or not, whether they no noove till the team leader or- system is being put into effect for worked conscientiously or i.n a ders," he rattled off the old rou- different kinds of work, in differ- slapdash way, so long as they turn- tine. "Well, there's no more of ent places, in different conditions. ed out for the job they would get this now. Everyone now'knows New forms are being created all their work-points: usually ten what his or her job and responsi- the time. That's one of the sys- bility are. No need to wait around. tem's merits it's flexible. But points for an adult man, eight for - a woman, six for an oldster" The Besides, time is too precious." the general idea and principles are sole measure was the amount of We reached the tree nursery and the same , You see now?" time spent in the field." the orchard. Two young fellows Yes, I saw it now, and I liked The new way. known as the "job were busy pruning apple trees. what I saw. responsibility system" is directed The nursery and the orchard oc- I asked Lu Hongbin what gen- at making every peasant material- cupy 60 mu of land. .This spring eral idea and principles he was ly interested in the economic re- the brigade entered inlo a contract talking about. He said simply: group members "Socia1ism." sults of everything he or she does. with a of brlgade . They receive remuneration on the to take care of the seedlings and basis of the quality and quantity fruit trees. The contract fixed the What Did I Learn? of rvork performed. If they over- net profit to be handed over to I am to leave Aiguo tomorrow fulfill the quota, they get a share the brigade at 1,500 yuan. This morning. Tonight I'm putting mY of the value of extra output as a figure was based on the average notes in order and thinking over premium; if they do not attain it, income from the nursery and the what I'm going to tell my friends they have to make good a part of orchard over a period of years. If back home. the deficit. This spurs them to the group worked hard, used their I'm a little worried: will I be work intensively and effectively, heads to improve organization and able to give them a true picture of to think of ways and means of management, applied scientific all the exciting things I've seen and keeping down costs, improving the methods, they could overfulfill the heard, quality and increasing the output. quota. The group had now cut I know that there will be all "If you want to see how it works down the number of its members kinds of questions, some of them out in practice, Iet's take a walk to from 11 to 6, but the work was posers. I want to be sure I can, the tree nursery and orchard." We well taken care of. Though the answer them truthfully and con- made our way along a path in the results for 1981 could only be esti- vincingly. midst of a lush wheat field which mated as yet, the group hoped to One of the questions I antici- Lu predicted would yield no less surpass the quantity and quality pate is: are there many households than 800 catties per mu (1 /15 of a quotas, in which case they'd get a or ,districts where output quotas hectare) this year. fair share of the surplus as a pre- are fixed for individual households At one spot he stopped and asked mlum. (with the implication that the pres- with a smile: "Isn't this rvhere "That's how it works," said Lu. ent policy in the countryside is your Fourth Froduction Team usbd Everything is linked up with pro- leading some of the peasants away to gather in the mornings back in duction quotas and results, and from collectivism and soeialism)?

60 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS No trouble about answering this tivating the private plots, because Four private income has gone question: there are about 5 per:- it's more worth their while to up. Ninety- percent of the brigade cent of such households in the pitch into fulfilling and overfui- members have personal savings ac- whole of Juxian county, and none filling the contracts with the counts, totaling 100,000 yuan in- in Aiguo. They are mostly poor, brigade. 1980 for the whole brigade. A1- remote househoids in mountainous Another question: is Aiguo a most every young brigade member areas, not suitable for collective typical place by which to judge has a wristlvatch, and more than production. The main problem the situation in the countryside and ten brigade cadres all own watch€s. here with regard to such families the merits of the current agricul- There are three or four bicycles is to ensure that these peasants tural policies? Yes, in a way it is in every household. People are can eat their fill and dress warmly. typicai, having a population of 820, well-dressed. No pressure is being brought to of which 350 people are engaged bear on such peasants to accept the in agricultural production, and "job responsibility system," they 7,200 mu of land, which is pretty may do what they consider suitable usual for a production brigade in in their particular conditions. But the northern part of China. And they are not permitted to violate also, not entirely typical as in a the basic socialist principles vast country such as China with that is, land is collectively owned- its immense diversity of conditions and cannot be bought or sold by it is impossible to find a complete- or to individuals. Iy typical place. Another question: is there any But of one thing I'm positive: disagreement in the countryside the road that Aiguo has taken is with the new policy? No, not on typical for the whole country be- the part of the peasants and most cause, as Lu Hongbin has put it cadres, so far as I could tell. One very succinctly: "It's the best way peasant told me: "The only thing we've found of getting to social- {F%, we fear is change, fear that the ism." policy will change, If the policy remains stable, we'll be well-off.'' Six Advantages If there's any disagreernent, it's on Finally, what, after all, are the the part of the village cadres. Some advantages of responsibility ,do "job not understand yet what the system" in farmwork? That's a big FiT.:e the bachelors have ali new, policy is about; others are question. I would say the main managed- to find wives for them- prompted by egotistical motives. advantages are six in ali: selves. There are also those who work in ane- the contracts are entered Sir At the end of April 1981,+ the cities, but whose families have into in spring: the premiums for every -brigade mernber had on the rernained in the countryside and overfulfillment and penalties f or average 200 catties of grain, with who are short of manpower. The non-fulfillment are determined in surplus grain in the brigade store- three categories, added together, autumn; everyone knows clearly house. No one this year has stolen constitute but a minority of the what his or her job is, and the firewood or vegetables. cadres on county, commune and bri.gade cadres don't need to wear These, in brief, are the main production brigade levels. They out their tongues, their shoes and advantages of the new systern here. are, I was told, gradually changing their patience rounding up people There are others, too numerous to their views and attitudes. to go down to work and making list one by one. What about plots for personal clear what each has to do. I admit willingly that I'm an use - do the peasants still have Ttpa- the area of land under enthusiast. tr don't look upon this them under the new system? So crop cultivation has increased: bits trait of m'ne as a shortcoming, so far as Aiguo is concerned, the bri- of iand on the edges of fields and long as my enthusiasm does not gade members still have as much roads and where chickens used to make me Iose my perspective. land for personai use as they used be raised are being fully used; So when Lu Mingming asked me to - 7 percent of the total area wasteland is being reclaimed; in: on my return how I had found under cultivation. This has al- tercropping is widely applied. things in her native place, I said ready been planted, and it wouid Three collective income has what I felt certain was the truth: be inconvenient to make any increased- considerably. Aiguo's "Terrific !" n changes at present. After the au- total income in 1980 amounted to tumn harvest the area private 430,000 yuan, percent for of which 3 * use increased per- In the old days, the period between is to be to 15 was allotted for public welfare April and the harvest of the wheat crop cent, as stipulated by the Party needs; labor insurance, free medi- (in July in most parts of China) was Ce,ntral Committee. But, the bri- cal service, education, etc. leav- the most difficult time in the year for peasants, grain produced gade members here expend less ing 70,000 yuan for production- in the as the in the previous year 'rvas all or nearly tirne and effort than before cul- 1 981. consumed by that time

FEBRUARY 198U 6l group itself, John Sloan's Flouers tn Spring and George Benjamin Luks's King's Chapel, Boston. THE exhibition was valuable for r Chinese painters in helping them to see how art in the United States sought an independent road both in subject matter and means of expression. This enabled much Arnerican painting to embody a worldly outlook and be firmly rooted in everyday life, making re- ligious or mythical subjects rare, It also enabled treatments to reveal or celebrate a subject rather than "preach" metaphysical ideas. View- Boston Museum Paintings in China ers seemed to feel close to and at home with works of some of the painters who showed this genuine SHAO DAZHEN national spirit, such as Homer, In- ness, Edward Hopper and Rock- weII Kent. This is likewise true of works that went beyond photographic THE Boston Museum of Fine school, pushed landscape p_ainting r Arts was the first museum to in the U.S. to a more mature stage. realism and sought to bring out bring a showing of American Viewers could share the emotion the essence of the subject through painters to China. The 70 represen- of Winslow Homer's The Look- a freebrush style, as has been a tative works which were exhibited out ALI,'s Well and lvere inspired traditional feature of Orientai ilt, in Beijing and Shanghai were weil by -the strong figure of the old such as Maurice Prendergast's appreciated by Chinese viewers" seaman calling the watch. Lady uith a Red Sosh, Horace One thing the show revealfd to Other aspects which attracted Pippin's Night Call,, Marsden Hart- them (it included paintings from particular attention were the de1- ley's Block Duck, Milton Avery's before the American revolution to icacy and sweetness of Mary Cas- The Artist's Daughter i.n a BLue the present) was that artists in the satt's Margot Embracing Her Gown, and the works of John U,S. reacted sensitively to cultural Moth,er; and the free use of color Sloan and George Luks. trends in other lands. This may be in composition in James McNeiIl one reason why artistic styles in Whistler's Sgmphong in Red and, f was happy to see the inclusion the United States are so diverse the careful modeling of figures and I of the forest scene Gould.'s Hill and have changed so rapidiy. The rich coloring in the works of John by Neil G. Welliver, whose works exhibition included classical por- Singer Sargent. achieve a blending of realism with traits, landscapes in the romantic Other paintings that found favor the abstract. I believe that total vein, paintings of events of every- included some of The Eight-eight naturalism should be avoided, as day life full of originality and folk artists who revolted against the art should formalism, and that the feeling, and also works represent- establishment and the tendency to universal law of creativeness in art ing impressionism, realism and glorify European painting. Though lies somewhere between likeness neor€alism. A few are abstract, or they experimented with new and unlikeness. The strength and blend realism and abstraction. techniques, they refused to go attractiveness of some of the paint- Through paintings as such along with some Europeans who ings in the exhibition lies in the Thomas Cole's Swnset the in insisted on the primacy of formal are unified corn- Catskills viewers saw painting in fact that they a technique subjeet matter. bination of subjectivism and objec- the U.S. beginning to assert its in- over Instead, these Americans drew tivism, of realism and expression dependence frorn the European tradition with'the Hudson River inspiration from contemporary life of the essence. States the ex- We grateful the staff of school of the first half of the 19th in the United - to are to century, and in ELms in Summer tent that some critics disparaged the Boston Museum who organized which was particularly well- them as the ashcan school. Paint- this exhibition. Their hard work liked how George Inness, in- ings in this genre included Tucker- has contributed greatly to the fluenced- by the French Barbizon ed Out The Shoeshine Bog by interflow of culture between the John Gborge- Brown, who was in United States and China and the SHAO DAZIIEN is an art critic work- some ways a predecessor of The promotion of friendship between ing wiih the magazine World Art. Eight, and two by members of the the two countires. tr

62 CHINA RECONSI'RUCTS i$irt; f it{;,i ]*nfif fi;[ &'

{r

1

Justice overcomes evil. Furt Zeng

From Noted Artists on the 30th Birthday of China Reconstructs

E .!.

'1.. 'i? lEt

:: ': ! :,.j

Chinese hibiscus .\'iuo Slttrltnq j" 1') <.s :r^LA 'e;;: += ;, # !. t-* at :* :} ' 4 'i'i'l ''. "B' I

Fincs flcrurish on thc nrountains Dt t t .\ I t t t Lr t'i t t,q t,q 1

Frsm filoted Artists 0n the 3trth Birthday of fihitta Recomstruets

*.1

e

u

p?_

:i:

Huangshan mountains I irrtr,4.\lturi,rtt \\/aiting for the fruits of his labor. Zlttnr Sir ttrtq WEN HUANRAN and HE YEIIENG

T N ancient times China was a tant past it was a place of beauti- The subtropical zone between I well-forested land, even in the ful green mountains and blue the Qinling Range and the moun- now-arid northwest and the cold waters, totally different from the tains of northern Guangdong Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ovet' denuded mountain scenes of today. province and the Guangxi Zhuang 7,000 years ol environmentai Why were there so many forests Autonomous Region stretching changes and human activities, how- in the Loess Plateau in ancient over southeastern Tibet is one of ever, gradually stripped the coun- times? For one thing, natural China's largest areas of natural try until at the tirne rlf liberation conditions were favorabLe in i1;s forest. Judging from samples ot in 1949 only a srnall percc'nlage o{ southeastern parl, the cl.irnate ancient wr:od under the Changjiang its forests were left. Thus, in humid and the rainfall plentiful. (Yangtze) River dug out at Anqing, common with many countries The northwest was dry, with light Anhui province; the wooden cof- today, the protection and inr:rease rainfall, but its topography held fins of the Mawangdui Han .;f forest reserves is a serious what rain did fall, and this rn'as suf- dynasty tomb unearthed in Hunan problem. ficient to maintain the f orest province; leaves unearthed from a Today, China stands eighth in cover. Its high aititude, low tem- site in Zhejiang province; and the the world in terms of forest area perature and relatively high hu- spore-pollen analysis of sediment but only because of its vast size.- midity also favored tire grovrth of in Dianchi Lake in Yunnan prov- Actually its {orest cover is only forests. The fine-grained porous ince, this area has kept its sub- 12.? percent, far below the average soil facilitated the penetration and tropical features for over 7,000 for the world and for Asia. More- preservation of water. The loess years. Here the trees, inciuding over, forest distribution is un- eontains calcium carbonate. which bamboo, are always green. balanced. The main forests lie in helps the accumulation of humus China's subtropigal zone stretches northeast China. northeast Inner and improves the soil. from Taiwan through Fuzhou, Mongolia and the frontier areas of In addition, the Loess Plateau central and southern Guangdcing the south" Forest cover in north was sparsely popuiated in ancient and Guangxi, Hainan and other and northwest China is less than times, at least until people were islands in the South China Sea, I percent. moved there during the reigns of southern Yunnan and Tibet to the Shi Huang (221-210 B.C.) of the souihern slopes of the Himaiayas Qin dynasty and Wu Di (140-87 (up to 900-1,000 meters above sea Ancient Forests B.C.) of the Han dynasty. This level). In the past there were many preserved natural vegetation varieties of rare trees, including Even 3,000 years ago there were the and the plateau's mountains val'.rable timber trees. Today there still many forests in north China. "green and blue waters." are also fruit trees such as the Until the middle of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), in many parts of the Yanshan and Taihang Tree farms such as this one in southeast coastal Fujian province are part of the mountains "the dense forests pre- nationwide effort to increase the counary's foresl, coverage" vented the passage of men and horses." Before the iSth century. the Greater and Lesser Hinggan ranges and the Changbai Moun- tains were known as places where "trees reached to the sky" and "the sun could not be seen even at noon." Even today northeast China and northeast Inner Mon- golia are China's largest sourees of timber. The Loess Plateau in the northwest has one of China's smallest forested areas. In the dis-

WEN HUANRAN is an assistant pro- fessor iloing research at the Geography Institute under the Chinese Acjltlemy of Sciences, HE YEHENG is a lecturer in the geography department at Hunan Teachers' College.

I.EBRUABY T982 Before 1949, the distribution of forest in China had greatly changed frcm ancient times. Climatic ehanges \tuere pai'r of the cause. Changes irr the Tfrim Basin, for example, wiere the result of altera5 tions in the Tarim River systern and the movement of the Takli- makan sand d:"lnes caused by prevailing wlnds. Coconut tlees in Guangdong and Guangxi were affected by the great cold waves :rfter" 1050 and especi.ally in 1450. Changes in China's forest distri- bution were also caused by lires and insects. In addition, forests were destroyed rc-actionary nj by , rulers, wars, irnperiaiist plunrier. ,+ indiscriminate felling and fires caused by man. Generally speak- ing, however, the most serious Scientists at Heilongjiang's Research Institute of Forestry Sciencr rvork to deIclop problem improved varieties of the Korean pine. is the destruction of for- ests to create farmland. To protect forests and develop more of them, coconut, litchi and longan. In these tains, Japanese red pines in eastern the people's government issued the prpvinces, areas the trees are tall and the Liaoning and Shangdong "Forest Law" in February 1979. forests dense, rvith many vines and Chinese pines in north China, The government has strengthened parasitic plants. Mangrove forests masson pines and Huangshan pines the ieadership at various levels and along the coast. in central China, Yunnan pines are scaltered scientific research institutes, pro- Grasslands and deserts cover and Himalaya pines in the south vided a plan for forestry develop- China's west. Here also there were and southwest. Even on the same many forests in the past. A century mountain, such as in southwestern ment, and speeded up the construc- ago poplar forests around the Yunnan, the climate from the foot tion of shelterbelt systems. China's Tarim Basin were greater than to the top ranges from subtropical forestry is developing steadily. n today. Along the Yuhe River (now (or tropical) to sub-frigid. This the Yarkant River in the western geographical condition also in- Tree nursery in the arid western re- part of Tarim Basin) poplars "lined creases the diversity and abund- gions-Yarkant county, Xinjiang. the roads for several hundred ance of China's forests. Phot.os by Xinhua kilometers" and the local people During the Ice Age, China was spoke of the "sea of trees." These only slightly affected and some were the Poplar d,iuersif oli,a, a world-famous plants survived, such variety that can withstand drought, as the gingk<1, Glyptostrobus pen- saLt and poor soil. sili s, M etas equoia gly ptostr ob oide s, On the northern slopes of the Cathaya argyrophylla, Liriodon- Tianshan Mountains in the Qing dron, Dauidia inuolucrata and dynasty there was a 1,500-kilo- C amptothe ca acutr u-inata. The "Iiv- meter forest belt so dense that ing fossil", metasequoia, for exam- even a single horse rider couldn't ple, was once distributed over large enter it. The Iti River valley in areas of Europe, Asia and the western Xinjiang is a grain area Americas from the Cretaceous to and famous for its melons and the Tertiary periods. Destroyed by other fruit. Its apples, walnuts, glaciers, its natural distribution in and apricots are valuable in this China ls today limited to Sichuan's remote desert region. Shizhu county, Ilubei's Lichuan China's territory stretches from county and Hunan's Longshan 4'N to 53"N and from 130"E to 73"8. county. Through transplantation The variety of trees, therefore, dif- for many years, it now grows in ters greatly. Pines, for example: some fifty countries, its distribu- Korean pines in the Lesser l{ing- tion wider today than it was gan Range and Changbai Moun- before the Ice Age.

66 LINDBLAD TRAUEL famous for originating new travel destinations is now operating 2 outstanding tours designed to give an intimate glimpse of Iife in China today!

Cruise the Yangtse aboard Travel on China's ancient M.S. KUN LUN GRAND CANAL

Aboard the M.S. Kun Lun, a vessel accommo- Lindblad Travel has inaugurated a truly fasci- dating 36 passengers in stately comlort remi- nating tour on that ancient waterway, The niscent of the days and life aboard the Atlantic Grand Canal. It takes us from Suzhou to luxury liners, you can truly see China first- Yangzhou through Jiangsu Province and its hand. From Shanghai to Chongqing you visit gorgeous cities. Wuxi Yixing, Changzhou and many sights along the shores of China's lon- Zhenjian-e. Life on the canal is exciting, ever gest waterway, The Yangtse River, the high- changing and a perfect way to get a look at life lights of which are the Yangtse River gorges. as it is lived in China todalL Either way, please contact Lindblad Travel at any ol these locations. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. 2010 Swire House 9 Connaught Road Centrai Hong Kong B C C Telephone: (5) 263-356 Telex 66151

LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. LINDBLAD TRAVEL, INC. vIVRE INTERNATIONAL 8 Wright Street, P O Box 912 92 Montague Mansions P O Box 5067, FDR Station ABAI Building Westport, CT 06881 USA London Wt lt Lf, Engtand New York, NY 10022 USA 7-7 Honshio-Cho Telephone: (203) 226-4189 Tetephone. Ot-SSS-AZbA Telephone: (21 2) 7 51 -2300 Shin ju ku-Ku .160, Telex 643443(WU) Tetex 912 88j Telex:234980 Tokyo, Japan Telephone 03-357-0241 Telex'.24840 lllushrooms cultlvated indoors are Bood for experlments, but do not grow as well as those cultivated outdoors.

leaves are clusters of golden mushrooms. The leaves shade them from the sunshine and help main- tain proper hurnidity. But they also complement one another in a less obvious way. Unlike more biologically com- plex plants, mushrooms have no chlorophyll and cannot produce oxygen' through photosynthesis. Bean plants; of course, can. So the mushrooms absorb the oxygen

The Mushroom Man

WANG MINGZIIEN and LI YANLING

ETUGEZHUANG is a small village A small room on the west side E' 40 km. southeast of Beijing, of Jin's home is his indoor labora- but the postman is much busier tory. On wooden shelves are than one would expect. Since 1980 thousands of bottles of culture over 2,200 letters from around the (fungi spores in nutrient materials Rubber gloves ettached to Jin Liang- from which plants can be cheng's sterile inoculation boxes allow country have arrived, all of them mature him to work inside the boxes withoui addressed to one man: 46-year-old grown) all neatly labeled with the contaminating the fungi contents. Jin Liancheng, a peasant who names of the different varieties Jin oyster through his own efforts has become works with: straw and given off by the bean,plants, which something of an expert on the mushrooms, hedgehog hydnum, in turn absorb the carbon dioxide cultivation of mushrooms and other and so on. Also in this room are given off by the mushrooms. Com- edible Jungi. the inoculation chambers - bac- bining mushroom cultivation with Edible fungi of all kinds are a teria-free boxes which Jin has that of other plants not only makes food delicacy in many parts of the made himself and in which pure efficient use of available space, but world, but growing them on a com- strains are cultured by carefully qnhances the growth of both kinds mercial basis is a tricky business injecting bactericides into fungi of plants. requiring a lot of technical that are contaminated. Jin has also found other ways to knowledge and careful attention to The floor space is crowded with accelerate growth. He has de- detail. Jin has not only succeeded brown-glass jars, from the mouths veloped a way of raising Pleurotus in mastering the elements of of which Sprout clusters of mush- ostreatus (oyster mushrooms) so cultivation, but has also gdded rooms about 35 cm. long" According that they mature in 15 days instead some innovations of his own. And, to Jin, each cluster weighs about of the 45 days usually required. grams He estimates that by applying his instead of using this knowledge to 800 - a far cry from wild enrich his own family, he has con- mushrooms, whose clusters may methods just in his 15O-square- centrated on research, making reach 3 kg. in weight. Jin strongly meter courtyard he could bring yuan only himself a kind of nationwide con- recommends outdoor cultivation, in an income of 6,000 in sultant for anyone seeking his help. which, he says, results in quick six months - an enormous sum in growth and bigger bodies. with terms of Chinese peasant income. clusters weighing up to 1.5 kg. But Jin has chosen another course. WANG MINGZHEN is with the agricul- At first sight the courtyard of tural deBartment of the BeijinS his house seems devoted to nothing Sharing His Knowledge Municipal People's Government. But LI YANLING is a reporter for Radio but kidney bean plants. The "mushroom" man's achieve- Peking. underneath the dense cover of ments have been reported in

68 CHINA EECONSTRUCTS newspapers and on the radio, and and helped him conduct some in- ed all of Jin's questions on com- he now receives as many as 60 dependent research on the effec- plicated technical processes. Lu was letters a day from people seeking tiveness of certain drugs on TB particulartry helpful in teaching the advice or asking for some of his bacteria. With timely medical care, proper procedures for eliminating cultures. A number of people come he recovered, and soon Jin and contaminated fungi from cultures, to see him in person. Becatxe he Kang became husband and wife. a key process in cultivation. still works full time as a member In 1962, in response to the Farty Jin always brought his research of his brigade, he can handle these and state's call to build up the results to Lu so that they could queries only in his spare time. He socialist countryside, they took sum them up together, and it was writes letters late into the night their baby son and moved to Lu who finally persuaded hin'l to and frequently visits libraries or Fugezhuang village to work as write his pamphlets, though Jin research institutes to answer ques- peasants. had at first protested that his tions. He has given up cultivating Today Jin calls Kang his chief educational level was too low. mushrooms himself so he can assistant, and brags that she is Even during the chaotic years devote more time to research, quicker and more accurate than he of the revolution," Jin did people's questions, "cultural answering and is in certain delicate operations that not stop his research. Then and improving the quality of the cul- require great dexterity. "Seventy now, he haunts second-hand book- tures he supphes to mirshroom- percent of my accomplishments," stores for works dealing with his growers all over the country (in the he goes on, "are due to her efforts." specialty and has accurnulated a process, has also lowered the he Kang herself laughingly replies library of some 50 volumes. He has culture over cost of a bottle of by that this is flattering but untrue: also read articles translated from 60 percent). He has published "I just help out as he directs." ,fapanese, English, German and several pamphlets outlining his Jin also gives great credit to a other languages. Extensive study methods, too dis- and these are man he calls his teacher, Lu has improved grasp the tributed widely, his of Donglai, a technician at the Insti- theoretical side of his work, and Jin is an enthusiastic promoter of tute of Microbiology under the practice has perfected his mushroom production, both as a Chinese Academy of Sciences. In techniques. way for peasants to earn money 1973, when Jin began to cultivate Jin's latest enthusiasms are cer- and because of their nutritional edible fungi, Lu gave him a guided tain edible fungi that can be grown value. As he points out, 100 grams tour of the Institute's laboratories in waste materials such as ashes or of dried mushrooms contain 12.5 and workrooms, and also provided manul:e. His research in this area g. of protein, 60 g. of sugar, 6.4 g. of him with fungus cultures and ref- will undoubtedly yieid interesting fat, variou^s kinds of vitami;rs, enzymes, and seven the eight erence materials. results. And those'results will in- of of varieties of amino acid needed by L\r took a great interest in this evitably end up in the hands peasant the human body. believes who was so enthusiastic farm workers all over China, to He great mushrooms can reduce cholesterol about doing scientific research, and the benefit of the country in the blood and that they have then and iater he patiently answer- and the people. ! anti-cancer properties as well. An acquaintance once asked Jin Jin and wife Kang Xiuying with their stock of mushroom and fungi cultures. why he persisted in sharing his Photos bg Zhang Jingdc knowledge so freely. The smart thing to do, this self-appointed advisor went on, would be to keep the knowledge to yourself and use it to get rich. But Jin only shook his head: "If my own family got rich, it would mean nothing. Only when all of China's 800 million peasants achieve prosperity will we have a truly well-off society."

Family Life and Study Jin was orphaned at an' early age, and went to work in a scien- tific apparatus factory after grad- uating from middle school 27 years ago. But then he contracted tuberculosis. Kang Xiuying, a woman worker at the factory, sympalhized with his difficulties

FEBBUAR,Y 1982 69 Legends and Tales frorn History: Jiang Taigong - Hg Fished and Waited WEI TANG

own volition when they were opportunity to eliminate the King ready. of Shang." Soon it was reported that the people of Shang were so CCORDING to the story, King A oppressed that no one dared sPeak. f\ Wen of Zhou state, which had King Wu and Jiang Taigong de- risen in central Shaanxi, came cided this was the time to attack, along and found Jiang Shang for the people had lost faith in the fishing. King Wen, following the A bloody battle was fought advice of his father and grand- ruler. Muye (35 kilometers from the him, was in search at Iather before Yin, now Anyang in of people. In fact, he had Shang capital talented Henan province). Jiang Taigong been told by his grandfather, the the head of the trooPs. Grand Duke of Zhou, that one day charged at battle drums and then STORY of Jiang Taig,rng a sage would appear to help rule beat the 1.Un 100 men drew the I has been used on many Ievels Zhou When King Wen with of his the state. southwest. in China. At its simplest it may saw Shang, he felt at first Shang troops to the Jiang troops moved quicklY be said to be an example of sight that this was an unusual old King Wu's and surrounded the capital. The patience, or the philosophy that if man, and began to converse with king had sent un- you wait long enough things will him. He discovered that this Shang relatively trained slaves to fight. This come your way. A more sophisti- white-haired fisherman ac- PIus yas the fact many surrendered or cated message applicable in mili- an astute political thinker that .tually revolted enabled Zhou to take the tary and political strategy is: Wait and military strategist. This, he capital. until circumstances ripen. fe1t, must be the man his grand- set to his He is a real historical character father was waiting for. He took The Shang king fire palace and perished in it, and King named Jiang Shang (a1so known as Jiang Shang in his coach to the Wu and his successors as the Zhou Jiang Zrya) who in the l1th cen- court and appointed him Prime Minister and gave him the title dynasty established rule over all of tury B.C.) became advisor to King China. As lor Daji, one versioP Wen and his son King Wu, founder Jiang Taigongwang (Hope of the Duke of Zhou). This was later has it that she Was captured and of the Zhou dynasty (1122-771 that she took her shortened tc Jiang Taigong. executed, another B.C.). own life. Jiang Taigong was made accorrnt of Jiang Taigong's An State of (todaY's life written long after his time duke of the Qi l.HE last ruler o.[ the Shang Shandong province) and it Pros- r dynasty (16th-11th century B.C.) says he held that a country powerful only pered, with better communications was a tyrannical and debauched could become its fish and salt people prospered. If and exploitation of slaveowner who spent his days when the resources. carousing with his favorite con- the officiaLs enriched themselves cubine Daji and mercilessly execut- while the people remained poor, rftHE figure of Jiang Taigong ing or punishing upright officials the ruler would not last long. The I has for long captured the and all others who objected. Jiang major principle in ruling a coun- popular imagination. He was cred- be love the Shang had once served the Shang try should to PeoPle; ited with having written a mili- love the people rneant to king and had come to hate him and to tary book Liutao (Six Strategies). reduce taxes and corvee labor. BY with all his heart. He was an ex- Many legends grew up around him following these ideas, King Wen pert military affairs and hoped years. ,They were col- in is said to have made the Zhou over the some day someone would eall Ming dynastY (1368- that state prosper very rapidlY. lected in the on him to help overthrow the king. 1644) fictional work FengshenYan- He waited and waited till he was A FTER King Wen died, his son yi (Tales of Gods and Heroes). 80 years old, confinuing placidly fI t

70 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Lesson 14 HUANG WENYAN ilfending the f'old After the Sheep llave Bseaped A F a (XAifzgs-z6z&1i) FBal 7 g h,lti 1 ,1e{..fr *k- + Chir XiEngw4ng (gdngyudn qiAn 298 - 263 ziriwli) Chngu6 de liliang xuErud le, dirn hdi y6u shir qi6n Chu Xiang King (8.C. 298 263 in reign ) Chu State's power (has) weakened, but still has several thousand 4{.+ E+ tfrv, ,r\0.4 'a 9 Ltt,,, X*X-.# Effi, k Tvl( yi kio si ge m6iydu'q.A cdin6rrg, zhi hui li ttdi, zhiyiro fdfBn tiqi6ng, shi k6yi rely on four not have ability, only knows thow to) ll (of) land, solongasstrive(tobe)strong, (i0 can be &71{ fi1 E)+ frlJ fdngcheng de ddch6n, yizhi gu6jiA hCn bn filxing de," "" Earter ministers, so that country very not rejuvenated." fq&" E ,g-ifi, fi n E ]V,E , *-l gIfl T fL +,tL"E-l qiAngshCng. Ydu -^yi ge zhdngch6ng de ddrch6n Cihdu, Xiiingwdng zhdhgydngleZhuingXin, sh6ufirle stxong and prosperous. There was a loyal minister Thereafter, Xiang King heavily used Zhuang Xin, recovered r{ E *,t)l ff.-.l iL, "flIl w t T ,Y *- tb, A4 .{L 4. 'frrt jiito Zhuiing Xin, quirn XiEngwing shu6: ..Nir si ge bt shio shidi gu6iE yE zhtjiAn ..Those called Zhuang Xin (who) advised Xiang King, say: four not (a) little lost land, state also gradually ,s*;E. #19, trrt",{"X fq &. r6n^. hudngyin, shEchi, bri en gu6zhing, r6gu6 qi6ngshdng. persons dissolute, extravagant, not^Fn concemed state affairs. If (grow) strong and prosperous. 'f,tr {. Efi 4&'fil, 4.tr -E" .4 E + 4l' +,ill+- h nh ni hdi ch6ngxin tEmen, Ch[gu6 ylding yio "W6ng yAng bir 16o, ytiu w6i w6i w6n" you still unduly trust them, ChuState certainlv will *ff'- "(After) escape sheep mend fold, still not regarded as late" El" " E\.i# -*1. 61J i a T't " A 4 , R- il. i{.+ ik-+ * wdng gu6." XiEngwdng bir ting. zhi jir ch6ngyir, jin shi cmg zhige girshi l4l de." perish." Xiang King not listen. this proverb, just is from this story come. E *-, t,E Xi"t €4'l ,,1 E frlr ifi.Hfl + th il t ara, /-r't ,t t+ Hiruldi, Chigu6 gudr6n zjiodio bie gu6 de Shudming shiqing chiile chdcud, jfuhi shdfA Later, Chu State as a result suffered other state,s (It) shows things occur errors, in time find ways (to) $,n, -* *-l n fi j- ju -#- L +l'.&, 4.^ fl tfu" jingdng, diiishile dirpiin tfdi. " Xiingwdng b[jia!, tdi bi suin win. attack, lost vast section land" Xiang King rernedy, still not count (as) late. iiBi t *a4i )tr t at * *. rt hEr, Translation zhCshi c6i xidngxin Zhuilng Xin de hui shi dui de, , King Xiang of the State of Chu (reigned, 298-263 B.C.) re- then finally believed Zhuang Xin's rvords are right, lied on four ministers who were without ability but could flatter, 4*- lft- /\ 4t so that the country could not become strong and prosper. A lL J{.+. loyal minister biin pii r6n bi te zhiolai. named Zhuang Xin advised him, saying, "Those four persons are dissolute extravagant pay then send someone (have) him summoned. and and no attention to state aflairs. If you continue to trust them so, the State of -f-_ l in . " il v\if ,t "t tk rtrJ it, Chu will surely perish." But King Xiang would not listeo. XidngwdngshuS: "W6 yiqiin m6i ttng ni de hui, Later, as a result, the State of Chu was attacked by other Xiang King said: "I before not listen your words. states and lost a lot of territery. Only then did King Xiang realize that Zh:uaog Xin had been right, and sent for him. B 4 * e,l 4e *V,ti- fi > ,E A ll,rfoz " didn't listen to you before," ndngdAo "I King Xiang said, "and our eu6jie rdci dibn, zlnme bin ne?" country is brought to such a state. What can we do?,, thecountry(is)broughttosuch a state, what to do?" Zhuaog Xin replied, "The old saying goes, 'Even after some sheep are lost it's Ji * e *," l&itif, '* 1 -f v/ E , not too late to mend the fold., Although the ZhuEngXin huida: ',Sfhud shud, dille y6ng yihdu, State of Chu has grown weak, it still has territory stretching for ,Lost thousands of we just strive ZhuangXin replied: "(A) proverb says, sheep after, /i. If to become strong. it can make a comeback." ft',f fu- + m bfi, *- 4.T fl flL o' After that King Xiang relied heavily on Zhuang Xin. . The gtnjin b[ ydngjuin xiiihio, yI hdi bri suln wln.' lost territory was recovered and the country gradually grew strong. quickly take sheepfold repair wel!, also still not count(as)late." The proverb, "Even after some sheep have escaped it's not

FEBRUARY T982 .L too late to mend the fold" comes from this story. It shows that illlq|Lat.l,Jt xuErud tdde shili weaken his if timely measures are taken when something goes wrong, it's forces still not too late. 6. {ffi ehdcud rnistake, error Notes *, APA chfr chflcud errors occurred The proverb W6ng y6ng bi 16o, y6u wli w6i iLLfr E+* zhili ydu chflcud there are mis- win r+?l'4, trsithe, (It is not too late to takes here mend the fold even after some of the sheep have Exercises escaped) contains a number of characters which are no longer in everyday use today. Here they 1" Answer the following questions in Chinese: are with their contemporary equivalents: (1) In the proverb "r +?1.S, {,t,*-hW" Classical Modern explain what each character means. w6ng r (escape) t6op[o ,l9,yt, (2) What does this proverb mean ? 16o F (sheepfold) ying juin +ffi ') Write the pinyin words in Chinese and trans- y6u {rc (still) hfi 4 rEngrdn ,f4 f* late the sentences into English: w6i il (be regarded as) bii rdnwdi 4i^iLlt (1) g*+il rri ci rr, fi , ,E A (2) Hiru l6i t E X/.{ it4,l 1 f'l ^,ry-?E 6i jt,i" Everyday Expressions (3) Ci hdu *lAnt E+" a l. lfr+ yikho rely on, depend on J^ Read the following paragraphs: 4&+f+ h yikio qrinzhdng rely on the masses E*. Fa, lk{R+flrqt,!fr fi24{B?ibte yikio p6ngyou depend on friends (zhili sn, or manage) fr ff<*nnE " 2. iE ts qiingshdng strong and prosperous #-a, httAt gflfg,S gudjifl qidngshing the country is E*, 4u'filXAF4\, N-inf"i9, +19, frffi strong and prosperous E.ct . *" R'f,jr 4.8 4e 4+.1t1, t El - t.* 3. zdodio suffer, meet with t El6lJ €r,l " €r'litr{. z[odio jingdng meet with attack KAz €f'lA*- zdodio xiji suft'er a surprise attack ^+" €.f,16+ zfrodio brixing meet with misfortune ;;. t'i rx if i\-fr't lfratr it , liL+ 1 4Li1 " tL 4. ${ diiishi lose trBXiBl'lr{ E 6i itrt, + *.T.Xh L 4L}-tt diiishi tidi lose territory tu, E a ll.,rv,? &Xlh{" difishi witpin lose articles E*, g f^*I.fi fr1r rt Afii$ 1, 4Pf-{..d *.+ 5. if{ 65 xuErub weaken 9Lrt , x-*x,.6.8 iq, :-4.T v;( E)(. rt liliang xuErud strength is weak A'f,!fi lii$iLz "t+ilF, 4Lf-hyL' "

Asion Populotion ond Deuelopmeni we give them advanced culture and China and India both have large (Continued lrom p. 29) knowledge. populations. We should make more than two. Fortunately, peo- every attempt to clear up misun- ple in India are becorning more derstandings which arise, since we aware of the need to reduoe family have had very good relations in the size. past. If our two countries unite, Our government agencies, volun- there will be no insurmountable tary organizations, women's organ- obstacLes and the prospect of world izations and health centers are all q peace will be closer. E making to see that the pop- e efforts We are both developing nations ulation is checked through distri- & working to modernize our socio- ,€ bution of contraceptives, family i planning guidance, and abortions economic structures. If we don't ffi control our populations, economic and sterilizations. At the same gains E time we use incentives of all kinds. will be nuliified by the ex- Men from two-child families are cessive population. We should :: strive, each own woy, I eligible for government jobs, and in our L also receive oertain monetary to limit our population growth, h advantages. I don't say we have raise our peoples' Iiving standards succeeded, but we are hopeful of and bring them the greatest eco- L need 4 solving this problem. We can make nomic benefits. For this we -+ people understand the importance peace and good relations with our 4 of reducing the population only if Shri Rattansingh Bajda, neighboring countries. tr ffi

72 CHINA RECONSTBUOTS *

Magpie and Plum Painted by l4tang Xuetuo ' i;l

r{ Chinq Reconstrucls No. 2, 1982

Stone Forest

+ E r, ft &li Iu 8-

+

t-cl

,,(. n Hli Iitu,

70th Anniversary of l9l I Revolurion

1, {il _1, tt jlf ,}il STAMPS OF NEW CHINA

70th Anniversary of 1911 Revolution

The 191 1 Revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty under the Ieadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen broke out at Wuchang on October 10, 1911 (Xin Hai Year). China's Ministry of Post and Telecommunications released on October 10, 1981 a set of three commemoratives entitled "70th Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution." Stamp 1, Portrait of Dr. Sun Yat-sen as Interim President of the Republic, 8 len Stamp 2, Grave of the 72 martyrs at Huang Hta Gar;;g,8 Jbn. Stamp 3, Site of the Military Headquarters of Hubei province after the Wuchang Uprising, 8/n. All stamps measure 30 x 40 mm. PerJ. 1l x 11 r/+. Color photogravured. Serial numbers: J.68 (3-l) to (3-3).

Stone Forest

China's famous Stone Forest is located in Yunnan province. To show its natural wonders, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications issued a set of special stamps entitled "Stone Forest" on September 18, 1981. Stamp 1, Stone Forest in Mist, 8/Lr. Stamp 2, Stone Forest in Autumn, 8/Lr Stamp 3, A Stone Forest Pool, 8 /2n. Stamp 4, Morning Glow at Stone Forest, 10 /2n. Stamp 5, Stars over Stone Forest, 70 /an All stamps measure 3l x 52 mlrr. Perf. 11.5. Color photogravured. Serial numbers: T. 64 (5-l) to (5-5).