The Morphotectonics and Its Evolutionary Dynamics of the Central
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Geomorphological Approaches to the Study of Neotectonics
Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 143, 1986, pp. 335-342, 4 figs, 4 tables. Printed in Northern Ireland Geomorphological approaches to the study of neotectonics J. C. DOORNKAMP Department of Geography, The University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK Abstract: The study of morphotectonics is concerned with the analysis of landforms whose form or origins have been affected by neotectonic activity. Traditional morphotectonic studies have been used as a basis for more refined (e.g. statistical) analyses. After the 1960s, however, there emerged new techniques and new approaches to the study of morphotectonics. These have made more precise not only the recognition of morphotectonic features, but have also improved their dating. The time has come to integrate morphotectonic studies more fully both with the approaches used by other disciplines and with modern geomorphological theory. Neotectonics is frequently associated with morphotectonics, traditional period but which pursued more subtle and more which is concerned with the geomorphology of landforms elusive data, and used more refined analytical techniques. whose character is related to recent tectonics. Morphotec- Typical of these were the studies in Uganda where the early tonics can be sub-divided into two parts. One part centres models of rift valley formationand drainage reversal (to on structural activity resulting from isostatic adjustment formLake Victoria) defined by Wayland (1929, 1934a,b) since the Quaternary, and the other is more concerned with were elaborated by Doornkamp & Temple (1966). neotectonics which is not itself responsea to post- Statistical analysis of the warped rift valley shoulders Pleistoceneisostatic effects. Thisaccount is restricted to (Doornkamp 1972) revealed zones of warping much more neotectonics; topics relating to isostatic effects are discussed precisely than had hitherto been the case. -
Study of Morphotectonics and Hydrogeology for Groundwater
STUDY OF MORPHOTECTONICS AND HYDROGEOLOGY FOR GROUNDWATER PROSPECTING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THE NORTH WEST HIMALAYA, DISTRICT SIRMOUR, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA Thapa, R1, Kumar Ravindra2and Sood, R.K1 1Remote Sensing Centre, Science Technology & Environment, 34-SDA Complex, Kasumpti, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India 171 009 India - [email protected], [email protected] 2Centre of Advanced Study in Geology,Panjab University Chandigarh,160 014 India - [email protected]. KEY WORDS: Satellite Imageries, Neo-Tectonics,GPS, Hydrogeology, Morphometric Analysis, Weightage, GIS, Ground Water Potential. ABSTRACT: The study of aerial photographs, satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey reveals that the study area has a network of interlinked subsurface fractures. The features of neo-tectonic activities in the form of faults and lineaments has a definite control on the alignment of many rivers and their tributaries. Geology and Morphotectonics describes the regional geology and its correlation with major and minor geological structures. The study of slopes, aspects, drainage network represents the hydrogeology and helps in categorization of the land forms into different hydro-geomorphological classes representing the relationship of the geological structures vis-à-vis the ground water occurrence. Data integration and ground water potential describes the designing of data base for ground water analysis in GIS platform and the use of hydro-geomorphological models based on satellite imageries -
Mechanical Modelling of Oblique Convergence in the Zagros, Iran
Geophys. J. Int. (2006) 165, 991–1002 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02900.x Mechanical modelling of oblique convergence in the Zagros, Iran ∗ Philippe Vernant and Jean Ch´ery Laboratoire Dynamique de la Lithosph`ere, CNRS-Universit´e de Montpellier II, CC 060, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2.fr Accepted 2006 January 7. Received 2005 October 28; in original form 2005 October 28 SUMMARY Recent GPS surveys indicate that the Zagros kinematics corresponds to an oblique convergence between a rigid central Iranian plateau and the Arabian plate at ∼7mmyr−1 at the longitude of the Persian Gulf. Convergence is almost frontal in the SE Zagros and oblique (45◦)inthe NW part of the range. It has been proposed that internal deformation of the NW Zagros occurs in a partitioned mode. In such a view, the Main Recent Fault (MRF) bordering the Iranian plateau accommodates all the tangential motion, while shortening happens by pure thrusting within the fold and thrust belt as suggested by the focal mechanisms within the range. We use a 2.5-D mechanical finite element model of the Zagros to understand the influence on the Zagros deformation of (1) the obliquity of convergence, (2) the rheological layering of the lithosphere (strong upper crust, weak lower crust, strong or weak uppermost mantle) and (3) a possible weakness of the MRF. Surprisingly, a fully partitioned mode occurs only when the collision is very oblique. In the case of the NW Zagros, we find that the MRF can accommodate only ∼25 per cent of the whole tangential motion. -
Geological Sciences Department Annual Report 2018-19
Geological Sciences Department Annual Report 2018-19 I. Student Success: Fall 2019 Cohort and Progress on Graduation Initiative 2025 Instructions to Department Cal Poly Pomona is committed to making evidenced-based decisions in support of our students’ success. The CPP Tableau Dashboards (http://www.cpp.edu/~irpa/dashboards/index.shtml) and CSU Student Success Dashboards (https://csusuccess.dashboards.calstate.edu/public/app/dashboard/dashboard-index.php) are tools to analyze our progress, foster cultures of inquiry, and help us identify and pursue those changes with the greatest potential to benefit our students. Using these tools, reflect on and summarize the Department’s efforts in AY 2018-19 to increase the retention and graduation rates of students, including efforts to close equity gaps for Pell-eligible and underrepresented minority students (URM). More specifically, focus on the following strategies, which were strategic priorities this year in alignment with the CSU Graduation Initiative. 1. Progress on improving graduation and retention rates (both freshman and transfer). • Where do you see the most significant challenge and the most improvement? What accounts for the progress and what strategies did you employ this year? Transfer graduation rates in Geology show an upward trend over the past 4 years. The 2-year rate exceeds the CSU goal, and the 4-year rate is approaching the goal. We attribute these positive results to concerted Department efforts to better advise students, and generally good preparation of students entering the major, with an intention of staying in Geology. Historically, our transfer cohort is larger than the freshman cohort, because Earth Science is rarely taught in local high schools First time freshmen graduation rates show an upward trajectory that currently exceeds the goal for 6-year graduation. -
EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL Seismotectonic
EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL Eart Sci. Res. J. Vol. 19, No. 1 (June, 2015): 7 - 13 SEISMOLOGY Seismotectonic-Geologic Hazards Zoning of Iran Mehran Arian Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; [email protected] ABSTRACT Key words: Seismotectonic, Hazards, Zoning map, Iran, Seismicity, Earthquake Seismotectonic-geologic hazards zoning map of Iran is drawn based on deterministic seismic hazards evaluation using the seismicity records, structural trends, tectonic settings, fault ruptures and neotectonics activities in Iran. This map has been prepared to indicate the seismotectonic-geologic hazards of Iran. It contains the earthquake hazards parameters such as b value and Mmax for the nineteen seismotectonic provinces. Furthermore, Moho discontinuity depth, seismogenic layer depths and seismic rates for all provinces are investigated. The majority of deformation in Iran has been concentrated in the continental crust of the country. Zagros and Alborz experience deep earthquakes that are an indication of existence of the thick-skinned tectonics. Finally, some provinces such as Piranshahr- Borojen, East Iran, Naien- Rafsanjan and East Alborz, which include main suture zones of Iran, have faced high seismic hazards. RESUMEN Palabras clave: Sismotectónica, amenazas, mapa zonal, Irán, sismicidad, terremoto. Este estudio se realizó con el fin de preparar un mapa zonal de amenazas seismotectónicas y geológicas de Irán con base en la evaluación de amenazas sismícas deterministas a través de los registros sísmicos, las tendencias estructurales, las configuraciones tectónicas, las rupturas de fallas y la actividad neotectónica en Irán. Este mapa contiene los parámetros de amenaza sismológica como los valores b y Mmax para las 19 provincias sismotectónicas del país. -
Insights on the Indian Ocean Tectonics and Geophysics Supported by GMT Polina Lemenkova
Insights on the Indian Ocean tectonics and geophysics supported by GMT Polina Lemenkova To cite this version: Polina Lemenkova. Insights on the Indian Ocean tectonics and geophysics supported by GMT. Riscuri si Catastrofe, ”Babes-Bolyai” University from Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Geography, 2020, 27 (2), pp.67- 83. 10.24193/RCJ2020_12. hal-03033533 HAL Id: hal-03033533 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03033533 Submitted on 1 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Riscuri și catastrofe, an XX, vol, 27 nr. 2/2020 INSIGHTS ON THE INDIAN OCEAN TECTONICS AND GEOPHYSICS SUPPORTED BY GMT POLINA LEMENKOVA1 Abstract. Insights on the Indian Ocean Tectonics and Geophysics Supported by GMT. This paper presented analyzed and summarized data on geological and geophysical settings about the tectonics and geological structure of the seafloor of the Indian Ocean by thematic visualization of the topographic, geophysical and geo- logical data. The seafloor topography of the Indian Ocean is very complex which includes underwater hills, isolated mountains, underwater canyons, abyssal and ac- cumulative plains, trenches. Complex geological settings explain seismic activity, repetitive earthquakes, and tsunami. -
Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity Around a Large Non-Transform
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity around a Large Non-Transform Discontinuity along Ultraslow-Spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (48.1–48.7◦ E) Dong Chen 1,2, Chunhui Tao 2,3,*, Yuan Wang 2, Sheng Chen 4, Jin Liang 2, Shili Liao 2 and Teng Ding 1 1 Institute of Marine Geology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (T.D.) 2 Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, SOA & Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China; [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (S.L.) 3 School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 4 Ocean Technology and Equipment Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Non-transform discontinuity (NTD) is one category of tectonic units along slow- and ultraslow-spreading ridges. Some NTD-related hydrothermal fields that may reflect different driving mechanisms have been documented along slow-spreading ridges, but the discrete survey strategy makes it hard to evaluate the incidence of hydrothermal activity. On ultraslow-spreading ridges, fewer NTD-related hydrothermal activities were reported. Factors contributing to the occurrence of hydrothermal activities at NTDs and whether they could be potential targets for hydrothermal explo- Citation: Chen, D.; Tao, C.; Wang, Y.; Chen, S.; Liang, J.; Liao, S.; Ding, T. ration are poorly known. Combining turbidity and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors with Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity a near-bottom camera, Chinese Dayang cruises from 2014 to 2018 have conducted systematic towed around a Large Non-Transform surveys for hydrothermal activity around a large NTD along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest ◦ Discontinuity along Indian Ridge (SWIR, 48.1–48.7 E). -
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International Geophys. J. Int. (2013) doi: 10.1093/gji/ggt372 Geophysical Journal International Advance Access published October 11, 2013 Cretaceous to present kinematics of the Indian, African and Seychelles plates Graeme Eagles∗ and Ha H. Hoang Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Downloaded from Accepted 2013 September 16. Received 2013 September 13; in original form 2012 November 12 SUMMARY An iterative inverse model of seafloor spreading data from the Mascarene and Madagascar http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/ basins and the flanks of the Carlsberg Ridge describes a continuous history of Indian–African Plate divergence since 84 Ma. Visual-fit modelling of conjugate magnetic anomaly data from near the Seychelles platform and Laxmi Ridge documents rapid rotation of a Seychelles Plate about a nearby Euler pole in Palaeocene times. As the Euler pole migrated during this rotation, the Amirante Trench on the western side of the plate accommodated first convergence and later divergence with the African Plate. The unusual present-day morphology of the Amirante GJI Geodynamics and tectonics Trench and neighbouring Amirante Banks can be related to crustal thickening by thrusting and at Alfred Wegener Institut fuer Polar- und Meeresforschung Bibliothek on October 11, 2013 folding during the convergent phase and the subsequent development of a spreading centre with a median valley during the divergent phase. The model fits FZ trends in the north Arabian and east Somali basins, suggesting that they formed in India–Africa Plate divergence. Seafloor fabric in and between the basins shows that they initially hosted a segmented spreading ridge that accommodated slow plate divergence until 71–69 Ma, and that upon arrival of the Deccan–Reunion´ plume and an increase to faster plate divergence rates in the period 69–65 Ma, segments of the ridge lengthened and propagated. -
21. Tectonic Evolution of the Atlantis Ii Fracture Zone1
Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., et al., 1991 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results,Vol. 118 21. TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE ATLANTIS II FRACTURE ZONE1 Henry J.B. Dick,2 Hans Schouten,2 Peter S. Meyer,2 David G. Gallo,2 Hugh Bergh,3 Robert Tyce,4 Phillipe Patriat,5 Kevin T.M. Johnson,2 Jon Snow,2 and Andrew Fisher6 ABSTRACT SeaBeam echo sounding, seismic reflection, magnetics, and gravity profiles were run along closely spaced tracks (5 km) parallel to the Atlantis II Fracture Zone on the Southwest Indian Ridge, giving 80% bathymetric coverage of a 30- × 170-nmi strip centered over the fracture zone. The southern and northern rift valleys of the ridge were clearly defined and offset north-south by 199 km. The rift valleys are typical of those found elsewhere on the Southwest Indian Ridge, with relief of more than 2200 m and widths from 22 to 38 km. The ridge-transform intersections are marked by deep nodal basins lying on the transform side of the neovolcanic zone that defines the present-day spreading axis. The walls of the transform generally are steep (25°-40°), although locally, they can be more subdued. The deepest point in the transform is 6480 m in the southern nodal basin, and the shallowest is an uplifted wave-cut terrace that exposes plutonic rocks from the deepest layer of the ocean crust at 700 m. The transform valley is bisected by a 1.5-km-high median tectonic ridge that extends from the northern ridge-transform intersection to the midpoint of the active transform. -
Evolution Des Reliefs En Mongolie-Sibérie
Chronologie et évolution des reliefs dans la région Mongolie-Sibérie: Approches thermochronologique et morphotectonique R.Vassallo (1), J-F.Ritz (1), M. Jolivet (1), R. Braucher (2), S. Carretier (3), C. Larroque (4), A. Chauvet (1), C. Sue (5), M.Todbileg (6), D. Bourlès (2), A. Arzhannikova and S. Arzhannikov (7) (1) Laboratoire Dynamique de la Lithosphère, Université Montpellier II, France, (2) CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France, (3) LMTG,Toulouse, France, (4) Géosciences Azur, Sophia-Antipolis,Valbonne, France, (5) Département de Géologie, Université de Neuchatel, Suisse, (6) Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia, (7) Institut of Earth Crust, Irkutsk, Russia. Our study focuses on the mountain building process of a massif in an intracontinental transpressional domain.The Ih Bogd massif, situated along the Bogd fault, a major intracontinental active strike- slip fault in the eastern Gobi-Altay (Mongolia), presents a morphology exceptionally well preserved and shows clear relationships between topography and structures, allowing the analysis of its morphological and tectonic evolution. We coupled morphotectonics and 10Be ages to constrain the history of the incision in the main drainage basin of Ih Bogd massif. This study allows a better understanding of the mechanisms and the timing of the interactions between climate and tectonics within Gobi-Altay massifs. 85˚ 90˚ 95˚ 100˚ 105˚ 110˚ 115˚ PROJECTION MERCATOR Sa Using fission tracks on apatites, Vassallo et al. (in revision for EPSL) dated the peneplanation to the Jurassic. The preservation of this yan Est CRATON surface attests of the low erosion rate in the region - except the occurrence of a few glacial deposits in the upper northern flank, the 55˚ 55˚ Ih Bogd massif does not present any large scale glacial morphology such as moraines, glacial stairways, rock bars - and shows that its ? ? SIBERIEN yanOuest Sa al recent uplift occurred without major tilting or folding. -
CHAPTER 2 Aseismic Ridges of the Northeastern Indian Ocean
CHAPTER 2 Aseismic ridges of the northeastern Indian Ocean 2.1 Evolution of the Indian Ocean 2.2 Major Aseismic Ridges 2.2.1 The Ninetyeast Ridge 2.2.2 The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge 2.2.3 The 85°E Ridge 2.2.4 The Comorin Ridge 2.2.5 The Broken Ridge 2.3 Other Major Structural Features 2.3.1 The Kerguelen Plateau 2.3.2 The Elan Bank 2.3.3 The Afanasy Nikitin seamount Chapter 2 Aseismic ridges of the northeastern Indian Ocean 2.1 Evolution of the Indian Ocean The initiation of the Indian Ocean commenced with the breakup of the Gondwanaland super-continent into two groups of continental masses during the Mesozoic period (Norton and Sclater, 1979). The first split of the Gondwanaland may possibly have associated with the Karoo mega-plume (Lawver and Gahagan, 1998). Followed by this rifting phase, during the late Jurassic, the Mozambique and Somali basins have formed by seafloor spreading activity of series of east-west trending ridge segments. Thus, the Gondwanaland super-continent divided into western and eastern continental blocks. The Western Gondwanaland consisted of Africa, Arabia and South America, whereas the East Gondwanaland consisted of Antarctica, Australia, New Zeeland, Seychelles, Madagascar and India-Sri Lanka (Figure 2.1). After initial break-up, the East Gondwanaland moved southwards from the West Gondwanaland and led to gradual enlargement of the intervening seaways between them (Bhattacharya and Chaubey, 2001). Both West and East Gondwanaland masses have further sub-divided during the Cretaceous period. Approximate reconstructions of continental masses of the Gondwanaland from Jurassic to Present illustrating the aforesaid rifting events are shown in Figure 2.1 (Royer et al., 1992). -
The Indian Ocean Diverse Ecosystems Harbor Distinctive Deep-Sea Life and Sought-After Minerals
A fact sheet from April 2018 IFM-GEOMAR The Indian Ocean Diverse ecosystems harbor distinctive deep-sea life and sought-after minerals Overview Vast abyssal plains, mountain chains, and seamounts cover the bottom of the Indian Ocean. Each area is home to life forms suited to its particularities—and each also holds valuable minerals that could be removed through seabed mining. Hydrothermal vents spew superheated, mineral-laden water into their surroundings that, when cooled, forms towers containing copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gold, and rare earth elements. These minerals are essential to modern economies. The vent zones are biologically rich as well, supporting mussels, stalked barnacles, scaly-foot snails, and a variety of microbes with potential biomedical and industrial applications. Atop the Indian Ocean’s abyssal plains are more than a billion potato-size nodules with rich concentrations of manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel. On and near the nodules, wildlife—such as sponges, sea cucumbers, and fish—has evolved to flourish in the deep cold and darkness. Seabed mining is expected to have a significant and long-lasting impact on these deep-sea ecosystems. Mining equipment would remove or degrade habitats, sediment plumes could smother nearby life, and noise and light could harm the unique species that have evolved in order to live here. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) was established by the Law of the Sea treaty to manage seabed mining in areas beyond national jurisdiction while protecting the marine environment. The ISA is drafting regulations to accomplish these objectives with rules on where and how seabed mining could occur.