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Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science Texts and Studies Edited by Hans Daiber Anna Akasoy Emilie Savage-Smith volume 111 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ipts Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation A Study of Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql By Carl Sharif El-Tobgui LEIDEN | BOSTON Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Das Tor der Großen Umayyaden-Moschee, Damaskus, 1890. The Gate of the Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, 1890, where Ibn Taymiyya taught in his youth some six hundred years earlier. By Gustav Bauernfeind (1848–1904). The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: El-Tobgui, Carl Sharif, 1974- author. Title: Ibn Taymiyya on reason and revelation : a study of Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql / by Carl Sharif El-Tobgui. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2020] | Series: Islamic philosophy, theology and science, 0169-8729 ; volume 111 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019033459 (print) | LCCN 2019033460 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004412859 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004412866 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Ibn Taymīyah, Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, 1263-1328. Bayān muwāfaqat ṣarīḥ al-maʿqūl li-ṣaḥīḥ al-manqūl. | Faith and reason–Islam. | Islam and philosophy. Classification: LCC BP190.5.R4 I2534 2020 (print) | LCC BP190.5.R4 (ebook) | DDC 297.2/0414–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033459 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033460 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 0169-8729 ISBN 978-90-04-41285-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-41286-6 (e-book) This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Copyright 2020 by Carl Sharif El-Tobgui. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access This book is dedicated, with boundless love and eternal gratitude, to my dear wife, Nadia, and my beloved children, Adnane and Amina ∵ Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access Contents Acknowledgements xi List of Figures and Tables xiv Mise en Scène 1 Introduction 4 1 Contours of a Conflict 6 2 Why the Darʾ taʿāruḍ? 9 3 About This Work 13 3.1 Aims, Method, and Scope 13 3.2 Structure and Major Themes 16 Part 1 Reason vs. Revelation? 1 Reason and Revelation in Islam before Ibn Taymiyya 23 1 Reason and Revelation, Reason in Revelation 23 2 The Early Emergence of Rationalist and Textualist Tendencies: The Case of the Law 27 3 Early Theological Reflection and Contention 31 3.1 The Translation Movement and the Impact of Greek Philosophy 38 4 The Muʿtazila 41 5 Non-speculative Theology and the Legacy of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal 42 6 The Miḥna and Its Aftermath 46 7 Nascent Ashʿarī Thought and the Early Kalām 48 7.1 al-Ashʿarī 48 7.2 al-Bāqillānī 52 8 Philosophy 53 8.1 al-Kindī 55 8.2 al-Fārābī 57 8.3 Ibn Sīnā 60 9 The New Kalām and Subsequent Developments 63 9.1 al-Juwaynī 63 9.2 al-Ghazālī 66 10 Kalām and Falsafa in the Wake of al-Ghazālī 71 Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access viii contents 10.1 Ashʿarī Theology and the Struggle to Orthodoxy 71 10.2 Philosophical Theology and the Fate of Falsafa Proper 72 10.3 Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī 74 2 Ibn Taymiyya: Life, Times, and Intellectual Profile 78 1 The Life and Times of Ibn Taymiyya (661–728/1263–1328) 78 2 Intellectual Profile 87 3 Character and Contemporary Reception 93 4 Ibn Taymiyya’s Works 97 5 The Historiography of the Darʾ taʿāruḍ: Ibn Taymiyya’s Assessment of the Intellectual Legacy He Inherited 102 6 The Darʾ taʿāruḍ in Context: Ibn Taymiyya’s View of Previous Attempts to Solve the Conundrum of Reason and Revelation 118 3 On the Incoherence of the Universal Rule and the Theoretical Impossibility of a Contradiction between Reason and Revelation 132 1 Ibn Taymiyya on the Universal Rule and the Variety of Responses It Has Elicited 132 2 The End Result of Figurative Interpretation (taʾwīl) 137 3 Specious Rationality and Its Discontents: Reason in a Cul-de-Sac 141 4 Ibn Taymiyya’s Project: Refuting the Universal Rule 148 5 On Reason Grounding Our Knowledge of Revelation 149 6 Knowledge vs. Conjecture: Conclusiveness Is What Counts 156 7 Not “Scriptural vs. Rational” but “Scripturally Validated vs. Innovated” 163 8 Further Arguments Regarding the Rational Contradictoriness of the Universal Rule 168 9 On the Incompatibility of the Universal Rule with the Status and Authority of Revelation 172 Part 2 Ibn Taymiyya’s Reform of Language, Ontology, and Epistemology 4 Ṣaḥīḥ al-Manqūl, or What Is Revelation? 179 1 Taʾwīl and the Meaning of Qurʾān 3:7 184 1.1 The Meaning of “Taʾwīl” 185 2 The Centrality of Context and Ibn Taymiyya’s “Contextual Taʾwīl” 193 Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access contents ix 2.1 Ibn Taymiyya’s Contextual Taʾwīl in Practice 198 2.2 Taʾwīl on the Basis of Intertextuality 202 2.3 Taʾwīl on the Basis of the Positions of the Salaf 204 3 The Salaf and the Authority of Their Linguistic Convention (ʿurf ) 206 3.1 The Salaf’s Authority in Knowledge and the Understanding of Revelation 208 4 Analysis of Terms to Detect and Correct for Semantic Shift 211 5 A Case Study: The Terms wāḥid, tawḥīd, and tarkīb 215 5 Ṣarīḥ al-Maʿqūl, or What Is Reason? 227 1 What Exists? Ibn Taymiyya’s Account of Reality 229 1.1 Self-Standing Entities (Aʿyān): The Realms of the Seen and the Unseen 230 2 How Do We Know What Exists? The Primary Sources of Knowledge 235 2.1 The First Source of Knowledge: Sensation (ḥiss) 236 2.2 The Second Source of Knowledge: Transmitted Reports (khabar) 237 3 The Realm of the Mind: What Exists fī al-adhhān? 241 3.1 Universals 241 3.2 Essence and Existence, Essence and Attributes 248 4 The Structure of Reason 253 4.1 Self-Evident and A Priori Knowledge 255 4.2 Fiṭra: The Original Normative Disposition 260 4.3 Ḍarūra (Necessity) 264 4.4 Tawātur as the Final Epistemic Guarantor 267 6 Reason Reconstituted: The Divine Attributes and the Question of Contradiction between Reason and Revelation 277 1 Rational Inference and the Question of Qiyās al-ghāʾib ʿalā al-shāhid 277 2 Ibn Taymiyya’s Reforms Applied: The Question of the Divine Attributes 285 3 Concluding Reflections 288 Appendix A: Summary Outline of the Darʾ taʿāruḍ 301 Appendix B: Detailed Outline of the Darʾ taʿāruḍ 307 Glossary of Arabic Terms 323 Glossary of Proper Names 347 Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access x contents Bibliography 367 Index of Arabic Passages 398 Index of Ḥadīth 404 Index of People and Places 406 Index of Qurʾānic Verses 413 Index of Subjects 423 Carl Sharif El-Tobgui - 978-90-04-41286-6 Downloaded from Brill.com01/08/2020 12:21:48PM via free access Acknowledgements No work of the nature of the current study can possibly be accomplished by any person without substantial support, both academic and personal, from myriad quarters. As this book began as a PhD dissertation, I begin by thanking my doc- toral supervisor and mentor, Prof. Wael Hallaq, who for many years provided me direction and guidance and who continues not only to inspire me but to elicit from me the deepest admiration. I would also like to extend a special word of gratitude to Prof. Robert Wisnovsky, who agreed to serve as a co-supervisor during the last stages of my doctoral work and who provided me with direction and advice on the development of the manuscript thereafter. I also record a word of debt to the late Shahab Ahmed for his friendship and collegiality over one and a half decades, for granting me generously of his time on numerous occasions, and for allowing me to audit his course “The Life and Times of Ibn Taymiyya” at Harvard University in fall 2005.
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