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Viewpoint of Flora, Various Hnes O! Demar- Cation Ce:N Be Drown Depending on Tho Bt\I;Is for Qtoup!Ng Or- Oounling Qe.Ner,1

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Viewpoint of Flora, Various Hnes O! Demar- Cation Ce:N Be Drown Depending on Tho Bt\I;Is for Qtoup!Ng Or- Oounling Qe.Ner,1 '' '• ' '' '• '' '' '' i> • I , .., P •i • < • • • " -l.., • ••;. > ' ... < • •< • • ,o••' 1 0 ·-· •" I -·' '' '• ' '' '• '' '' '' i> • I , .., P •i • < • • • " -l.., • ••;. > ' ... < • •< • • ,o••' 1 0 ·-· •" I -·' TH& PACIFIC AR&A T HE P(l:ci1ic Ocean, ...,,hJch e:xlend=:1 nine thousand rniJ~ eost and weet at the equotor .md eight thout1o.nd miJes north and $01.lth from AJcUka to Antarctica, !s the world'; largest bod~· o.l w(l!er. lts o.reo. lsgrceite-r than that ol all th0c oontinents, ot about one,.lhird the surfooe of the globe. It 1s tho oceon with the CJteate!ll depths, the ste.:,pest sidos, the Jonqes.t currents, the greatest volcttnic activity. It hae mcny other !nte:reStiOQ oceanographtca! feature$ but we a.re ooncemed primarily with tt!I ii,lo.ods, o! which lhc,ro .&re more than thfrty thou&ond--or muny ti.mes the number In i,11 th@ other oceans cornbinod- for they p."'OvSde the homelands fot human occupation. Thc1;0 i,londs lire not equally distributed throu9houl fhjs vast expan50 ol water. The majority, including the oonUncnt of Auiitr,$lio ond the very la~ island!}, ore found in the weotom third of the PaciJic. Most of the remt1inder, generally !n clu::;tor;: or chains. Jail within the oonfl"al third, whereos virtually none, i!: p~oont in the eastern or AmerfCc.'ln third. With the importa:nt ¢x(.."()ptions o( Taamanta and lhe aoulhcrn J)OftiollS of New 2.eala,'d Md Au$tralio. and the Afootfo.n and Jopa.nese islo.nds which lie outside the bounds of Ollt aro& of interest, all the Pacific islands ar¢t ooniined to tropical laUhJd<.'$. Thi$ 1$land workl is tr«Jitionally dMd<.-d into five mojor areas. on the be.s:.is of the cultura) differe:noes PfG\'O.iling in the slx¼enth oontury when Europeans first visited t.he rGQion to ''discover'' !..$lands dlraddy i;etlled for periods varylnQ from o. few hundred years in the eo.&lem Pnclf!c lo possibly lhro(t,,(Juarters of o million years in Jcwo. These grand dlv'ls:ion.s are: Australia., Melanesia, Polyt•esia, Micronesia and Malays:ia (See mop, p. 6). The AustraUan area includes the island of Tasmania 11& o sub-area. Mel;mesta, norned oJter the darl:- complexion of its inh<1bltants, Ox• lend$ from wastem New Gutnea 10 Fiji ond includes New Brilain, New Ireland, the Admlr,;tlltes, lhe 5:>lomons, the $.,nta Cruz Md Bonl:-s blonds, the New Hebrides, the Loyalty Islands and Now C.aledonla. In many l"e$pe,¢l$ Fiji is o.ssoclated with Polytte$ia. Thc, Polyoes!o.n area l.!I qenerdlly do[ined os o. vast t:Mang!e delimited 7 by the Howo.llan !stands on the north, Eafi'ler Island on lhe east and New 2.eakind on the 90\lthwest. Within this triangle are Samoo, Tonoa, Uw Society Isl.mds, lhe C:OOk Islands, the Australs, the M.:i.rquesas end rnany &Ml1$r qroups and isolo.tod $Ingle islands. Fiji belongs in port lo thi$ area. Mlcror.-esia extend$ east and west from the Pelew (P4Jou) Jslands lo the Ellioe islands ,:md includes the Ma.rion<1$, the exter.sJve Co.roline'l:I, the Marsha.U Islands, the Gi1berl blands and a few isOJated ISiands such c$ Nauru. The vas.t majority of these tslands are tiny. hence the n4l1l8 Micronesia. indO)lesla inc!udes till the tslonds of tho East Indies, Sumotrc, Java, Borneo, Ce!ebes, the Sunda Jslands lo Timer, the Habnoheros, C-crem and many ffllall Isl.ands to th& west of New Guinea, the 1,hilippinos, Form0$a, the Malay Penlnsu!o o.nd !he Andamon l:slondis. Weetem lndonesja from Suma.lra and Javo to the Philir,p1nes ts gener,::,.Uy known as Malaysia, The boundarit$ of culture creo, are f1utd, for they m.ay change over the course of timtt as lhe oontent ol cuJtu~ changes. Thus they have no hxed r(l-)ationshlp to n<itural phenomena ~nd do not correispond to diVl- sions of the region as determined by the variou.is nc.tural oolenoes, Jt ts unn8(:C$$0ry for our pur~ to discuoo in d~t.ail the geology, geography or climole of !he ls!onds, t;a9t Indies, New Guinea, New Sritoin o.nd New lre1.:i.nd (Ir(! similar in goo-)OQ'i¢a1 structure lo A,;i<!I ar.d A,~stta.lio, ond ,rollion.s of yctt.r.i 4g0, before the od\·Unt of the plooen~I mammals. were }Oined tn o single lond mass. All the remainin<J or ocoonic lslo.nds oriqinated ind,~pen.de)ltly of the wnlinents and ore cf lwo fype.=t: volcanic islohds and oorol M6nds. The former qen&raUy are mounta.inous ond, comp,,.red to lhe lotter, refo.u,,ely Ja.rge, whereas the coral islandt; are tiny and low, with elevations which $ek3om eltceed twenty feet above sea l~vel. there are few00tal tslandsin tho southwestern o..re~but they are numerous in lhe cenlra.l Pb<::ihc and, with o. fow important exoepUons. typical of the Mi-CrOnesian chain, Coral tslonds ui;ually Qte bused upon on underwater volcanic structure which extends to within two hundred feel d. see, level. If attcched to a submerged mountain nmge they may f-orm a chain o( long narrow islands. If the loundation l-s more exteMive ~y may foUow the ctrcumferenoe, us al Bikini, Md form 4 rough ci.rclo ot atoll. Of l~r qrealer signiJic::ance to man than 1he differe-noes in structure 8 of volcanic and ooral islands are lhe effects of these differences.. The two n-.ay lie in the same lc,Utude, be wt1e:J,ed by lhe &rtm~ <:urrcnb ond mc.rk. the J)Cllh ol the $Cl.me •N)J.'ld:;, but their di:;:;imiJo.r fundament.111 charoclor&, combined with other noturaJ phenomena, hove produced very dJvergent condlttons for the .:iccommodotton of LIYlnQ metier. ihe high Islands exlracl a.bu,)d.o:'lt rahtlall from lhe J)¢cSSing cloud:; ond iil$t1C it in :;troom.:; ond sprinq:s lo nourfah o voriod p)ont Ufo rooted in rich volconic aoil In the low islond& the rolniaU is much more uneven and 1n some coral lslands freeh water ts unavallable ecxcepl es co11cctod ra1nwoter. As a relluft, lhe IJorti !!I limiltd lhe Jew Jipc,cles of p),1nts which li\'C in :;ond o.nd :.nibsUlt on brocki:;h nouri:;hmont. It is one tn4tler for the volconic islands to provide th& cond!tlorus suited to a varied flora and quite another to acquire the :planb. Wild planls mSQre tc rclativoly oa.sily on lh() g~I land mt!:$$85 but in an OCOo,nic ar&a only thosa with i;peciol ch,:1rocteristic1> can cro1is the groot dist.:inoes of eea. Although an interesting indigenous flora is found In many h!qh ooea.nlc islatlds, pa·~ucularly above U-,e l,20().foot line, a l~rg¢ proportion of tho plonls (llonQ tho ~t;t$ (Ind in the mounf4in volJeys ore tho6e with seeds. which ore either lightweight .:i.nd readJ)y wind-carried, eaten by birds and depoeited by them over gre,at dlstances, er floated by ocean curte-nts lrom one Island to another. Tho <:ht1::r.acl~ri1,lic.1; od thq Hor" of lho Paei!ic lhu$ very not only in lerms of distance from Asio <1nd Austro)ia- the greoter the disfdnce the fewer the number of related species-but also in terms of high 1:Slands vets·us low idartds. th111 si!ual1M is or parUeulat tmportanon in ~r.l to wi]d plants voluoble to mon as Jood. whether in lhEir seeds, fl'llJt, stems, Jeoves or roots; for such sources of diet ore relotively abunda11t in the F.aa.t lndtes, 1~ common 1n the New Guinea area. and Au$tr.o.lio, soorce in th& \·oJcMi<: lslands of lhe ceJ\tral Pactffc .and \•'irt\lally locking in I.ha oor.:i.l islands, Of ail the culti\'a.led locd plonts in the world, none hos been developed from the indigenous floro of oreas to the east of Malaysia. A :;imUar progr8$$:iOO f:rom west to &e$l i$ to b,, nOlod in respect to founo. The western is!.:i.nds of lhe Ea.st Indies horbor the typically oon, ttnental animals of southe.i:stem Asia, 1ncluding the higher mammal$, whereas trow &Ii aod Celebes et'l$1wafd to New lrelond, AU$lrAliei ond Ta&mo.nio, only marsupials end o few other primith·e forms a~ found. In the remainder of Oceanie are only rots .:ind mJce, preewnobly Intro• 9 duced by humon ooeJtcy. Crocodiles ond po1!10nOu!I a:rtal:es o~ lack.ing in genertil eaist of the New Gutiteu area, ,:a)though o fow hom:tle&s sno.kee: a.re present ('IS for .:is 5.:uno,:,;. Th~ number of species of Jiz.1rds and birds likewise diminbshes !rom west to e.:a:iL Fish, ca the other- hand, aOOun,c:! in the tu'ld rivers e,•e.rywhere, and voriou$ crueia~ans Ull-u<1,lly ore plenlilu), Thus, U we divide the P.:acUic f$lands into sub-areas on the basis ol no.hm,l phenomcno, a varying number of divi!liOr\S can bo <;folimitOO, depending¢n thecnlerio r,elected. Adassific.:a.tion bdsiedon landtn.:ammala t'lels off the wr;!rlern £.:.st Jndj()!; as lhe area of placental anJmats, U,e remoinder oi the EA!t lndlee .:and tho b;lands eaS'lward to New kclaod, Austr.:alio and Tasmania as the .oreo of ttl4nvpi<ils; who(Mt cenln1il.
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