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The Folklore of Dinosaur Trackways in China: Impact on Paleontology Lida Xing a , Adrienne Mayor B , Yu Chen C , Jerald D

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The Folklore of Dinosaur Trackways in China: Impact on Paleontology Lida Xing a , Adrienne Mayor B , Yu Chen C , Jerald D This article was downloaded by: [Lida Xing] On: 12 December 2011, At: 10:37 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Ichnos Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gich20 The Folklore of Dinosaur Trackways in China: Impact on Paleontology Lida Xing a , Adrienne Mayor b , Yu Chen c , Jerald D. Harris d & Michael E. Burns a a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada b Classics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA c Capital Museum, Beijing, China d Physical Sciences Department, Dixie State College, St. George, Utah, USA Available online: 12 Dec 2011 To cite this article: Lida Xing, Adrienne Mayor, Yu Chen, Jerald D. Harris & Michael E. Burns (2011): The Folklore of Dinosaur Trackways in China: Impact on Paleontology, Ichnos, 18:4, 213-220 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2011.634038 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Ichnos, 18:213–220, 2011 Copyright c Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1042-0940 print / 1563-5236 online DOI: 10.1080/10420940.2011.634038 The Folklore of Dinosaur Trackways in China: Impact on Paleontology Lida Xing,1 Adrienne Mayor,2 Yu Chen,3 Jerald D. Harris,4 and Michael E. Burns1 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 2Classics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA 3Capital Museum, Beijing, China 4Physical Sciences Department, Dixie State College, St. George, Utah, USA susceptible to removal and/or erosion. Because trackways can Fossilized footprints made by extinct creatures have captured be exposed for relatively long periods of time on rock surfaces, the attention of humans worldwide. Many different prescientific fossilized tracksites were known to many generations of local cultures have attempted to identify the trackmakers and account observers. for the tracks of unfamiliar species. In China, local folklore In prescientific cultures, such mysterious traces of extinct about dinosaur footprints is preserved in oral traditions of great antiquity, which persist today in at least five regions with creatures, along with other fossil material, such as unfamiliar conspicuous tracksites. Although folk explanations are expressed bones and teeth, were incorporated into myths, legends, art, in mythological terms, they are based on careful observation over music, dance, folk beliefs, and ritual practices. The ancient many generations. Ichnological myths often contain details that Greek historian Herodotus (ca 450 BC), for example, reported reveal attention to size, morphology, and sedimentology of tracks. that the mythic heroes Hercules, Perseus, and others left sandal Chinese folklore identified dinosaur tracks as those of divine or fantastic birds of various sizes, legendary large mammals, sacred or barefoot marks on stones in Italy, Scythia (Ukraine), and plants, and deities or heroes. Popular knowledge of dinosaur Egypt; the tracks of mythical cattle and horses were also tracksites and myth-based descriptions of mysterious footprints described in classical antiquity (Mayor and Sarjeant, 2001; in stone could serve as a guide for paleontologists in East Asia, Baucon et al., forthcoming). Among the most famous examples leading them to identify new trackways previously unknown to in North America are the Navajo, Apache, Zuni, Hopi, and other science. Southwestern Native American beliefs associated with abundant tridactyl dinosaur tracks of the Colorado Plateau, usually Keywords Ichnofossils, Dinosaur footprints, Myths, Folklore, China interpreted as the footprints of giant sacred birds (Lockley, Downloaded by [Lida Xing] at 10:37 12 December 2011 1991; Mayor, 2005). In the American Southwest, petroglyphs of birds, lizards, and tracks were created near impressive three-toed INTRODUCTION theropod and five-toed Cheirotherium track sites, demonstrating Abundant evidence suggests that long before modern science awareness and cultural significance of the footprints. Examples discovered and described dinosaur tracks (Hitchcock, 1836; include Cub Creek in Dinosaur National Monument, Grand Lockley, 1991) and fossils (Mayor, 2005), local inhabitants Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Flag Point Track Site of fossiliferous areas in which they were preserved already in Vermillion Cliffs, and Zion National Park, all in Utah; other possessed knowledge of conspicuous footprints in stone and rock art panels replicate dinosaur tracks in Arizona and New attempted to account for them (Mayor and Sarjeant, 2001; Mexico (Mayor and Sarjeant, 2001; Mayor, 2005; Lockley et al., Mayor, 2005; Baucon et al., forthcoming). Taphonomically, 2006a; Staker, 2006; Mayor, 2007). In Europe, dinosaur tracks dinosaur tracks are often difficult to move and destroy, in the Rhine Valley, Germany, supported belief in legendary differentiating them from skeletal fossil remains, which are more dragons (Mayor and Sarjeant, 2001), and in Portugal sauropod tracks were given a religious interpretation as a giant mule that carried the Virgin Mary (Antunes and Mateus, 2003; Baucon et al., forthcoming). According to Ellenberger et al. (2005), Address correspondence to Lida Xing, Department of Biological Bushmen of Lesotho, Africa, attempted to reconstruct dinosaurs Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, in rock art in caves based on their observations of dinosaur Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] footprints and skeletal material. 213 214 L. XING ET AL. BIRD TRACKS Shen Niao (Divine Bird) Tracks from Chabu, Inner Mongolia In 1979, Shang-yu Gao from the Lanzhou Institute of Desert Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, discovered a set of theropod tracks in the Lower Cretaceous Yijinhuoluo Formation, Chabu area, Etuoke Banner, Inner Mongolia (Gao et al., 1981; site 1 on Fig. 1). This was the first scientific record of dinosaur tracks in that region. Since at least the 1950s, these tracks were well known to herdspeople of the region. They dubbed them “Shen Niao (Divine Bird) Tracks” because the three-toed impressions resembled the footprints of an enormous bird. The herders believed that the tracks represented beautiful wishes for human happiness left by the sacred bird Shen Niao (M. Bater, pers. comm., 2010). Thousands of footprints from eight localities are widely distributed over an area of more than 500 km2 in the Chabu area. Trackmakers include nonavian saurischian (theropod and FIG. 1. Locations of Chinese track sites discussed in this paper. 1: Chabu; 2: sauropod) dinosaurs and birds (Lockley et al., 2002; Li et al., Luofengpo; 3: Xiaoxiyan; 4: Chishui; 5: Nanbajiazi; 6: Luoguan; 7: Lianhua 2006, 2009). Among the abundant theropod footprints is the Baozhai; 8: Morong. holotype specimen of Chapus lockleyi (Li et al., 2006). The track is 58.2 cm (23 inches) long and preserves distinct claw In China, the discovery of rich beds of vertebrate fossils impressions (Fig. 2A). The bird-like appearance of the dinosaur has a long history. The most ancient record may be the impressions is the primary reason the herdsmen called them Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas), a collection Shen Niao tracks. In addition, this tracksite does include some of oral mythogeographical traditions compiled beginning in smaller avian footprints (Li et al., 2009) (Fig. 2B). The presence the 3rd century BC (Birrell, 2000). A Chinese chronicle of of recognizable avian tracks among the huge tracks would have the 2nd century BC noted that a canal was named Dragon- encouraged the assumption that all the marks were made by Head Waterway because “dragon bones” were unearthed there birds of different sizes. (Mayor, 2011). In China, long (dragon) bones was the catch-all These theropod footprints from Inner Mongolia may have term for the fossil remains of extinct creatures, mostly mammals influenced other folk interpretations. For example, ethnic but also dinosaurs, traditionally regarded as medicinal (Zhen, Mongolians, who practice shamanism, have long worshipped 1961; Li, 1974). the Divine Eagle. This worship can be traced to the Hongshan The first Chinese dinosaur tracksite was reported in 1929 culture (ca. 6500–5000 BC; Wang, 2007). Numerous historians, from the Middle Jurassic Period in Shenmu County, Shaanxi such as Duan Chengshi (Tang Dynasty, 618–907 BC) in the text Province (Teilhard de Chardin and Young, 1929). About 30 Youyang Zazu and Chen Menglei (Qing Dynasty, 1644–1912 Downloaded by [Lida Xing] at 10:37 12 December 2011 years later, these tracks
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