DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ten Days That Shook San Francisco: History and Myth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Ten Days That Shook San Francisco: History and Myth City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Center for LGBTQ Studies (CLAGS) Centers & Institutes 2003 The Ten Days that Shook San Francisco: History and Myth Paul VanDeCarr How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/clags_pubs/49 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] COLLOQUIUM COVERAGE Paul VanDeCarr, winner of last The Ten Days year's Martin Duberman That Shook S AII \ Fellowship for his research on "Ten Days that Shook San Francisco," BY PAUL VANDECARR presented some of ovember 1978: a popular religious and civic leader from San Francisco named Jim Jones leads his findings at a over 900 people—mostly African-Americans and many from San Francisco—to murder and suicide in a remote jungle community of Guyana called "Jonestown." Though far from San CLASS colloquium NFrancisco, the catastrophe strikes at the heart of the city's public life. Only nine days later, on November 27, ex-police officer and city Supervisor Dan White enters San Francisco City Hall and on May 21. assassinates Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk. These two events—which devastated San Francisco's African-American and gay communities—formed a defining moment in the city's turbulent and ongoing attempt to make itself a beacon of social, political, and sexual freedom. The intersection of race, class, gender, and sexual orientation at this moment in San Francisco history formed a far more complicated picture than has yet been drawn. The popular record of this time and these events is overwhelmingly white and male; while white men in particular figure prominently in gay rights (Harvey Milk), city politics (Mayor Moscone) and Jonestown (Jim Jones), this limited range of investigation leaves out a great deal. The story has been simplified in large part because these events have assumed the status of popular mythology. All the dramatic elements are there—sex, murder, revenge, madness—and all in that most storied of American cities, San Francisco. The end of World War II wrought major changes on San Francisco. Thousands of returning soldiers, many of them dishonorably discharged for being gay, made the city by the bay their new home. Meanwhile, many African-Americans who did not go to war were displaced from their jobs by returning white soldiers. Heavy industry, including shipbuilding and related trades, went into decline in the decades following the war. Thus began the shift from a largely industrial and conservative city, to one with an economy based increasingly on tourism and banking, and known for its progressive social and political scene. The Beat poets of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s were only the most famous examples of the first decades of this change. Also active were the free-speech movement at UC Berkeley, the Black Panthers, the American Indian Movement's takeover of Alcatraz island, and movements for prisoners' rights, women's liberation, gay freedom, and soon a more prominent anti-nuclear groundswell. The neighborhoods at the nexus of these events were experiencing tectonic shifts. The predominantly African-American Fillmore district, home to Peoples Temple and many of its members, had been the site of a major urban renewal plan that opponents derided as being nothing more than "Negro removal." Just two miles away, thousands of gay men (mostly white, but more diverse than is usually acknowledged) were streaming into the Eureka Valley neighborhood (later called "The Castro") from all over the nation, causing radical shifts in the nature of the district. In addition, there was growing public sentiment citywide in favor of slow-growth, which found its political expression in the form of George Moscone, elected Mayor in 1975 under a promise that not one new skyscraper would be built downtown on his watch. Two years later, Harvey Milk was elected to the city's Board of Supervisors, making him one of the first openly gay politicians in the nation. Both Moscone and Milk received substantial campaign support (and votes) from Peoples Temple and its members. Rev. Jim Jones had founded Peoples Temple in Indianapolis in 1955, moved with 100 of his followers to Ukiah, California in 1965, and then to San Francisco in 1971. The Temple was controversial for its support of racial integration, lauded for its social service programs, and politically influential thanks to its savvy pastor and dedicated membership. Jones, who was white, presided over a predominantly African American congregation. Jim Jones drew heavily on the rhetoric of civil rights and Black Power leaders, including Huey Newton's notion of "revolutionary suicide," a concept of a life of political anolo Guzman, struggle which Jones reinterpreted to mean something else PhD candidate in altogether. As the Temple grew in size and status, Jones faced Sociology at the increasing scrutiny from the press, which investigated reports of Graduate Genter and "suicide drills," physical abuse, sexual indiscretion, and extortion. Assistant Professor of Under pressure, Jones and some 1,000 members of Peoples Sociology at Marymount Temple moved to Jonestown, a settlement they had established in Manhattan Gollege, presents a remote jungle of Guyana, South America to serve as a at CLAGS's spring 2003 multiracial socialist paradise. The residents of Jonestown had, in Graduate Student some sense, renounced their American citizenship. Most were Colloquium. His Espikin' Very African-American, and thus were denied a certain humanity by whites; Queer: Puerto Ricans, Homosexuality, and Race, part of his and all had left the United States to live in an agricultural commune in dissertation work, questions the racial status of American a socialist country. These settlers remained at Jonestown until the 'gayness.' Guzman introduced his talk with a story about suicides/murders on November 18, 1978, which were conceived as a his first introduction to gay activism, explaining that, "revolutionary" response to an allegedly unjust world that persecuted when appearing at his first gay activists' gathering, he them. was directed to the 'people of color' meeting. Born in Puerto Rico, Guzman has a particularly troubling relationship to gayness and whiteness as he theorizes that gayness has become implicitly white in the My research into this time in San Francisco history concerns what American liberation movement. Guzman argues that tensions of class, race, and sexual orientation are revealed by these comparing the gay rights movement to the civil rights events. In what ways were the murders and suicides of November movement, as some LGTBQ scholars' work does, makes 1978 the violent culmination of broader changes taking place in San gayness white through its differentiation from racial Francisco, especially in urban development and community formation? justice efforts. ♦ Jim Jones was ministering to a congregation whose community was decimated by urban renewal, even as he sought to take control of members' real estate and financial holdings; not incidentally, Jones was also appointed as head of the city's housing authority by Mayor Moscone. As a city Supervisor, Dan White was supported in good part by real estate interests, and stood against many of the ideals of Milk and Moscone. In Peoples Temple, Jones would often remark that he was the only true heterosexual, even as he had some sexual relations with men and encouraged heterosexual couplings among members, often interracial ones. In spite of the structural racism evident in Peoples Temple, many African-Americans joined, and many supposedly progressive white people left this racism unchallenged—and yet they all joined the Temple. These are but a few of the complicating factors in an earth-shaking moment in San Francisco history, a moment that revealed cultural fault lines still being reckoned with today. ♦ Paul VanDeCarr is a writer and filmmaker living in San Francisco, and is working on two documentaries, one on November 1978 in San Francisco, and another on the legacy ofiJonestown. Fie can be reached [email protected]. 19.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women and Equality
    WOMEN AND EQUALITY A California Review of Women’s Equity Issues in Civil Rights, Education and the Workplace California Senate Office of Research February 1999 Dedicated to Senator Rose Ann Vuich Rose Ann Vuich was elected California’s first woman state senator in 1976 and served four terms through 1992. Although a Democrat by registration, she built a reputation as a political independent who shunned deal-making. Throughout her legislative career, Senator Vuich represented her San Joaquin Valley district first and foremost and relied on her own knowledge and judgment to do it. She was reared on a farm in Tulare County, where she has spent most of her life. With a degree in accounting from the Central California Commercial College in Fresno, she worked as an accountant, tax consultant, estate planner and office manager before her election. After becoming a senator she continued, with her brother, to manage the family farm in Dinuba. The California State Senate began to change after Senator Vuich joined its ranks, followed over the years by other women. She kept a small porcelain bell on her Senate floor desk, and would gently but insistently shake it whenever a colleague addressed the “gentlemen of the Senate.” The Senate chamber originally had no women’s restroom. But that oversight permitted Senator Vuich, during a Capitol restoration in the late 1970s, to design a comfortable “Rose Room” where she and women members into the future could retreat from the Senate floor. A daughter of Yugoslav immigrants, Senator Vuich achieved many “firsts,” from serving as the first woman president of the Dinuba Chamber of Commerce to becoming the first woman to preside over a Senate floor session in 1986.
    [Show full text]
  • “Destroy Every Closet Door” -Harvey Milk
    “Destroy Every Closet Door” -Harvey Milk Riya Kalra Junior Division Individual Exhibit Student-composed words: 499 Process paper: 500 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: Black, Jason E., and Charles E. Morris, compilers. An Archive of Hope: Harvey Milk's Speeches and Writings. University of California Press, 2013. This book is a compilation of Harvey Milk's speeches and interviews throughout his time in California. These interviews describe his views on the community and provide an idea as to what type of person he was. This book helped me because it gave me direct quotes from him and allowed me to clearly understand exactly what his perspective was on major issues. Board of Supervisors in January 8, 1978. City and County of San Francisco, sfbos.org/inauguration. Accessed 2 Jan. 2019. This image is of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors from the time Harvey Milk was a supervisor. This image shows the people who were on the board with him. This helped my project because it gave a visual of many of the key people in the story of Harvey Milk. Braley, Colin E. Sharice Davids at a Victory Party. NBC, 6 Nov. 2018, www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/sharice-davids-lesbian-native-american-makes- political-history-kansas-n933211. Accessed 2 May 2019. This is an image of Sharcie Davids at a victory party after she was elected to congress in Kansas. This image helped me because ti provided a face to go with he quote that I used on my impact section of board. California State, Legislature, Senate. Proposition 6.
    [Show full text]
  • William Newsom POLITICS, LAW, and HUMAN RIGHTS
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California William Newsom POLITICS, LAW, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Interviews conducted by Martin Meeker in 2008-2009 Copyright © 2009 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and William Newsom, dated August 7, 2009, and Barbara Newsom, dated September 22, 2009 (by her executor), and Brennan Newsom, dated November 12, 2009. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • Changemakers: Biographies of African Americans in San Francisco Who Made a Difference
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and McCarthy Center Student Scholarship the Common Good 2020 Changemakers: Biographies of African Americans in San Francisco Who Made a Difference David Donahue Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/mccarthy_stu Part of the History Commons CHANGEMAKERS AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SAN FRANCISCO WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE Biographies inspired by San Francisco’s Ella Hill Hutch Community Center murals researched, written, and edited by the University of San Francisco’s Martín-Baró Scholars and Esther Madríz Diversity Scholars CHANGEMAKERS: AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SAN FRANCISCO WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE © 2020 First edition, second printing University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94117 Published with the generous support of the Walter and Elise Haas Fund, Engage San Francisco, The Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and the Common Good, The University of San Francisco College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Francisco Student Housing and Residential Education The front cover features a 1992 portrait of Ella Hill Hutch, painted by Eugene E. White The Inspiration Murals were painted in 1999 by Josef Norris, curated by Leonard ‘Lefty’ Gordon and Wendy Nelder, and supported by the San Francisco Arts Commission and the Mayor’s Offi ce Neighborhood Beautifi cation Project Grateful acknowledgment is made to the many contributors who made this book possible. Please see the back pages for more acknowledgments. The opinions expressed herein represent the voices of students at the University of San Francisco and do not necessarily refl ect the opinions of the University or our sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Newfillmore
    ■ INSIDE ■ ABROAD ■ LOCALS First Person 2 In Turkey, a Th ey Rescued Neighborhood News 3 Fillmore Link Each Other Crime Watch 4 Street Talk 6 Sharing a memorable A friendship fl ourishes Body & Soul 11 afternoon on the Bosporus between a man and a cat Home Sales 14 PAGE 7 PAGE 15 THE NEW FILLMORE SANSAN FRANCISCO FRANCISCO ■ SEPTEMBER■ APRIL 2010 2013 New Limits Proposed for Chain Stores on Fillmore Bill would restrict spinoff s and international brands s Fillmore Street continues to rapidly remake itself into a mecca A for fashion labels from around the world, supplanting basic neighborhood ser- vices, legislation has now been introduced at City Hall that would subject more of them to the city’s limits on chain stores. Under the existing “formula retail” ordi- nance — enacted by the voters in 2008 to limit the proliferation of chain stores in the city’s neighborhoods — businesses must obtain a conditional use permit to open on upper Fillmore if they have 11 or more stores in the U.S. New legislation introduced by District 2 Supervisor Mark Farrell would amend the ordinance to include stores located not only in the U.S., but anywhere in the world. Th at would aff ect companies that have numerous stores in other countries, but are just begin- ning to establish a presence in the U.S. “After hearing from both our merchants and neighbors in the Upper Fillmore about concerns that large retailers were pushing out our smaller and unique ‘mom and pop’ type of stores,” Farrell said, “I introduced legislation to expand the defi nition of for- mula retail.” Th e legislation would also extend the law to include new businesses started by formula retail companies, whether or not they currently have 11 or more stores.
    [Show full text]
  • Hanson Bridgett Practice Group Political & Election
    Hanson Bridgett provides a “one-stop shop” Hanson Bridgett for individuals and organizations in the political arena. We serve as advisors and advocates to candidates and organizations, providing a full range Practice Group of campaign-related legal services. We represent proponents and opponents of ballot measures Political & at the state and local level, including drafting initiatives and litigating pre and post election challenges. We advocate for clients with regard Election Law to pending or new legislation as well as assist in regulatory proceedings. From pension reform to high speed rail, from local sales taxes to federal infrastructure investments, we are subject matter experts in all aspects of government and electorate decision-making at the local, state and federal level. Our Experience Advice We provide strategic and legal advice to individuals and organizations regarding campaigns and elections, often serving as campaign counsel. We provide the full range of campaign reporting services necessary to ensure compliance with California’s Political Reform Act and Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) regulations, as well as federal laws and regulations adopted by the Federal Elections Commission (FEC). Ballot Measures At Hanson Bridgett, we understand that the political stakes for our clients are high, and that our legal advice must be able to withstand all challenges. We have drafted ballot measures, or otherwise advised those who would place measures on the ballot, on a wide variety of issues both local and state-wide. Examples of state-wide measures in which Hanson Bridget attorneys have been involved include a call for a constitutional convention, reform At Hanson Bridgett, of the education system, imposition of a tobacco tax to pay for expanded children’s health care, and we understand that the redistricting.
    [Show full text]
  • MSS 328 Moscone Finding
    University of the Pacific Library Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections Collection Name: Moscone Collection, 1967-1978 Collection Number: MSS 328 Creator: Moscone, George Size: 64 linear feet Restrictions: None Copyright: It is the responsibility of the user to obtain permission to publish from the owner of the copyright (the institution, the creator of the record, the author or his/her transferees, heirs, legates, or literary executors). The user agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the University of the Pacific, its officers, employees, and agents from and against all claims made by any person asserting that he or she is an owner of copyright. Credit Line: [Identification of item], Moscone Collection, Holt-Atherton Department of Special Collections, University of the Pacific Library. Processing History: The George Moscone Collection was processed and the finding aid completed in April of 2018 by Joseph Olson, Project Archivist. The original order of the papers was indeterminate and thus the current arrangement was developed at University of the Pacific. The work was made possible through grant funding from the National Historical Publications and Records Commissions (NHPRC). Biographical Note: George Moscone was born in San Francisco in 1929 and grew up in the predominantly Italian neighborhood of Marina, west of North Beach. Raised as a Catholic, he attended St. Ignatius High School where he played basketball and graduated in 1947. He attended the College of the Pacific (now University of the Pacific), graduated in 1953, and went on to receive his law degree from U.C. Hastings in 1956. After serving in the Navy he started a private law practice in San Francisco by the name of Morgan and Moscone.
    [Show full text]
  • SFAC Civic Art Collection Monuments and Memorials
    Means of Acc # Artist Title Date Medium Dimensions Acquisition Credit Line Location Collection of the City and County of San Francisco; Gift to the City of San Francisco by Lotta 1875.1 Anonymous Lotta's Fountain 1875 cast iron, bronze, glass 226 x 76 x 76 in. Gift Crabtree in 1875 Public Display : Market and Kearny St. : NE corner : District 3 1879.1 Anonymous Benjamin Franklin (1706‐1790) 1879 Pot metal 204 x 40 x 40 in. Gift Collection of the City and County of San Francisco; Commissioned; Gift of Henry D. Cogswell Public Display : Washington Square : Filbert, Stockton, Union and Powell St. : central green : District 3 1885.1.a‐e Happersberger, Frank James A. Garfield (1831‐1881) 1885 Bronze 200 x 203 x 208 in. Gift Collection of the City and County of San Francisco; Acquired in 1885 by public subscription Public Display : Golden Gate Park : John F. Kennedy Drive : Conservatory Lawn : District 1 1886.1 Conrads, Carl H. General Henry W. Halleck (1815‐1872) 1886 Granite 190 x 72 x 72 in. Gift Collection of the City and County of San Francisco; Gift of the Major General C.W. Callum Public Display : Golden Gate Park : John F. Kennedy Drive : near Tennis Courts : District 5 1887.1.a‐f Story, William Wetmore Francis Scott Key (1780‐1843) 1887 Bronze, travertine and marble 480 x 275 x 275 in. Gift Collection of the City and County of San Francisco; Gift of James Lick Public Display : Golden Gate Park : Music Concourse Drive : Bowl Drive : northeast end of Music Concourse : District 1 1889.1 Tilden, Douglas Ball Thrower 1889 Bronze 131 1/4 x 69 x 54 in.
    [Show full text]
  • San Francisco Civic Center Historic District Cultural Landscape Inventory SITE HISTORY EXISTING CONDITIONS ANALYSIS & EVALUATION
    San Francisco Civic Center Historic District Cultural Landscape Inventory SITE HISTORY EXISTING CONDITIONS ANALYSIS & EVALUATION AUGUST 2014 815 SW 2ND AVENUE SUITE 200 | PORTLAND OR 97204 503.297.1005 | WWW.MIGCOM.COM IN ASSOCIATION WITH A+H ARCHITECTURE + PLANNING, LLC SAN FRANCISCO CIVIC CENTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE INVENTORY CIVIC CENTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE INVENTORY SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA PUBLICATION CREDITS COVER PHOTOS FOR MORE INFORMATION AUGUST 2014 Information in this report may be copied and used with the Clockwise from top left: c. 1945 Aerial of Civic Center (University San Francisco Planning Department Prepared by: Laurie Matthews, Rachel Edmonds, Heather condition that credit is given to authors and other contributors. of California Berkeley, WBE Collection, College of Environmental 1650 Mission Street #400 San Francisco, California 94103 Buczek & Steve Leathers, MIG, Inc., and The primary authors meet the criteria set by The Secretary of Design Library), 1945 War Memorial Court (San Francisco sfplanning.org | 415-558-6378 the Interior’s Guidelines for the Treatment of Historic Properties History Center, San Francisco Public Library), 1964 Aerial of Bridget Maley, a+h architecture + history, llc, MIG, Inc. | 815 SW 2nd Avenue, #200, Portland, Oregon 97204 for qualified professionals, as outlined in Appendix A of the Civic Center (University of California Berkeley, WBE Collection, migcom.com | 503-297-1005 with assistance from Dr. Jeffrey T. Tilman, University of Cincinnati Guide to Cultural
    [Show full text]
  • Harvey Milk Archives--Scott Smith Collection, 1930-1995GLC 35
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8x63q17 No online items Harvey Milk Archives--Scott Smith Collection, 1930-1995GLC 35 Finding aid prepared by Tim Wilson James C. Hormel LGBTQIA Center, San Francisco Public Library 100 Larkin Street San Francisco, CA, 94102 (415) 557-4400 [email protected] 2003 Harvey Milk Archives--Scott Smith GLC 35 1 Collection, 1930-1995GLC 35 Title: Harvey Milk Archives--Scott Smith Collection, Date (inclusive): 1930-1995 Date (bulk): 1973-1985 Collection Identifier: GLC 35 Creator: Milk, Harvey Physical Description: 28 cubic feet Contributing Institution: James C. Hormel LGBTQIA Center, San Francisco Public Library 100 Larkin Street San Francisco, CA, 94102 (415) 557-4400 [email protected] Abstract: Harvey Milk was the first gay man elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Scott Smith was his partner and friend. The collection documents the personal and political life of Harvey Milk, and the personal life of Scott Smith. Milk's political papers include issue files from the Board of Supervisors, as well as speeches and campaign literature. The photographs document Milk's and Smith's activities in the gay community. Physical Location: The collection is stored onsite. Language of Materials: Collection materials are in English. Access The collection is available for use during San Francisco History Center hours, with photographs available during Photo Desk hours. Publication Rights All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the City Archivist. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the San Francisco Public Library as the copyright holder. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Harvey Milk Archives--Scott Smith Collection (GLC 35), LGBTQIA Center, San Francisco Public Library.
    [Show full text]
  • John H. (Hawkins) Anderson Papers, 1948-2019 (Bulk 1973-1978), SFH 590
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8rn3fpc No online items Finding Aid to the John H. (Hawkins) Anderson Papers, 1948-2019 (bulk 1973-1978), SFH 590 Tami J. Suzuki San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library September 2021 100 Larkin Street San Francisco, CA 94102 [email protected] URL: http://www.sfpl.org/sfhistory SFH 590 1 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library Title: John H. (Hawkins) Anderson papers, Date (inclusive): 1948-2019 Date (bulk): 1973-1978 Creator: Anderson, John H. (John Hawkins), 1930-2019 Collection Identifier: SFH 590 Physical Description: 2 cartons, 1 manuscripts box, 1 oversized box (3 cubic feet) Abstract: Contains Anderson's files, mainly as a consultant to the City of San Francisco, on the reuse of the Hunters Point Shipyard which the Navy had deactivated. The collection is stored on site. Language of Material: Collection materials are in English. Access The collection is available for use during San Francisco History Center hours. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], John H. Anderson Papers, (SFH 590), San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library. Provenance Donated by Carolyn Gray Anderson on April 4, 2019. Additional materials received in 2020. Separated Materials Some materials were incorporated into the John F. Shelley Papers (SFH 10) and Joseph L. Alioto Papers (SFH 5). The book, Teilhard de Chardin: In Quest of the Perfection of Man, Rutherford, [NJ]: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, c1973, autographed by Joseph Alioto, was removed to the library's catalog. Related Materials Researchers are encouraged to see also the San Francisco Department of City Planning Records (SFH 465) and the San Francisco Ephemera Collection (SF SUB COLL), and to check the library catalog.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Crime in the 1970'S: a Two City Comparison
    Document Title: Politics of Crime in the 1970’s: A Two City Comparison Author(s): Stephen C. Brooks Northwestern University Center for Urban Affairs Document No.: 82420 Date Published: 1980 Award Title: Reactions to Crime Project Award Number: 78-NI-AX-0057 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. POLITICS OF CREE IN THE 1;920s: A TWO CI!R COMPARISON Stephen C. Brooks Center for Urban Affairs Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201 June 1980 Prepared under Grant Number 78-NI-AX-0057 from the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. PREFACE The research described here was conducted while I was a Research Fellow at the Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University. I am grateful to all those at the Center for making such research opportunities available and am especially grateful to the staff of the Reactions to Crime Project who assisted me. I received very helpful comments from those who read all or parts of this manuscript; Ted Robert Gurr, Herbert Jacob, Dan Lewis, Michael Maxfield and Armin Rosencranz.
    [Show full text]