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303 Natural Resource Management 6 MGNCRE Survival Rural Ma n a gement Natural ResourceNatural Management Rural Management Natural Resource Management First Edition Government of India MoE Ministry of Education Editorial Board Dr W G Prasanna Kumar Dr K N Rekha First Edition: 2021 ISBN: Price: ₹ 750/- All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The editor or publishers do not assume responsibility for the statements/opinions expressed by the authors in this book. © Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education (MGNCRE) Department of Higher Education Ministry of Education, Government of India 5-10-174, Shakkar Bhavan, Ground Floor, Fateh Maidan Road, Hyderabad - 500 004 Telangana State. Tel: 040-23422112, 23212120, Fax: 040-23212114 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.mgncre.org Published by: Mahatma Gandhi National Council of Rural Education (MGNCRE), Hyderabad About the Book The Knowledge with exposure about natural resource management has become an indispensable requirement for the people working in any sector; be it agriculture, manufacturing, textile, information technology etc. It has, over the years, become a prerequisite for the development of a particular country and the world as a whole. Institutions providing courses on natural resources and its management promotes not only awareness about the topic but also develops, in the student, a capability to think and come up with innovative ideas for effective and efficient usage of natural resources wisely, constructively and positively. On the pretext of this effective and efficient usage of natural resources this book provides various chapters which will help students in developing an understanding about the natural resources and the techniques that can be used in the management of the same. Moreover, the student is advised to not only be confined to the learning of this book, but should try to correlate the learning to the outside environment hands-on. The book is about learning and finding new ways to manage the challenge of ever increasing and ineffective usage of natural resources. In the chapters, the student will attain basic knowledge about natural resources and the role that local, state and central government play in the management of the same with distinct focus on water management, land management, forest management, energy management and climate change. It is also advised to the student taking this course to diligently work on the to-do activity part and model questions added at the end of various units to imbibe the content more clearly. I thank Abhinav Verma, Nikita Lalge and Arkopal Saha, IRMA for contributing to this book and for their outstanding insights. Also, I would like to thank Mr B S C Naveen Kumar, Senior Faculty, MGNCRE and all MGNCRE Team members for extending their extreme support in completing this text book. Dr W G Prasanna Kumar Chairman MGNCRE 301 301 Agronomy i MGNCRE Table of Contents Chapter 1 Natural Resource Management with a Special Focus on Water 6-40 1.1 Natural resources and their classification 1.2 Sustainable management and utilization of natural resources 1.3 Role of local governance in managing natural resources 1.4 Water resource management 1.5 Watershed Management Chapter 2 Land Resource Management 41-70 2.1 Classification of Land and usage in Indian Perspective 2.2 Degradation of land resources and preventive measures 2.3 Environmental issues in land use 2.4 Strategies for sustainable land resource management 2.5 Government policies & interventions Chapter 3 Forest Resource Management 71-99 3.1 Forest resources conservation and management 3.2 Importance of forest management and governance 3.3 Joint forest management 3.4 Sustainable forest resource management strategies in India 3.5 Government policies and institutional support Chapter 4 Energy Resource Management 100-130 4.1 Energy resource: An introduction 4.2 Need for effective energy resource management 4.3 Energy action planning at organization 4.4 Use of alternative energy 4.5 Government policies and institutional support Chapter 5 Climate Change 131-149 5.1 Climate change: Introduction and evidence 5.2 Changes in the environment 5.3 Climate change mitigation approach 5.4 Steps taken to combat climate change 5.5 Climate change effect on rural livelihoods List of Tables List of Figures 301 301 Agronomy ii MGNCRE List of Tables 1.1 Conservation technologies used to address conventional farming issues 13 1.2: Stakeholder involved and their roles in rural intervention 19 2.1 Trends in Cultivated area 45 3.1 Types of forests based on area density 73 3.2 States wise forest coverage 73 3.3 Criteria and indicator approach 92 3.4 List of Forest produce and dependent livelihoods 93 4.1 Energy Management Cycle explained 113 4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy 120 4.3 Saving of petroleum products 128 List of Figures 1-1 Types of natural resources 7 1-2Classification of natural resources 8 1-3 Plastic mulching to reduce the water lost from the soil due to 10 evaporation 1.4 Contour farming 11 1-5 Drip Irrigation 11 1-6 Application of nanomaterials in soil and agricultural sector 12 1-7 7 Steps of Holistic Rural Development Intervention 19 1-8 Surface water 21 1-9 Ground water surfacing out 22 1-10 Process of Harvesting 23 1-11 4Process of Desalination 24 1-12 Broad beds and furrows 31 1-13Broad beds and furrows-2 32 1-14 Contour Bund 32 1-15 Contour Bund 33 1-16 Contour Bunding 33 1-17 Types of bench terraces 34 1-18 Bench Terrace 35 1-19Micro catchments 36 1-20 Micro catchments 36 1-21 Check Dam 37 1-22 Percolation Lake 38 1-23 Stone Barrier 38 2.1 – Cropping Intensity in types of Land 43 2.2 – Classification of Land Use in the country 44 2.3 – The cycle of Land Degradation 49 2.4 Soil Degradation Flow-chart 50 2.5- Resilience – Sensitivity Matrix 51 2.6- Examples of How Resilience and Sensitivity are Affected by Different 52 Factors 2.7- Comparison of interpretations of land degradation 54 301 2.8: Deforestation as a fallout Land Use 55 301 Agronomy iii MGNCRE 2.9: Shifting agriculture, biomass and Land Degradation 56 2.10: A schematic chart of protection cultivating 60 3-5Top 10 states in forest coverage area in India 74 3. 6 Forest functions and their values 79 3-7Organizational Structure of JFM 86 4-1 per capita energy consumption from 2011-12 to 2017-18 101 4-2 Source wise consumption of energy in India (2017-18) 102 4-3 8Input and output of industrial process 104 4-4 Global Warming at a Glance 106 4-5 9Acid Rain Pathway 107 4-6 10Sector wise Electricity Consumption in India (2016-2017) 108 4-7 11Dimensions of energy management 112 4-8 Energy Management Cycle 113 4-912 The four pillars of successful energy management 115 4-10 13Steps in energy action planning 117 4-11Source wise estimated potential of renewable power in India,2018 120 4-12 Pictorial representation of advantages of Renewable energy 121 4-13Uses of solar energy 122 4-14Application of photovoltaic cell 122 4-15Type of biomass 123 5. 1 Climate change: Process & effect 132 5.2 Global surface temperature 133 5.3 Example of change of land condition 134 5.4 Carbon emission at Global Atmosphere 135 5.5 Temperature vs solar activity by earth’s surface 136 5.5 Climate change mitigation strategies 137 5.6 Cumulative individual affect to sustainability 139 5.7 Net Anthropogenic emission estimate in Tons (2007-2016) 140 5.8 Structure of IPCC 141 5.9 COP21 logo 142 301 301 Agronomy iv MGNCRE 301 301 Agronomy v MGNCRE Chapter 1 Natural Resource Management with a Special Focus on Water Introduction Natural Resource Management suggests to the administration of regular resources, for example, land, water, soil, plants, and animals, with specific consideration on how management influence the personal satisfaction of both present and people in the future (stewardship).It unites land and water usage patterns, bio-assorted variety preservation, and the future manageability of ventures like agribusiness, mining, the travel industry, fisheries, and varied range of services. It perceives that individuals and their vocations depend on the wellbeing and efficiency of the usage of natural resources, and their activities as stewards of the planet earth assume a basic job in keeping up this wellbeing and productivity for sustainable growth. Natural Resource Management explicitly centres on a logical and specialized comprehension of resources, biology and the life-supporting limit of the resources. Environmental Management is similar to common resource management. In scholastic settings, regular resources are firmly identified and studied with natural resource management. Objective 1. Develop an appreciation for the natural and ecological types of the state 2. Comprehend the recorded significance of natural resources in the monetary advancements 3. Comprehend the effect of changes in ways of life and the financial base of the area and the state and the suggestions for natural resource management especially water resource Chapter Structure 1.1 Natural resources and their classification 1.2 Sustainable management and utilization of natural resources 1.3 Role of local governance in managing natural resources 1.4 Water Resource Management 1.5 Watershed Management 1.1 Natural Resources and its Classification At the point when individuals utilize a land area to produce harvests of a crop, for example, maize, rice or wheat, actually they are utilizing soil for fixation and growth, furthermore, water as a means to provide nourishment for that crop. A natural resource is an inventory of something from the common habitat that individuals use with its specific benefit to them.
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