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Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients

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Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients SRS INFOBRIEFScience Resources Statistics National Science Foundation NSF 06-312 Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences March 2006 TIME TO DEGREE OF U.S. RESEARCH DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS by Thomas B. Hoffer and Vincent Welch, Jr., NORC1 his InfoBrief draws on data from the Survey of fields of study by the recipients’ primary source of TEarned Doctorates (SED) to document average financial support while earning their doctorate, and by time-to-degree differences among research doctorate whether the recipient earned a master’s degree in the recipients from U.S. universities. As in the past several same field. annual SED Summary Reports,2 three measures of time to degree are examined here: Trends in Time to Degree by Broad Field of Study The 25-year trend for each of the three time-to-degree • total elapsed time from completion of the measures for the whole population of doctorate recipi- baccalaureate to the doctorate (total time to ents is shown in figure 1. For the 2003 doctorate degree) recipients, the median total time from baccalaureate to • time in graduate school less reported periods of doctorate was 10.1 years, while the median registered nonenrollment (registered time to degree) time was 7.5 years and the median age at doctorate • age at doctorate was 33.3 years. The trend for the total time-to-degree measure shows a slight increase from 1978 to 1996, This InfoBrief looks at the relationship between followed by a slight decline through 2003. A similar doctorate field and average time-to-degree differences. pattern, albeit with a peak in 1993 instead of 1996, is Broad field of study differences in time to degree are apparent for median age at doctorate. In contrast, the first examined over a 25-year span, then differences registered time to degree increased up to 1998, leveling across more detailed fields are described in terms of off at 7.5 years from 1998 to 2003. standard Carnegie classifications of doctorate-granting institutions for the 2002–03 academic year, hereafter The overall trends shown in figure 1 are disaggregated referred to as 2003.3 Data are also broken down within by broad field of doctoral study in tables 1 and 2.4 In 1 Thomas B. Hoffer is a principal research scientist at the 2003, the science and engineering fields (physical National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of sciences, engineering, life sciences, and social sciences) Chicago. Vincent Welch, Jr., is a survey methodologist at NORC. had lower medians than the non-S&E broad fields 2 The most recent reports are available at http:// www.norc.uchicago.edu/issues/docdata.htm; bound copies are (health, humanities, education, and professional/other available from the authors. fields) on all three time-to-degree measures. The total 3 The measure of “registered time to degree” was changed to a time to degree was shortest in the physical sciences measure of entrance into graduate study in the SED 2004 survey (7.9 years) and longest in education (18.2 years), and the form. Therefore, this InfoBrief on time to degree was designed to be a 25-year overview of time to degree and registered time, ending in 2003. Note that total time to doctorate from the bachelor’s 4 While the data presented here are aggregated into 8 broad degree award is still measured in the 2004 SED, and in 2004, this and 18 midrange fields of study, the SED collects and routinely measure showed no change from 2003. See the Data Notes for reports on about 280 detailed fields of doctoral study. Slight year- further information on the response rates for the variables on time to-year variations in the number of detailed fields occur as to degree and age used in this InfoBrief. emerging fields are added and obsolete specializations are dropped. Information and data from the Division of Science Resources Statistics are available on the web at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/. To request a printed copy of this report go to http://www.nsf.gov/publications/orderpub.jsp or call (703) 292-PUBS (7827). For NSF’s Telephonic Device for the Deaf, dial toll-free (800) 281-8749 or (703) 292-5090. 2 Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients FIGURE 1. Median total time to degree, registered time to degree, and age at doctorate: Academic year 1978–2003 Years 40 35 30 25 Total time to degree Registered time to degree 20 Age at doctorate 15 10 5 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Academic year of doctorate SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Endowment for the Humanities, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2003. median ages at doctorate correlated closely with the total Total time to degree reached its highest levels during time-to-degree measure. Doctorate recipients in the the early or mid-1990s in all broad S&E fields and S&E fields typically earn their degrees while in their education; in contrast, the health fields peaked in the early 30s; the median for all 2003 doctorate recipients 1996–98 period, and the professional/other fields had in the S&E fields was 31.8 years old. In comparison, the longest durations (14.0 years) in 1999–2001. Total age at doctorate was 34.6 years in the humanities, 37.2 time to degree in the humanities reached its highest years in health, 43.5 years in education, and 37.5 years levels in the late 1980s. Registered time to degree in the professional/other fields category. The broad increased steadily from 1978 until the mid- or late 1990s fields of health sciences, education, and professional/ and then remained fairly stable during the 2000–03 period other fields include large numbers of individuals who in all broad fields except the social sciences (where the have worked full time before starting their graduate 25-year peak occurred in the early 1990s) and profes- degree programs, and many continue to work full time sional/other fields (where the peak was 2003). The while earning their doctorates. This consideration general trend in age at doctorate, like that for total time to notwithstanding, the registered time-to-degree levels degree, declined in all broad fields from the early to late were lower for the health, education, and professional/ 1990s to the 2003 academic year. (See tables 1 and 2.) other doctorate recipients than for humanities graduates though the latter showed lower median total times to Time-to-Degree Differences between Fields of degree and earned their doctorates at a younger Study and Types of Doctoral Institutions median age. Table 3 shows time-to-degree differences for 2003 by more detailed science fields of study. Chemistry has the The 25-year trends for the broad fields of study lowest times to degree on all three measures. For the generally parallel the overall trends shown in figure 1. registered time-to-degree variable, mathematics (6.8 Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients 3 TABLE 1. Median total time to degree, registered time to degree, and age at doctorate, by academic year and broad field of science and engineering: Academic years 1978–2003 All fields Physical sciencesa Engineering Life sciencesb Social sciences Year TTD RTD Age TTD RTD Age TTD RTD Age TTD RTD Age TTD RTD Age 1978 9.0 6.3 31.7 7.0 5.9 29.3 7.6 5.8 30.2 7.3 5.9 29.9 8.2 6.2 30.8 1979 9.2 6.3 31.9 6.9 5.9 29.1 7.6 5.7 30.3 7.3 5.9 29.8 8.5 6.4 31.4 1980 9.3 6.5 32.2 7.0 5.9 29.2 7.7 5.7 30.3 7.2 6.0 29.8 8.7 6.6 31.5 1981 9.5 6.5 32.4 6.9 6.0 29.0 8.0 5.8 30.6 7.2 6.0 29.8 9.0 6.7 31.9 1982 9.7 6.7 32.6 7.0 6.0 29.3 8.0 5.9 30.8 7.5 6.0 30.1 9.2 6.9 32.2 1983 9.9 6.9 32.8 7.2 6.1 29.5 8.1 5.9 30.8 7.7 6.2 30.3 9.5 7.0 32.5 1984 10.0 7.0 33.1 7.3 6.1 29.7 8.0 5.9 30.7 8.0 6.4 30.7 9.8 7.2 32.8 1985 10.3 7.0 33.3 7.3 6.2 29.8 8.2 6.0 31.0 8.2 6.4 31.0 10.0 7.3 33.2 1986 10.5 7.0 33.6 7.3 6.1 30.1 8.2 6.0 31.0 8.3 6.4 31.2 10.1 7.3 33.4 1987 10.5 7.0 33.7 7.5 6.2 30.1 8.2 6.0 31.1 8.5 6.6 31.3 10.5 7.4 33.6 1988 10.6 7.1 33.8 7.6 6.3 30.3 8.2 6.0 31.1 8.6 6.6 31.5 10.6 7.6 34.2 1989 10.6 7.1 33.9 7.5 6.3 30.3 8.3 6.1 31.2 8.7 6.6 31.7 10.5 7.6 34.0 1990 10.6 7.3 33.9 7.8 6.5 30.6 8.3 6.3 31.3 8.7 6.9 31.9 10.6 7.9 34.2 1991 10.5 7.2 34.0 8.0 6.5 30.6 8.6 6.3 31.5 8.7 6.8 31.9 10.7 7.7 34.3 1992 10.6 7.3 34.1 8.2 6.7 30.7 8.9 6.4 31.6 9.0 6.9 32.1 10.7 7.7 34.4 1993 10.7 7.3 34.2 8.4 6.7 30.9 9.0 6.5 31.6 9.0 7.0 31.9 10.6 7.7 34.3 1994 10.8 7.3 34.1 8.5 6.8 31.0 9.0 6.5 31.7 9.0 6.9 31.9 10.4 7.6 34.1 1995 10.8 7.4 33.9 8.4 6.9 31.0 9.2 6.5 31.7 9.0 6.9 31.9 10.5 7.6 34.1 1996 10.8 7.3 33.8 8.3 6.8 31.1 9.0 6.5 31.7 9.0 7.0 31.9 10.3 7.5 33.7 1997 10.6 7.4 33.7 8.2 6.9 30.9 8.8 6.6 31.4 8.8 7.0 31.7 10.0 7.5 33.5 1998 10.4 7.5 33.7 8.0 6.7 30.7 8.8 6.7 31.6 8.6 7.0 31.7 9.9 7.6 33.2 1999 10.4 7.5 33.7 8.0 6.8 30.7 8.7 6.7 31.4 8.5 6.9 31.5 9.9 7.6 33.2 2000 10.3 7.5 33.6 7.9 6.8 30.7 8.7 6.8 31.4 8.5 7.0 31.4 9.8 7.6 33.0 2001 10.1 7.5 33.3 7.8 6.7 30.6 8.4 6.7 31.2 8.5 7.0 31.3 9.7 7.6 33.0 2002 10.2 7.5 33.3 7.8 6.8 30.5 8.6 6.7 31.4 8.3 7.0 31.2 10.0 7.8 33.0 2003 10.1 7.5 33.3 7.9 6.8 30.6 8.6 6.9 31.4 8.3 6.9 31.2 10.0 7.8 33.1 a Includes mathematics and computer science.
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