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CHAPTER 5: SOILS and FOUNDATIONS Zhou Shengen,1 Zhang Sumin2

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CHAPTER 5: SOILS and FOUNDATIONS Zhou Shengen,1 Zhang Sumin2 439 CHAPTER 5: SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS EXPLORATION INFORMATION ON THE LIQUEFIED FOUNDATION SOIL IN TANGSHAN AND ITS VICINITY Zhou Shengen,1 Zhang Sumin2 Sand boils and waterspouts occurred in an extensive area in the Tangshan earthquake. The survey on the liquefaction-induced damage and the foundation soil exploration were per- formed by the Exploration Corporation of Ministry of Machine Building Industry, Academy of Railway Sciences of Ministry of Railway, No. 3 Institute of Exploration and Design of Ministry of Railway, etc., in the liquefied sites of the suburbs of Tangshan, Fengnan County, Luannan County, Laoting County and Baigezhuang village, etc., from 1977 to 1978, respec- tively. 1. Distribution of Test Sites A total of 36 sites were investigated; all sites, excluding Baigezhuang Village, were situ- ated in the alluvial fan of the Luanhe River (see Fig. 1). Table 1 and Table 2 show the dis- tribution of test sites and the intensity in different areas, respectively. Most of the test sites were situated at the morphological units, such as the newly depos- ited alluvial fan of the Luanhe River, the offshore alluvium of marine-continent substitution facies, the marine plain, the valley flat of the Douhe River and the first level terrace. In these areas there were relatively loose silty fine sand layers or a few moderate sand layers in the upper stratum. The water table was rather high, generally only 1-3 m below the ground sur- face. 2. Test Items and Method Three tasks were carried out at each test site: (1) Borehole sampling for determining the physical properties of soils; (2) standard penetration tests and (3) static cone penetration tests. Generally one borehole was used to secure samples for determination of properties. Two to three holes were used for standard penetration tests. One to three holes were used for static cone penetration tests. Spacings between two neighboring boreholes were about 2 m. 1 Academy of Railway Sciences. 2 Exploration Corp., H.Q., Ministry of Machine-Building Industry 440 In the standard penetration test, slurry was used for protecting boreholes. Impact and cyclic slurry techniques were adopted for drilling. The dropping hammers used were all fal- ling automatically from the hook. In the test, it is required that settlement of the hole bottom be controlled within 5 cm. The standard penetration can fall generally to the desired depth. Double-cylinder type static cone penetration apparatuses with an aperture of 60° were used in the static cone penetration test. A resistance-strain type probe with a wall of 70 mm in length was used. Measurement was recorded automatically, or by a YJD-1 model static strain meter, while penetration resistance was recorded at every 10 cm in depth. 3. Exploration and Test Data Exploration and test results at each test site are given in Table 3-38 in tabular form. Sam- pling data are presented only for items related to sandy soils. Standard penetration blow counts shown in the table are average values. Blow counts over 50 blows are taken as 50 blows. In all tables, the following units are used: length (or depth) in m; water content, %; volume weight, g/cm3; particle size, mm; specific penetration resistance kg-force/cm2. (Translator: Lu Rongjian) Table 1. Distribution of Test Sites in Different Areas. Area Number of test sites With sand boils With no sand boils Total Tangshan City 5 1 6 Fengnan County 5 3 8 Luannan County 4 3 7 Laoting County 5 2 7 Baigezhuang 4 2 6 Luan County 1 1 2 Table 2. Distribution of Test Sites in Different Intensity Areas. Intensity Number of test sites With sand boils With no sand boils Total VII 0 3 3 VIII 13 4 17 IX 6 1 7 X 5 4 9 4 41 Table 3. Exploration data of Borehole 1. (Tangshan Douhe Bridge; area of intensity X; water table: 3.7 m; soil liquefied; date: Aug. 1977.) Standard Static cone penetration Sampling data Type of soil penetration 100 200 300 test Particle analysis Filled land # of Sampling Water Vol. 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- Depth 10–2 2-0.5 <0.1 blow depth content wt. 0.25 0.1 0.05 Light Loam 3.5 4 2.5 23.6 1.84 Fine sand 4.5 9 5.85 14 4.1 11.3 1.68 2.5 30.5 59.0 8.0 Medium sand 7.6 30 5.4 19.7 2.01 9.0 47.5 27.5 11.5 4.5 9.5 50 7.3 19.9 2.05 1.7 48.0 39.9 8.9 1.5 Clayey soil 10.5 40 11.9 17 9.9 17.3 1.88 38.0 40.0 16.5 5.5 Clay 13.1 16 10.2 13.6 2.17 12.0 46.3 29.5 12.5 Table 4. Exploration data of Borehole 2. (Wali, Tangshan city; area of intensity X; water table: 1.25 m; soil liquefied; date: Aug. 1977) Standard Static cone penetration Sampling data Type of soil penetration 100 200 300 test Particle analysis # of Sampling Water Vol. 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- Depth 10–2 2-0.5 <0.1 Clayey soil blow depth content wt. 0.25 0.1 0.05 Fine sand 2.8 10 2.0 26.3 1.97 Medium sand 3.8 10 2.8 21.2 2.06 1.5 27 62 9.5 Silty clayey sand Silty sand 4.8 11 Clayey soil 5.8 16 6.15 23 3.8 21.0 2.04 4.2 81.0 14.5 0.3 Clay 6.6 33 5.6 18.8 2.12 3.5 15.5 33.5 47.5 7.15 7 6.2 19.1 2.04 4.5 26.5 30.5 38.5 442 4 43 Table 5. Exploration data of Borehole 3. (Xugezhuang, Fengnan County; area of intensity X; water table: 1.5 m; soil unliquefied; date: Oct. 1978) Standard Static cone penetration Sampling data Type of soil penetration 100 200 300 test Particle analysis Surface soil # of Sampling Water Vol. 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- Depth 10–2 2-0.5 <0.05 Clayey soil blow depth content wt. 0.25 0.1 0.05 Silty sand 2.0 15 1.7 1 6 19 54 20 Fine sand 3.4 29 3.1 1 18 26 36 14 5 Light loam 4.4 22 4.1 4 27 46 16 7 Silt 5.3 44 5.1 1 30 52 13 4 Light loam 6.3 14 6.0 3 11 15 45 26 Silty sand 7.8 50 7.6 1 9 77 13 10.3 32 10 1 3 7 55 34 Table 6. Exploration data of Borehole 4. (Gaozhuangzi, Fengan County; area of intensity X; water table: 1.1 m; soil unliquefied; date: Sept. 1978) Standard Static cone penetration Sampling data Type of soil penetration 100 200 300 test Particle analysis Filled land # of Sampling Water Vol. 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- Depth 10–2 2-0.5 <0.05 Clayey soil blow depth content wt. 0.25 0.1 0.05 Light Loam Fine sand 3.7 27 3.5 30 48 16 6 Medium sand Fine sand Silty sand 4.8 27 4.5 1 5 43 37 14 Medium sand Fine sand Clayey soil 5.9 50 5.7 4 21 56 16 3 Light loam Silty sand 7.9 48 7. 5 1 13 73 13 4 44 4 45 Table 7. Exploration data of Borehole 5. (Plant Seed Ranch, Tangshan City; area of intensity X; water table: 3.6 m; soil unliquefied; date: Aug. 1978) Standard Static cone penetration Sampling data Type of soil penetration 100 200 300 test Particle analysis # of Sampling Water Vol. 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- Depth 10–2 2-0.5 <0.1 Light Loam blow depth content wt. 0.25 0.1 0.05 3.8 21 2.1 2.09 4.8 36 4.0 24.2 2.03 Silt sand 5.2 50 5.1 20.3 2.08 Fine sand 5.8 50 6.6 20.3 2.05 Medium sand 6.3 38 7.5 24.7 2.00 2.7 4.8 65.6 26.9 6.9 44 9.6 29.3 1.98 4.8 14.0 32.8 48.4 7.3 50 10.5 24.2 2.00 3.4 31.8 64.8 Silty sand 7.8 46 11.5 18.4 2.10 1.1 36.5 26.0 21.1 15.3 8.3 31 13.9 2.20 8.8 50 15.0 15.6 2.11 0.8 3.7 29.7 45.9 19.8 9.3 50 16.1 20.4 2.08 Medium sand 9.8 50 17.0 19.9 2.05 2.5 41.5 50.4 5.6 Light loam 10.8 50 12.7 50 14.4 26 Fine sand 16.3 50 17.4 50 18.3 13 Clayey soil Table 8. Exploration data of Borehole 6. (Daifutuo, west of Tangshan; area of intensity X; water table: 1.5 m; soil liquefied; date: Aug. 1977) Standard Static cone penetration Sampling data Type of soil penetration 100 200 300 test Particle analysis # of Sampling Water Vol. 0.5- 0.25- 0.1- Depth 10–2 2-0.5 <0.1 Clayey soil blow depth content wt. 0.25 0.1 0.05 Clay 4.65 15 3.1 1.85 5.65 32 5.0 21.0 2.03 2.2 31.8 61.6 4.4 Fine sand 6.65 29 5.5 18.8 2.03 5.6 48.2 41.0 5.2 7.65 42 6.5 14.6 2.12 2.0 25.1 51.0 21.9 Medium sand 8.65 25 7.5 25.5` 1.96 12.7 48.9 38.4 32.5 Fine sand 9.65 50 8.6 24.2 1.98 7.7 38.5 53.8 47.6 Silty sand 10.65 38 9.6 18.6 2.06 15.2 47.5 27.4 9.9 11.8 47 10.7 21.3 2.04 3.5 65.6 29.9 24.7 Medium sand 12.65 50 11.6 22.3 2.02 1.1 9.2 56.0 33.7 31.9 13.65 28 12.5 17.1 2.08 24.9 59.7 11.0 4.4 Fine sand 14.65 50 13.5 10.7 2.25 8.9 41.0 34.2 15.9 7.8 Medium sand 15.65 50 14.7 20.5 2.09 5.4 75.8 18.8 16.8 16.65 50 15.5 20.0 2.08 1.3 39.2 48.7 10.8 Clayey soil 19.0 50 16.5 19.6 2.10 15.9 74.6 9.5 20.0 50 18.8 15.5 2.17 8.6 54.7 31.3 5.4 19.9 19.7 2.00 2.2 84.6 13.2 Clayey soil Medium sand Fine sand 4 46 4 47 Table 9.
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