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Catalog of the Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea) M

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Catalog of the Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea) M El-Hawagry and El-Azab Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2019) 29:15 Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0118-8 Biological Pest Control RESEARCH Open Access Catalog of the Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea) M. S. El-Hawagry1* and S. A. El-Azab2 Abstract Oestroidea is a diverse superfamily of flies with a variety of feeding habits, mostly saprophages (e.g., majority of species of the genus Sarcophaga, Sarcophagidae), internal parasites of mammals (e.g., Oestridae), parasitoids (e.g., the genus Blaesoxipha, Sarcophagidae; the genus Pollenia, Calliphoridae), and predators (e.g., the genus Stomorhina, Rhiniidae). In the present study, an updated catalog of the superfamily Oestroidea recorded from Egypt is presented. The catalog covers the following families: Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae. A total of 126 oestroid species belonging to 31 genera, 7 subfamilies, and 3 families are treated. The treated families are Calliphoridae (8 species representing 5 genera), Rhiniidae (10 species representing 3 genera), and Sarcophagidae (108 species representing 23 genera). Synonymies, type localities, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities, and dates of collection for all treated species are provided. Keywords: Schizophora, Calyptratae, Oestroidea, Egyptian taxa, World distribution, Egyptian localities, Dates of collection Background regulating populations of potential pest species. On the Oestroidea is a diverse superfamily of flies comprising other hand, some species breed in mammalian carrion, about 15,000 described species worldwide with a variety and may attack necrotic tissues in vertebrate wounds of feeding habits, mostly saprophages, endoparasites, causing secondary and tertiary myiasis that already initi- parasitoids, and predators. Oestroid flies are distrib- ated by other species, while others may cause obligate uted worldwide in all zoogeographic regions including primary myiasis of healthy tissue (Ferrar 1987). Internal seven families, namely Calliphoridae, Mystacinobiidae, myiases are also often associated with bot and warble Oestridae, Rhiniidae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae, flies of the family Oestridae (Zumpt 1965). and Tachinidae (Pape et al. 2011;Pohjoismäkiand Many species are of potential forensic importance as Kahanpää 2014). well, as they attract to and possibly feed on decomposing Families of Oestroidea are monophyletic (Marinho et vertebrate carcasses, including human corpses (Catts al. 2012), except the Calliphoridae which is clearly not and Goff 1992; Greenberg and Kunich 2002; Byrd and monophyletic (Pape and Arnaud Jr 2001). Castner 2010). Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae are mostly All extant oestroid families, except Mystacinobiidae, regarded as beneficial insects. Adults, especially males, have been represented in Egypt. Only three out of these visit flowers for nectar and many species act as pollina- families are treated in the current catalog, namely Calli- tors (Banziger and Pape 2004). Larvae of some species phoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae, while the rest are parasitoids of grasshoppers, locusts, slugs, snails, and three families are planned to be cataloged later. earthworms, while others feed internally in the nasal No comprehensive taxonomic studies on the super- cavity of frogs and toads. They probably play a role in family Oestroidea have been carried out in Egypt before. Only some miscellaneous studies were published on the * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] family Calliphoridae (including Rhiniidae) (Shaumar et 1Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt al. 1989), on the family Sarcophagidae (Salem 1935, Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. El-Hawagry and El-Azab Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2019) 29:15 Page 2 of 4 1936, 1938a, 1938b, 1938c, 1940; Shaumar and Kamal Scope 1984; El-Ahmady et al. 2015; El-Ahmady et al. 2018). This catalog treats all names of taxa, whether taxonom- Majority of these studies are considered to be outdated. ically valid or invalid, of the families Calliphoridae, Rhi- Steyskal and El-Bialy (1967) listed the Egyptian species niidae, and Sarcophagidae (superfamily: Oestroidea) of dipterous families including those of the superfamily recorded from Egypt. Oestroidea based on literature and specimens deposited in the main Egyptian insect collections. However, despite Arrangement of taxa its importance, the list included only the names of fam- All taxa are arranged alphabetically. Synonyms of species ilies and their species ordered alphabetically without re- including all available and unavailable names are ferring to their suprageneric systematics or to other chronologically listed. The most important synonyms of important data such as original descriptions, type local- genera are listed as well. Only important variant spel- ities, synonymies, distribution, etc. All these deficiencies lings (termed “incorrect spelling” or “misspelling”) are have been perfected in the present catalog. listed at the end of the synonyms, especially those men- tioned in Egyptian studies. Material and methods Typographical treatment of names Data for the present study have been compiled from Family-group and Genus-group headings are left-justified specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by and written in bold uppercase letters. Species-group head- the authors and their coworkers, in addition to speci- ings are left-justified and written in bold italicized lower- mens preserved in the main Egyptian insect collections. case letters except the first letter which is written in A great deal of information is taken also from relevant uppercase. Authorship of genera, subgenera, and species literature and website databases (Pape 2017; Pape and are written in regular lowercase letters except the first let- Thompson 2017). ter which is written in uppercase. Fig. 1 Map of Egypt showing the ecological zones (after El-Hawagry and Gilbert 2014) El-Hawagry and El-Azab Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2019) 29:15 Page 3 of 4 Taxonomically valid genus-group names (senior syno- Conclusion nyms) are listed again in bold italicized lowercase letters For this catalog, oestroid specimens collected from dif- (except the first uppercase letter) and left-justified under ferent Egyptian localities by the authors and their co- the headings followed by the reference including author, workers, in addition to specimens preserved in the main year, and pages. Type species are given after the refer- Egyptian insect collections, were checked. A great deal ence line, followed by method of their fixation. Also, of information was also taken from relevant literature taxonomically valid species-group names combined with and website databases. their original genera (senior synonyms) are listed again As a final conclusion, this catalog treated a total of in regular italicized lower case letters (except the first 126 oestroid species belonging to 3 families in Egypt. uppercase letter) and left-justified under the headings The treated taxa can be summarized in the following followed by the reference including author, year, pages, table: and type locality. Family Subfamilies Genera Species For each genus and species-group name, associated Calliphoridae 4 5 8 synonyms are listed in a chronological order. They are Rhiniidae – 310 written in regular italicized lowercase letters (except the Sarcophagidae 3 23 108 first uppercase letter), followed by the reference and other data as in senior taxa. Total 7 31 126 Type localities The type locality is given after the reference of each Additional file species-group taxon. Countries and islands of type local- ities are usually broken down to states, provinces, archi- Additional file 1: The Catalog. (PDF 274 kb) pelagos, ecological zones, towns, and villages. These “sublocalities” are placed in parentheses after the main Abbreviations “ ” AF: Afrotropical; AU: Australasian; E, e.: East, eastern; Mt.: Mountain; n. n.: New locality, e.g., Egypt (Sinai). The sublocalities may be name; NE: Nearctic; nr. : Near; NSW: New South Wales; NT: Neotropical; more broken down to “smaller sublocalities.” These OR: Oriental; PA: Palaearctic; S, s: South, southern; St.: Saint; Syn. N: New “smaller sublocalities” are written after a colon following synonym “ ” the sublocality, e.g., Egypt (Gebel Elba: Wadi Edeib). Acknowledgements We are grateful to Thomas Pape, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Egyptian localities and dates of collection Copenhagen, Denmark, for providing critical assistance throughout this Ecologists divide Egypt into eight ecological zones, study. namely Coastal Strip, Lower Nile Valley and Delta, Funding Upper Nile Valley, Fayoum, Eastern Desert, Western No funding. Desert, Sinai, and Gebel Elba (Fig. 1). All these zones Availability of data and materials but one have greater affiliation to the Palaearctic Region, Data supporting the conclusions of this article are presented in the main whereas the Gebel
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