Lecture 3,4 Human Anatomy نﺎﻨﺴو دﻤﺤﻤ.د Basic Structures: Part1
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Penile Circular Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Complex Anterior Urethral Strictures K.J
18 Penile Circular Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Complex Anterior Urethral Strictures K.J. Carney, J.W. McAninch 18.1 Penile Fascial Anatomy – 146 18.2 Flap Anatomy – 148 18.3 Patient Selection – 148 18.4 Preoperative Preparation – 148 18.5 Patient Positioning – 148 18.6 Flap Harvest – 149 18.7 Stricture Exposure – 150 18.8 Anastomosis – 151 18.9 Postoperative Care – 152 References – 152 146 Chapter 18 · Penile Circular Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Complex Anterior Urethral Strictures Surgical reconstruction of complex anterior urethral stric- Buck’s fascia is a well-defined fascial layer that is close- tures, 2.5–6 cm long, frequently requires tissue-transfer ly adherent to the tunica albuginea. Despite this intimate techniques [1–8]. The most successful are full-thickness association, a definite plane of cleavage exists between the free grafts (genital skin, bladder mucosa, or buccal muco- two, permitting separation and mobilization. Buck’s fascia sa) or pedicle-based flaps that carry a skin island. Of acts as the supporting layer, providing the foundation the latter, the penile circular fasciocutaneous flap, first for the circular fasciocutaneous penile flap. Dorsally, the described by McAninch in 1993 [9], produces excel- deep dorsal vein, dorsal arteries, and dorsal nerves lie in a lent cosmetic and functional results [10]. It is ideal for groove just deep to the superficial lamina of Buck’s fascia. reconstruction of the distal (pendulous) urethra, where The circumflex vessels branch from the dorsal vasculature the decreased substance of the corpus spongiosum may and lie just deep to Buck’s fascia over the lateral aspect jeopardize graft viability. -
Back-To-Basics: the Intricacies of Muscle Contraction
Back-to- MIOTA Basics: The CONFERENCE OCTOBER 11, Intricacies 2019 CHERI RAMIREZ, MS, of Muscle OTRL Contraction OBJECTIVES: 1.Review the anatomical structure of a skeletal muscle. 2.Review and understand the process and relationship between skeletal muscle contraction with the vital components of the nervous system, endocrine system, and skeletal system. 3.Review the basic similarities and differences between skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. 4.Review the names, locations, origins, and insertions of the skeletal muscles found in the human body. 5.Apply the information learned to enhance clinical practice and understanding of the intricacies and complexity of the skeletal muscle system. 6.Apply the information learned to further educate clients on the importance of skeletal muscle movement, posture, and coordination in the process of rehabilitation, healing, and functional return. 1. Epithelial Four Basic Tissue Categories 2. Muscle 3. Nervous 4. Connective A. Loose Connective B. Bone C. Cartilage D. Blood Introduction There are 3 types of muscle tissue in the muscular system: . Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones of skeleton. Voluntary. Striated. Tubular shape. Cardiac muscle: Makes up most of the wall of the heart. Involuntary. Striated with intercalated discs. Branched shape. Smooth muscle: Found in walls of internal organs and walls of vascular system. Involuntary. Non-striated. Spindle shape. 4 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscles: Skeletal muscles are composed of: • Skeletal muscle tissue • Nervous tissue • Blood • Connective tissues 5 Connective Tissue Coverings Connective tissue coverings over skeletal muscles: .Fascia .Tendons .Aponeuroses 6 Fascia: Definition: Layers of dense connective tissue that separates muscle from adjacent muscles, by surrounding each muscle belly. -
A Device to Measure Tensile Forces in the Deep Fascia of the Human Abdominal Wall
A Device to Measure Tensile Forces in the Deep Fascia of the Human Abdominal Wall Sponsored by Dr. Raymond Dunn of the University of Massachusetts Medical School A Major Qualifying Report Submitted to the Faculty Of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Olivia Doane _______________________ Claudia Lee _______________________ Meredith Saucier _______________________ April 18, 2013 Advisor: Professor Kristen Billiar _______________________ Co-Advisor: Dr. Raymond Dunn _______________________ Table of Contents Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi Authorship Page ............................................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review ......................................................................................................... -
The Biophysical Modeling of the Human Tegument
International Research Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ISSN (Online): 2581-3277 The Biophysical Modeling of the Human Tegument Janos Vincze, Gabriella Vincze-Tiszay Health Human International Environment Foundation, Budapest, Hungary Email address: [email protected] Abstract— Sensory organs are parts of our body, which collect and transmit information to the central nervous system about the outside world, and about the internal condition of our body. The body collects information by millions of microscopic structures, the so-called receptor cells. These can be found in almost all parts of the body, skin, muscle, joints, internal organs, in the walls of blood-vessels and in specialized organs such as the eye or the inner ear. There are numerous types of receptor cells in the skin. Some of them register mechanical stress or pressure, others the position and displacement of sensory hairs. Different stimulation cause different sensations, such as pain, tickling, hard or light pressure, heat or cold. The nerve fibres connected to the receptor transform stimuli above threshold into sequence of actions potentials. We modelling the action potential in the mathematical equation. Although our current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of pain development is incomplete, a number of pain-related phenomena have been discovered, which bear importance from both pathobiophysical and clinical aspects. Skin is an important receptive field, due to the numerous and various terminations of the cutaneous analyser which informs the nervous centres on the proprieties and phenomena that the body gets in contact with. Keywords— human tegument, hand nail, action potential, pain reception. loosing the function of one or more analysers, reach a special I. -
Fascial Contraction Fascia Can Be Divided Into Two General Categories: Sub Cutaneous Fascia and Deep Fascia, Also Known As Muscu Lar Fascia
by joe muscolino body mechanics Bodywork and movement therapy can help with contracted fascial tissue. fascial contraction Fascia can be divided into two general categories: sub- examples of deep fibrous fascia, as cutaneous fascia and deep fascia, also known as muscu- are ligaments and intermuscular lar fascia. Subcutaneous fascia, as the name implies, is septa. The loosely packed struc- located immediately deep to the skin. It is largely com- ture of subcutaneous fascia allows www.amtamassage.org/mtj posed of adipose (fat) cells, giving it its gel-like consis- for a healthy blood supply, giving it tency. Collagen fibers and fibroblast cells are embedded strong reparative properties when within this mix of adipose cells. Deep fascia is located injured. Alternatively, the dense ar- deeper in the body and is primarily comprised of dense- rangement of fibrous fascia does not ly packed collagen fibers, accounting for its description allow adequate room for blood ves- as fibrous fascia. Fibroblasts are located between these sels; therefore, fibrous fascia has a collagen fibers (Figure 1). poor blood supply and does not heal Endomysium, perimysium and epimysium, which well when injured. In addition to 145 create the tendons and aponeuroses of muscles, are collagen fibers and fibroblasts, both body mechanics Recent research suggests that fascia does and stretched, having the ability to transfer these pull- ing forces to other tissues. For example, when a muscle not function only in a belly contracts and pulls upon its tendons, these fibrous passive tensile manner, tissue tendons transfer that pulling force to the bony at- tachments of the muscle. -
Introduction
Tikrit University College of Dentistry .Human Anatomy 1st y د.ﺑﺎن إﺳﻤﺎﻋﯿﻞ Introduction Anatomy: Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body. Gross anatomy: deals with those structures that can be seen without a microscope. The anatomical position:For descriptive purposes the body is always imagined to be in the anatomical position, standing erect, arms by sides, palms of hands facing forwards. Terms: Median Sagittal Plane: This is a vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other. Similarly, a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be lateral to the other. 1 cden.tu.edu.iq Tikrit University College of Dentistry .Human Anatomy 1st y د.ﺑﺎن إﺳﻤﺎﻋﯿﻞ Coronal Planes: are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane. divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes : These planes are at right angles to both the median and the coronal planes. Divides the body into superior and inferior. The terms anterior and posterior are used to indicate the front and back of the body, respectively. The terms proximal and distal describe the relative distances from the roots of the limbs; for example, the arm is proximal to the forearm and the hand is distal to the forearm. The terms superficial and deep represent the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body. The terms superior and inferior represent levels relatively high or low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body. -
Article in Press
G Model FISH-4564; No. of Pages 11 ARTICLE IN PRESS Fisheries Research xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fisheries Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fishres Full length article 3D-Xray-tomography of American lobster shell-structure. An overview Joseph G. Kunkel a,b,∗, Melissa Rosa b, Ali N. Bahadur c a University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States b University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, United States c Bruker BioSpin Corp., Billerica, MA 01821, United States article info a b s t r a c t Article history: A total inventory of density defined objects of American lobster cuticle was obtained by using high res- Received 16 January 2016 olution 3D Xray tomography, micro-computed-tomography. Through this relatively unbiased sampling Received in revised form approach several new objects were discovered in intermolt cuticle of the lobster carapace. Using free and 13 September 2016 open-source software the outlines of density-defined objects were obtained and their locations in 3D Accepted 23 September 2016 space calculated allowing population parameters about these objects to be determined. Nearest neigh- Available online xxx bor distances between objects allowed interpretations of structural relationships of and between objects. Several organule types are recognized by their structural outlines and density signatures. A hierarchy of Keywords: Homarus americanus organule types and distribution suggests they develop during sequential molts. New objects (stalactites, American lobster Bouligand spirals, and basal granules) are described as mineral structures with well defined morpholog- MicroCT ical character, allowing them to be recognized by their descriptive names and distributions. -
Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL
Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL Chapter 10 Adapted form Tortora 10th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Introduction (p. 265) 1. Bones provide leverage and form the framework of the body, but motion results from alternating contraction (shortening) and relaxation of muscles. 2. Muscle tissue also stabilizes the body’s position, regulates organ volume, generates heat, and propels fluids and food through various body systems. 3. The study of muscles is called myology. B. Overview of Muscle Tissue (p. 266) 1. There are three types of muscle tissue (see Table 10.2): i. Skeletal muscle tissue a. moves bones (and, in some cases, skin and other soft tissues) b. striated c. voluntary ii. Cardiac muscle tissue a. forms most of the wall of the heart b. striated c. involuntary d. some cells have autorhythmicity iii. Smooth muscle tissue a. located in the walls of hollow internal structures (and arrector pili muscles) b. nonstriated, i.e., smooth c. involuntary d. some cells have autorhythmicity 2. Muscle tissue has four major functions: i. producing body movements ii. stabilizing body positions iii. storing and moving substances within the body iv. producing heat 3. Muscle tissue has four major characteristics that enable it to perform its functions: i. Electrical excitability is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials (impulses) ii. Contractility is the ability to shorten, thus developing tension (force of contraction) a. in an isometric contraction, a muscle develops tension but does not shorten b. in an isotonic contraction, tension remains relatively constant while the muscle shortens iii. -
Histological Characteristics of the Deep Fascia of the Upper Limb
it. j. anat. embryol. Vol. 111, n. 2: 105-110, 2006 Histological characteristics of the deep fascia of the upper limb Carla Stecco 1,2 M.D., Andrea Porzionato 1 M.D., Veronica Macchi 1 M.D., Cesare Tiengo 1 M.D., Anna Parenti 3 M.D., Roberto Aldegheri 2 M.D., Vincent Delmas 4 M.D. and Raffaele De Caro 1 M.D. 1 Section of Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Italy 2 Section of Orthopedics, Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, University of Padova, Italy 3 Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy 4 Normal Anatomy Institute, Rene´Descartes University, Paris Key words: fascia, collagen, proprioception, myokinetic chain, motor coordination, over-use syndrome. SUMMARY Post-mortem specimens taken from the antebrachial and brachial fasciae of 20 upper limbs were studied by histological and immunohistochemical staining in order to evaluate collagen fibre bundle arrangement, the presence of elastic fibres, and the density of innervation in deep muscular fascia. The study demonstrated that the fasciae are formed of numerous layers of undulating colla- gen fibre bundles. In each layer, the bundles are parallel to each other, whereas adjacent layers show different orientations. Each layer is separated from the adjacent one by a thin layer of adipose tissue, like plywood. Many elastic fibres and a variety of both free and encapsulated nerve endings, espe- cially Ruffini and Pacini corpuscles, are also present, suggesting a proprioceptive capacity of the deep fascia. Thanks to the undulating collagen fibre bundles and elastic fibres, the fasciae can adapt to stretching, but this is only possible within certain limits, beyond which nerve terminations are acti- vated by stretching. -
Evidence of a New Hidden Neural Network Into Deep Fasciae
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evidence of a new hidden neural network into deep fasciae Caterina Fede1,2*, Lucia Petrelli1,2, Diego Guidolin1, Andrea Porzionato1, Carmelo Pirri1, Chenglei Fan1, Rafaele De Caro1 & Carla Stecco1 It is recognized that diferent fasciae have diferent type of innervation, but actually nothing is known about the specifc innervation of the two types of deep fascia, aponeurotic and epymisial fascia. In this work the aponeurotic thoracolumbar fascia and the epymisial gluteal fascia of seven adult C57-BL mice were analysed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and foating immunohistochemistry with the aim to study the organization of nerve fbers, the presence of nerve corpuscles and the amount of autonomic innervation. The antibodies used were Anti-S100, Anti-Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Anti- PGP, specifc for the Schwann cells forming myelin, the sympathetic nerve fbers, and the peripheral nerve fbers, respectively. The results showed that the fascial tissue is pervaded by a rhomboid and dense network of nerves. The innervation was statistically signifcantly lower in the gluteal fascia (2.78 ± 0.6% of positive area, 140.3 ± 31.6/mm2 branching points, nerves with 3.2 ± 0.6 mm length and 4.9 ± 0.2 µm thickness) with respect to the thoracolumbar fascia (9.01 ± 0.98% of innervated area, 500.9 ± 43.1 branching points/mm2, length of 87.1 ± 1.0 mm, thickness of 5.8 ± 0.2 µm). Both fasciae revealed the same density of autonomic nerve fbers (0.08%). Lastly, corpuscles were not found in thoracolumbar fascia. Based on these results, it is suggested that the two fasciae have diferent roles in proprioception and pain perception: the free nerve endings inside thoracolumbar fascia may function as proprioceptors, regulating the tensions coming from associated muscles and having a role in nonspecifc low back pain, whereas the epymisial fasciae works to coordinate the actions of the various motor units of the underlying muscle. -
Fascial Anatomy in Manual Therapy: Introducing a New Biomechanical Julie Ann Day, PT Model
Fascial Anatomy in Manual Therapy: Introducing a New Biomechanical Julie Ann Day, PT Model Centro Socio Sanitario dei Colli, Physiotherapy, Padova, Italy ABSTRACT detailed studies pertaining to specific areas suggested.17 Deep fascia is a well-vascular- Background and Purpose: Fascial of fascia are important, they do not pro- ized tissue often employed for plastic sur- anatomy studies are influencing our under- vide a vision of the human fascial system as gery flaps,18 and it responds to mechanical standing of musculoskeletal dysfunctions. an interrelated, tensional network of con- traction induced by muscular activity in dif- However, evidenced-based models for nective tissue. A few authors consider its ferent regions.19 It has an ectoskeletal role manual therapists working with move- 3-dimensional (3D) continuity8-10 but these and can potentially store mechanical energy ment dysfunction and pain are still devel- holistic models do not always provide spe- and distribute it in a uniform manner for oping. This review presents a synthesis of cific indications for treatment. A functional harmonious movement. The mechanical one biomechanical model and discusses model for the entire human fascial system properties of the fascial extracellular matrix underlying hypotheses in reference to some that correlates dysfunctional movement itself can be altered by external mechanical current trends in musculoskeletal research. and pain is in its infancy with regards to stimuli that stimulate protein turnover and Method: The author conducted principally evidence-based investigations and studies. fibroblastic activity.20,21 These characteris- a search of the health sciences literature This paper will examine a 3D bio- tics and the reported abundant innervation available on PubMed for the years 1995 to mechanical model for the human fascial of deep fascia indicate that it could have 2011, and consulted published texts con- system that takes into account movement the capacity to perceive mechanosensitive cerning this model. -
467 1.Pdf (10.98Mb)
Reduction of Biomechanical Models and Subject Specific Properties for Real-Time Simulation of Surgical Trocar Insertion By RAVI KUMAR CHANNA NAIK September 1, 2010 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The State University of New York at Buffalo in partial completion of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Mechanical Engineering ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take this rare opportunity to thank one and all who have been the source of support, motivation and encouragement, both on the screen and tangible and behind the screen and intangible. I thank my academic research advisor Dr. Gary Dargush, committee members Dr. Andres Soom and Dr. Roger Mayne for all the support and guidance for my master’s thesis research and writing. I thank my family members, for their long and steady support and encouragement which gave me the strength and stability throughout the course my of study and research. I thank my peer friends, who have been very supportive, the source of recreations and a change in grave and stagnation periods and helped me to keep up my motivation and vigor in completing this thesis. Finally I thank God and associated holy company for giving me this opportunity to pursue my graduate studies at University at Buffalo and carry out this master’s research. ii ABSTRACT Trocar insertion is the first step in Laparoscopy, Thoracoscopy and most other micro surgery procedures. It is a difficult procedure to learn and practice because procedure is carried out almost entirely without any visual feedback of the organs underlying the tissues being punctured.