Putting the philosophy into PhD Adele Baldwin Introduction ing increasingly blurred as the award the argument that over recent years, Novice researchers undertaking a structures change over time. the differences between the two ap- PhD are exposed to different research proaches to doctoral study have be- methodologies, methods, and relat- A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) award come more vague with a number of ed philosophies. The emphasis is on is generally considered to be one of PhD graduates working in their cho- developing knowledge and skills as the highest academic qualifications sen field of practice (Pearson, 2005), they progress through the research available (Johnson, 2001; Bourner and those with professional doctor- process. Doctoral studies are usually et al., 2010). In academic terms, a ate establishing careers in academia. considered research training, or an PhD is considered to be higher de- These authors highlight the similari- ‘apprenticeship’ in research. With gree research training and signals the ties between doctoral programs and the emphasis on investigative pro- beginning of a research career. The relate the phenomena to the contin- cesses, the place of philosophy in the alternative professional doctorate uing development of the professions. Doctor of Philosophy can be over- includes a smaller research element Ultimately, the inclusion of the word shadowed. This paper will discuss supported by coursework compo- ‘philosophy’ in the title of PhD, im- the role of philosophy in the Doctor nents. A traditional PhD requires the plies a greater emphasis on this con- of Philosophy, why this important candidate, under the guidance of a cept. Given the intent of the discus- consideration challenges the candi- supervisory team, to complete a sig- sion that follows, this paper focuses date and, through personal reflec- nificant piece of individual research, on the relationship between philoso- tion, provides reassurance for those which upon completion is approved phy and the traditional PhD. beginning their doctoral journey. by an expert panel including external examiners (Maxwell, 2011). Despite In spite of the reference to philosophy What is a PhD? the differences between the profes- in the title of the PhD, there is little In some countries, in the disciplines sional doctorate and the PhD, some discussion in the literature about the of medicine, veterinary science and similarity exists between the two in relationship between philosophy and dentistry, the title of ‘doctor’ is hon- the way that the student inevitably is the study of research at this level. It orary and may be adopted upon required to undertake some personal would be reasonable to assume that completion. Formally, the title is as- philosophical searching. The degree a considerable part of the PhD jour- signed to students who complete a to which this is undertaken will be in- ney is dedicated to philosophy and doctoral degree. The term ‘doctoral fluenced by the degree to which re- its incorporation into this significant studies’ incorporates two higher de- search forms the content. That is, un- piece of research. Anecdotally, it is grees that result in the awarding of dertaking higher degree studies with also reasonable to assume that even this title; a Doctor of Philosophy and any element of research will include those embarking on a PhD struggle a professional doctorate. There are some philosophical searching in the with truly understanding the role of traditional views about the differenc- building of a doctoral identity. philosophy in a PhD. es between PhDs and professional doctorates but the lines are becom- Several authors differentiate be- Philosophy in a PhD tween the types of doctoral studies Birks (2014) defines philosophy as “a Author details as being that the PhD prepares the view of the world encompassing the Adele Baldwin future researcher, whereas the pro- questions and mechanisms for find- Lecturer, Principal Academic Adviser fessional doctorate provides the ex- ing answers that inform that view” Nursing, Midwifery and Nutrition perienced professional with research (p.18). This emphasis on questioning College of Healthcare Sciences Division of Tropical Health and capacity (Neumann, 2005; Pearson, is expanded in the definition provid- Medicine 2005; Pearson et al., 2008; Bourner ed by Crossan (2003) as an “uncom- James Cook University et al., 2010; Fenge, 2010). However, plicated and innocent way of ques- Townsville Queensland 4810 Maxwell (2011), Malfroy and Yates tioning which produces confusion Australia (2013) and Edwardson (2010) go fur- and instability in assumptions” (p.47). [email protected] ther to challenge this perception with He goes further to say that philoso- Working Papers in the Health Sciences 1:10 Winter 2014 ISSN 2051-6266 / 20150063 1 phy is the most basic level at which sign and the philosophical position- particular research methodology, in- research methods should be consid- ing of the researcher receives limited stead encouraging new links and the ered and that philosophy drives the attention in the literature with few opportunity to interpret research interrogative processes that generate authors addressing it on a level easily through different lenses (Holloway the research questions and inform understood by novice research stu- and Todres, 2003; Burbank and Mar- the research. dents (Crossan, 2003; Mills and Birks, tins, 2009; McCreaddie and Payne, 2014). To prepare a research propos- 2010; Dowling and Cooney, 2012; Hall Philosophy comprises both ontologi- al, the candidate must reflect on who et al., 2013; Mesel, 2013; Mills and cal and epistemological components. they are in the world and what their Birks, 2014). Ontology refers to the individual’s ex- world-view is. Embarking on quali- isting assumptions about reality and tative research can, however, often Learning about and discerning be- how they view the world. Epistemol- raise more questions than answers. tween research designs creates one ogy is how an individual believes that What is my philosophy? Where did it of the first major learning curves for knowledge is gained. Together, ontol- go? How do I find it? How do I know the candidate: choosing a study de- ogy and epistemology describe what what it looks like? Oh, what have I sign that is suitable to address the re- the researcher knows and how they got myself into?! search question and that is consistent gain knowledge (Denzin and Lincoln, with the researcher’s philosophy. Ul- 2011; Howell, 2013). Furthermore, in some cases the timately, the philosophy should come alignment of philosophy to a specif- first (Crossan, 2003). In reality, the As a lens through which we view the ic research design is almost a sacred areas of interest for most researchers world, philosophy allows research- bond and students who inadvertently generally reflect their personal phi- ers to identify knowledge gaps upon disrespect the bond may potentially losophy (regardless of whether this which to base research and the meth- become alienated and disillusioned. is articulated) and thus such align- od with which the gaps are filled (Mills Conversely, students who feel that ment occurs as a natural progression. and Birks, 2014). Thus philosophy they are not following their own Those whose personal philosophy and research are inextricably linked path can foster feelings of not own- leads them to see the world as com- in knowledge generation. A PhD is ing their PhD which can ultimately prised of singular truths for example, basic research training and acknowl- lead to non-completion (Johnson, will seek to prove such truths through edgement of an individual philosophy 2001). Therefore in the interest of the use of the scientific method. Oth- is fundamental to each person’s PhD self-preservation, students tread very ers whose philosophical values and journey. A researcher’s philosophy carefully to avoid invoking the ire of beliefs has them see the world as or the way they view the world will experienced researchers. A negative constructed through interaction are undoubtedly influence the way in experience at this early stage may re- more likely to lean towards qualita- which a study proceeds. Philosophi- inforce the ‘imposter syndrome’ that tive approaches that permit inves- cal questioning informs identification many students feel, turning an excit- tigation from this perspective. The of the research problem and selec- ing learning opportunity into an ardu- lead author’s philosophy, research tion of research method and thus is ous task from start to finish (Maxwell, methodology and process is outlined an essential part of ensuring that the 2011). in Box 1. researcher stays true to their chosen method (Evans, 2013). This covert el- The identification of an individual Box 1 Adele’s PhD ement of research permeates all as- philosophy has the potential to be Adele is a nursing and midwifery aca- pects of the project and may in fact lost in the process of developing a demic with over 25 years experience in be more readily identifiable in its ab- strong research design and result in the profession. Her PhD is: Role mod- sence/lack of acknowledgement than confusion for the student. Knowl- eling by nurse academics: a grounded in its presence. Identifying one’s phil- edge acquisition in the early stages theory study. This reflects her interest osophical position is therefore one of of a PhD includes developing a clear in holistic learning experiences and the the first and most important tasks for understanding of research methods development of nursing students’ pro- the researcher. But, how do you know applicable to the chosen methodolo- fessional identity. Grounded theory is based on the belief what you don’t know? gy. Reading a multitude of texts and that knowledge is generated. Therefore journals opens a whole new world the answer to this research question The student experience of knowledge and ways of thinking. could be best investigated using this We have established that undertaking Traditional texts about research pro- methodology. qualitative research at a doctoral lev- cesses align specific methods with During the early stages of methodolog- el requires the candidate to adopt re- underpinning philosophies.