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International Security 24:1 66
China’s Search for a John Wilson Lewis Modern Air Force and Xue Litai For more than forty- eight years, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has sought to build a combat-ready air force.1 First in the Korean War (1950–53) and then again in 1979, Beijing’s leaders gave precedence to this quest, but it was the Gulf War in 1991 coupled with growing concern over Taiwan that most alerted them to the global revolution in air warfare and prompted an accelerated buildup. This study brieºy reviews the history of China’s recurrent efforts to create a modern air force and addresses two principal questions. Why did those efforts, which repeatedly enjoyed a high priority, fail? What have the Chinese learned from these failures and how do they deªne and justify their current air force programs? The answers to the ªrst question highlight changing defense con- cerns in China’s national planning. Those to the second provide a more nu- anced understanding of current security goals, interservice relations, and the evolution of national defense strategies. With respect to the ªrst question, newly available Chinese military writings and interviews with People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ofªcers on the history of the air force suggest that the reasons for the recurrent failure varied markedly from period to period. That variation itself has prevented the military and political leaderships from forming a consensus about the lessons of the past and the policies that could work. In seeking to answer the second question, the article examines emerging air force and national defense policies and doctrines and sets forth Beijing’s ra- tionale for the air force programs in light of new security challenges, particu- larly those in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea. -
The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, May 2021, Vol. 11, No. 5, 360-367 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2021.05.013 D DAVID PUBLISHING A Study on Advertisements in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal WANG Hai, WU Zong-yang Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal is one of the most valued English literature in China’s history of Christianity and the key publications of missionaries from the second half of the 19th Century to the first half of the 20th Century. The advertisements in it have not been properly stressed by the academic world, most of which are even deleted in the bound volumes. This paper aims to give a preliminary study on the advertisements in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, comparing and analyzing advertisers, slogans and text structures and appeal methods of advertisements of shipping, banking, schools and book introduction in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, thus demonstrating its significance in China’s modern advertising industry and Sino-western commercial trade and cultural exchange. Keywords: Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, protestant missionaries in China, mission press, secularization, study on Advertisements in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal In March 1867, The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, under the original name Missionary Recorder, was founded by American missionary Rev. L. N. Wheeler in Fuzhou, China. Its ceased publication in December in the same year. In May 1868, Rev. S. L. Baldwin resumed its publication and changed its title into The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal. In May 1872, Due to the department of Rev. -
The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75
THE LESSONS OF HISTORY: THE CHINESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY AT 75 Edited by Laurie Burkitt Andrew Scobell Larry M. Wortzel July 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/index.html ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail news- letter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also pro- vides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-126-1 ii CONTENTS Foreword Ambassador James R. Lilley . v Part I: Overview. 1 1. Introduction: The Lesson Learned by China’s Soldiers Laurie Burkitt, Andrew Scobell, and Larry M. -
China Law Update (Do Not Delete) 2014/7/7 8:44 Pm
CHINA LAW UPDATE (DO NOT DELETE) 2014/7/7 8:44 PM CHINA LAW UPDATE Table of Contents I. LAWS AND REGULATIONS ............................................................. 260 A. Amendments to the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China ........................................................... 260 1. Introduction ................................................................. 260 2. Removing the Registered Capital Requirements for Company Establishment ............................................ 260 3. Replacing the Paid-Up Capital Registration System with a Subscribed Capital Registration System ......... 261 4. Removing the Minimum Cash Requirement .............. 261 5. Conclusion .................................................................. 261 II. JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS ........................................................ 261 A. Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on the Issuance of Judgments on the Internet by the People’s Courts .............................................................................. 261 1. Introduction ................................................................. 261 2. Improving the Enforcement of Issuing Judicial Documents Online ..................................................... 262 3. Clarifying the Scope of Releasing Judicial Documents Online ..................................................... 262 4. Emphasizing the Authenticity of Judicial Documents ................................................................. 263 5. Conclusion ................................................................. -
January to December 1999
CHINA Death Penalty log: January to December 1999 The table overleaf lists the following (from left to right): the sources and dates of the reports (when known); the date of the reported death sentences (DS) or executions (EX) (when known); the province or city where the sentences were imposed or carried out (when known); the names (when known) or numbers of the alleged offenders and further details (when known); the alleged criminal offences for which the death sentences were imposed (when known); the number of death sentences imposed without stay of execution; the number of executions actually carried out; the number of death sentences imposed with a two-year stay of execution (2y); other information when available, including the number of death sentences, executions and two-year reprieve cases for each month. Abbreviations used in the table: DS number of death sentences pronounced without a stay of execution EX number of executions reported to have been carried out 2y number of death sentences with a 2-year reprieve (stay of execution) (F) Female Source of Report (unless otherwise given) SWB BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (U.K. publication) SCMP South China Morning Post (Hong Kong daily newspaper) FBIS Foreign Broadcast Information Service (U.S. publication) AFP Agence France Presse AP Associated Press Xinhua New China News Agency (Chinese state news agency) VOA Voice of America CNA China News Analysis ETIC East Turkistan Information Center PBS People's Broadcasting Station (Chinese state radio service) Alleged Crime A Arson -
Note: This Is a Test Service: Data May Be Deleted Anytime
Note: This is a test service: Data may be deleted anytime. Kittens will die if you abuse this service. This document will expire in 23 hours. id,name,sex,ethnicity,hometown,organization,id_card_num,address,mobile_num,phone_num,education 1,"Tao Lingxia","Female","Han Nationality","Shanghai","Huangpu District Party Committee Propaganda Department Branch Committee" ,310110198305082041,"Room 601, No.24, Lane 1160, Songhuajiang Road",13795206049,null,"Graduate student" 2,"Lu Qingyi","Male","Han nationality","Shanghai","Huangpu District Audit Bureau Party Branch ",310102195310292031,null,13621647402,null,"University" 3,"Yao Maohua","Male","Han","Shanghai","The Third Branch Committee of the Office of the People's Government of Huangpu District of the Communist Party of China",310103192904081218,null,null, null,"General High School" 4,"Wang Hailing","Female","Han","Shanghai","Party Branch of the Clothing Section of Huangpu District People's Court",310108197401092446,null,null,null,"University" 5,"Yang "Fu Dun", "Male", "Han", "Jiangsu Taicang", "Second Party Branch of Huangpu District Science and Technology Commission",310102194212200039,null,null,null,"College" 6,"Xu Jingyan","Male","Han","Shanghai","Incumbent Party Branch Committee of the Huangpu District Planning and Land Administration of the Communist Party of China", 310103197601282410,"Chang Room 201, No. 50, Lane 395, Lidong Road",13601621253,null,"University" 7,"Qian Huaan","Male","Han","Shanghai","Second Branch Committee of the CPC Huangpu District Commerce Commission", 310109196508156819,null,null,null,"University" -
October 30, 1975 Conversation Between Federal Chancellor
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified October 30, 1975 Conversation between Federal Chancellor Schmidt and the Chairman of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, in Beijing Citation: “Conversation between Federal Chancellor Schmidt and the Chairman of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, in Beijing,” October 30, 1975, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, ed., Akten zur auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: 1975. 1. Juli bis 31. Dezember 1975 (München: Oldenbourg, 2006), 1495-1500. Translated by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/119985 Summary: Federal Chancellor Schmidt and Mao Zedong discuss the potential for attack by the Soviet Union and European security. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the MacArthur Foundation. Original Language: German Contents: English Translation Conversation between Federal Chancellor Schmidt and the Chairman of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, in Beijing October 30, 1975 [1] German participants: Federal Minister [for Transportation, Post and Telecommunications Kurt] Gscheidle, Ambassador Dr. [Rolf] Pauls, Department Head Dr. Sanne. Chinese participants: Deputy Prime Minister Deng Xiaoping, Ambassador Wang Shu, Deputy Minister [female] Wang Hai-jung, Department Head Europe Hsü Wie-chin, Department Head [female] Tang Wen-sheng, Mao's personal secretary. I. The conversation was held by the Federal Chancellor in English. Mao's statements were translated into English. While intellectually fully present, Mao was physically very weak. He could stand and sit, but not get up or sit down on his own. -
Bankruptcy Forms
Case 15-60007 Document 65 Filed in TXSB on 03/30/15 Page 1 of 52 B 6 Summary (Official Form 6 - Summary) (12/13) }bk1{Form 6.Suayfchedls United States Bankruptcy Court Southern District of Texas In re Winland Ocean Shipping Corporation Case No. 15-60007 , Debtor Chapter 11 SUMMARY OF SCHEDULES Indicate as to each schedule whether that schedule is attached and state the number of pages in each. Report the totals from Schedules A, B, D, E, F, I, and J in the boxes provided. Add the amounts from Schedules A and B to determine the total amount of the debtor’s assets. Add the amounts of all claims from Schedules D, E, and F to determine the total amount of the debtor’s liabilities. Individual debtors must also complete the "Statistical Summary of Certain Liabilities and Related Data" if they file a case under chapter 7, 11, or 13. NAME OF SCHEDULEATTACHED NO. OF ASSETS LIABILITIES OTHER (YES/NO) SHEETS A - Real Property Yes 10.00 B - Personal Property Yes 4 503,883.00 C - Property Claimed as Exempt No 0 D - Creditors Holding Secured Claims Yes 1 0.00 E - Creditors Holding Unsecured Yes 17 974,758.00 Priority Claims (Total of Claims on Schedule E) F - Creditors Holding Unsecured Yes 19 13,967,106.23 Nonpriority Claims G - Executory Contracts and Yes 5 Unexpired Leases H - Codebtors Yes 1 I - Current Income of Individual No 0 N/A Debtor(s) J - Current Expenditures of Individual No 0 N/A Debtor(s) Total Number of Sheets of ALL Schedules 48 Total Assets 503,883.00 Total Liabilities 14,941,864.23 Software Copyright (c) 1996-2013 - Best Case, LLC - www.bestcase.com Best Case Bankruptcy Case 15-60007 Document 65 Filed in TXSB on 03/30/15 Page 2 of 52 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS VICTORIA DIVISION In re: § § Case No. -
Hearing on a 'World-Class' Military: Assessing China's
HEARING ON A ‘WORLD-CLASS’ MILITARY: ASSESSING CHINA’S GLOBAL MILITARY AMBITIONS HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THURSDAY, JUNE 20, 2019 Printed for use of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: www.uscc.gov UNITED STATES-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION WASHINGTON: 2019 U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW, CHAIRMAN ROBIN CLEVELAND, VICE CHAIRMAN Commissioners: ANDREAS A. BORGEAS KENNETH LEWIS JEFFREY L. FIEDLER MICHAEL A. MCDEVITT HON. CARTE P. GOODWIN HON. JAMES M. TALENT ROY D. KAMPHAUSEN MICHAEL R. WESSEL THEA MEI LEE LARRY M. WORTZEL The Commission was created on October 30, 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 § 1238, Public Law No. 106-398, 114 STAT. 1654A-334 (2000) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7002 (2001), as amended by the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for 2002 § 645 (regarding employment status of staff) & § 648 (regarding changing annual report due date from March to June), Public Law No. 107-67, 115 STAT. 514 (Nov. 12, 2001); as amended by Division P of the “Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003,” Pub L. No. 108-7 (Feb. 20, 2003) (regarding Commission name change, terms of Commissioners, and responsibilities of the Commission); as amended by Public Law No. 109- 108 (H.R. 2862) (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding responsibilities of Commission and applicability of FACA); as amended by Division J of the “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008,” Public Law Nol. 110-161 (December 26, 2007) (regarding responsibilities of the Commission, and changing the Annual Report due date from June to December); as amended by the Carl Levin and Howard P. -
1 International Standards and China's Coercive Population Policies Chinese Officials Continue to Actively Promote and Implemen
1 POPULATION CONTROL International Standards and China’s Coercive Population Policies Chinese officials continue to actively promote and implement co- ercive population planning policies that violate international stand- ards. The PRC Population and Family Planning Law and provincial regulations limit couples’ freedom to build their families as they see fit.1 National and provincial population planning policies con- tinue to require that couples be married to have children and limit them to bearing one child.2 Exceptions allowing for additional chil- dren exist for couples who meet certain criteria, which vary by province,3 including some exceptions for ethnic minorities and a new exception allowing couples to have two children if one of the parents is an only child (dandu erhai policy).4 Officials continue to enforce compliance with population planning targets using methods including heavy fines,5 arbitrary detentions,6 coerced abortions,7 and coerced sterilizations.8 Coercive controls imposed on Chinese women and their families, and additional abuses engendered by China’s population and family planning system, violate standards set forth in the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 9 and the 1994 Programme of Action of the Cairo International Conference on Population and De- velopment.10 China was a state participant in the negotiations and adoption of both.11 Acts of official violence committed in the imple- mentation of population planning policies 12 contravene provisions of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, -
The Lessons of History: the Chinese People’S Liberation Army at 75
THE LESSONS OF HISTORY: THE CHINESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY AT 75 Edited by Laurie Burkitt Andrew Scobell Larry M. Wortzel July 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/index.html ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail news- letter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also pro- vides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-126-1 ii CONTENTS Foreword Ambassador James R. Lilley . v Part I: Overview. 1 1. Introduction: The Lesson Learned by China’s Soldiers Laurie Burkitt, Andrew Scobell, and Larry M. -
Political Commissars of the People's Liberation Army Air Force Kenneth
Political Commissars of the People’s Liberation Army Air Force Kenneth W. Allen China Aerospace Studies Institute Feb 2021 Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute Cover art is Ken Allen (Assistant Air Attaché) and PLAAF PC Zhu Guang in 1988, personal photo E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI https://twitter.com/CASI_Research @CASI_Research https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the US Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI).