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Development of Methods for the Detection of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid

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Development of Methods for the Detection of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid Development of methods for the detection of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid Michelle Williams BSc (Physiology); MBD/MDR (Townsville) M Clin Tox (Florida) A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine August 2018 This research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship i Declarations STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that the work embodied in the Thesis is my own work, conducted under normal supervision. The Thesis contains no material which has been accepted, or is being examined, for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made. I give consent to the final version of my Thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 and any approved embargo. Michelle Williams 09/08/18 ii Statement of Authorship I hereby certify that the work embodied in this Thesis contains published paper/s/scholarly work of which I am a joint author. I have included as part of the thesis a written declaration endorsed in writing by my supervisor, attesting to my contribution to the joint publication/s/scholarly work. Thesis by publication I hereby certify that this Thesis is in the form of a series of papers. I have included as part of the Thesis a written declaration from each co-author, endorsed in writing by the Faculty Assistant Dean (Research Training), attesting to my contribution to any jointly authored papers. Michelle Williams 09/08/18 iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Prof Jenny Martin and Dr Peter Galettis. Jenny, you are an inspiration for all the women in science. Thank you for your guidance, support and willingness to take on my projects. Peter, for always being right but having the patience to let me find out for myself. iv Dedication To my fabulous Aunt Dr Brenda Graham, without her belief, positivity and occasional glass of red wine this work would not have been possible. v Included Publications Williams, M., Taylor, P., Page, C., & Martin, J. (2014). Clinical research in synthetic cannabinoids-do we need a national approach? The Medical journal of Australia, 201(6), 317. Schneider, J., Galettis, P., Williams, M., Lucas, C., & Martin, J. (2016). Pill testing at music festivals: can we do more harm? Internal medicine journal, 46(11), 1249-1251. Williams, M., Martin, J., & Galettis, P. (2017). A Validated Method for the Detection of 32 Bath Salts in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol, 41(8), 659-669. Williams, M., Martin, J., & Galettis, P. (2018). A Validated Method for the Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol, bky043-bky043. doi:10.1093/jat/bky043 Williams, M., Martin, J., & Galettis, P. (2018). Stability and Recovery of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid. Submitted August 2018 to Journal of Analytical Toxicology vi Conference and Media Presentations Andy Park (Writer). (2015). -Synthetic Drugs [Television]. In SBS Australia (Producer), The Feed. Matt Wordsworth (Writer). (2016). Deadly and illegal synthetic drugs still available over the shop counter [Television]. In ABC Australia (Producer), The 7:30 Report. Australia. Michelle Williams. (2016). Method for detection of cathinones in oral fluid. Paper presented at the The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists, Brisbane. vii Contents Declarations ............................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv Dedication ............................................................................................................................................... v Included Publications ............................................................................................................................. vi Conference and Media Presentations ....................................................................................................vii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. xi List of figures and tables .......................................................................................................................xiv Glossary ................................................................................................................................................ xv Chapter 1:- Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Workplace Drug Testing ...................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 New Illicit Drugs ................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Methods for literature review ................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Toxic effects of NPS ................................................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Case studies ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.3.2 Drugs and Driving.............................................................................................................. 14 1.3.3 Stability .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Analytical Methods for the detection of NPS ......................................................................... 15 1.4.1 Novel Psychoacive Substances ........................................................................................ 19 1.5 Sample collection .................................................................................................................. 36 1.5.1 Process of sample collection ............................................................................................. 36 1.6 Procedures and devices ........................................................................................................ 38 1.6.1 Properties of Oral Fluid ..................................................................................................... 41 1.7 Aims ...................................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 2:- A National Approach to Synthetic drugs ............................................................................ 44 2 Chapter 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 45 2.1 Statement of Contribution ..................................................................................................... 46 2.2 Results .................................................................................................................................. 51 2.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 52 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 52 Chapter 3: Pill testing at Music Festivals .............................................................................................. 53 3 Chapter 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Statement of Contribution ..................................................................................................... 55 viii Chapter 4 Methods for the detection of Cathinones in Oral Fluid ......................................................... 61 4 Chapter 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 62 4.1 Statement of Contribution ..................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 5 Methods for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid ........................................ 76 5 Chapter 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 77 5.1 Statement of Contribution ..................................................................................................... 78 Chapter 6 Quantisal Validation data ..................................................................................................... 88 6 Quantisal validation ........................................................................................................................ 89 6.1 Materials and methods .......................................................................................................... 89 6.2 Modifications to published methods .....................................................................................
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