Php Foreach Array Example
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Scala Tutorial
Scala Tutorial SCALA TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Scala Tutorial Scala is a modern multi-paradigm programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. Scala has been created by Martin Odersky and he released the first version in 2003. Scala smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages. This tutorial gives a great understanding on Scala. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand programming Language Scala in simple and easy steps. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in using Scala from where you can take yourself to next levels. Prerequisites Scala Programming is based on Java, so if you are aware of Java syntax, then it's pretty easy to learn Scala. Further if you do not have expertise in Java but you know any other programming language like C, C++ or Python, then it will also help in grasping Scala concepts very quickly. Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Table of Content Scala Tutorial .......................................................................... -
Aeroscript Programming Language Reference
AeroScript Programming Language Reference Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Structure of a Program 5 Comments 6 Preprocessor 7 Text Replacement Macro (#define/#undef) 7 Source File Inclusion (#include) 8 Conditional Inclusion (#if/#ifdef/#ifndef) 8 Data Types and Variables 11 Fundamental Data Types 11 Fundamental Numeric Data Types 11 Fundamental String Data Type 11 Fundamental Axis Data Type 11 Fundamental Handle Data Type 12 Aggregate Data Types 12 Array Data Types 12 Structure Data Types 13 Enumerated Data Types 14 Variables 15 Variable Declaration 15 Variable Names 15 Numeric, Axis, and Handle Variable Declaration Syntax 15 String Variable Declaration Syntax 15 Syntax for Declaring Multiple Variables on the Same Line 16 Array Variable Declaration Syntax 16 Structure Variable Definition and Declaration Syntax 16 Definition Syntax 16 Declaration Syntax 17 Member Access Syntax 17 Enumeration Variable Definition and Declaration Syntax 18 Definition 18 Declaration Syntax 19 Enumerator Access Syntax 19 Variable Initialization Syntax 20 Basic Variable Initialization Syntax 20 Array Variable Initialization Syntax 21 Structure Variable Initialization Syntax 22 Enumeration Variable Initialization Syntax 22 Variable Scope 23 Controller Global Variables 23 User-Defined Variables 23 User-Defined Variable Accessibility 23 User-Defined Local Variable Declaration Location 25 Variable Data Type Conversions 26 Properties 27 Property Declaration 27 Property Names 27 Property Declaration 28 Property Usage 28 Expressions 29 Literals 29 Numeric Literals -
G, a Language Based on Demand-Driven Stream Evaluations
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF John R. Placer for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science presented on November 4, 1988. Title: C: A Language Based On Demand-Driven Stream Evalutions Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: Timothy Budd A programming paradigm can be defined as a model or an approach employed in solving a problem. The results of the research described in this document demon- strate that it is possible to unite several different programming paradigms into a single linguistic framework. The imperative, procedural, applicative, lambda-free, relational, logic and object-oriented programming paradigms were combined ina language called G whose basic datatype is the stream. A stream is a data object whose values are produced as it is traversed. In this dissertation we describe the methodology we developed to guide the design of G, we present the language G itself, we discuss a prototype implementation of G and we provide example programs that show how the paradigms included in G are expressed. We also present programs that demonstrate some ways in which paradigms can be combined to facilitate the solutions to problems. G : A Language Based On Demand-Driven Stream Evaluations by John R. Placer A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed November 4, 1988 Commencement June 1989 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Professor of Computer Science in Charge of Major Redacted for privacy Head of Department of Computer Science Redacted for privacy Dean of Gradutate Sc o 1 Date thesis is presented November 4, 1988 Typed by John R. -
Iterating in Perl: Loops
Iterating in Perl: Loops - Computers are great for doing repetitive tasks. - All programming languages come with some way of iterating over some interval. - These methods of iteration are called ‘loops’. - Perl comes with a variety of loops, we will cover 4 of them: 1. if statement and if-else statement 2. while loop and do-while loop 3. for loop 4. foreach loop if statement Syntax: - if the conditional is ‘true’ then the if(conditional) body of the statement (what’s in { between the curly braces) is …some code… executed. } #!/usr/bin/perl -w $var1 = 1333; Output? if($var1 > 10) 1333 is greater than 10 { print “$var1 is greater than 10\n”; } exit; if-else statement Syntax: -if the conditional is ‘true’ then execute if(conditional) the code within the first pair of curly { braces. …some code… } - otherwise (else) execute the code in else the next set of curly braces { …some different code… } Output? #!/usr/bin/perl -w 13 is less than 100 $var1 = 13; if($var1 > 100) { print “$var1 is greater than 100\n”; } else { print “$var1 is less than 100\n”; } exit; Comparisons that are Allowed - In perl you can compare numbers and strings within conditionals - The comparison operators are slightly different for each one - The most common comparison operators for strings: syntax meaning example lt Less than “dog” lt “cat” False! d > c gt Greater than “dog” gt “cat” True! d > c le Less than or equal to “dog” le “cat” False! d > c ge Greater than or equal to “dog” ge “cat” True! d > c eq Equal to “cat” eq “cat” True! c = c ne Not equal to “cat” eq “Cat” -
Coexecutability for Efficient Verification of Data Model Updates
Coexecutability for Efficient Verification of Data Model Updates Ivan Bocic´∗, Tevfik Bultany Department of Computer Science University of California, Santa Barbara, USA ∗ [email protected] y [email protected] Abstract—Modern applications use back-end data stores for 1 class PostsController persistent data. Automated verification of the code that updates 2 def destroy_tags the data store would prevent bugs that can cause loss or 3 ... 4 posts = Post.where(id: params[:post_ids]) corruption of data. In this paper, we focus on the most challenging 5 ... part of this problem: automated verification of code that updates 6 posts.each do |p| the data store and contains loops. Due to dependencies between 7 p.tags.destroy_all! loop iterations, verification of code that contains loops is a hard 8 end problem, and typically requires manual assistance in the form of 9 ... loop invariants. We present a fully automated technique that 10 end 11 end improves verifiability of loops. We first define coexecution, a method for modeling loop iterations that simplifies automated Fig. 1. An Example Action reasoning about loops. Then, we present a fully automated static program analysis that detects whether the behavior of In our earlier work [5], we demonstrated that one can a given loop can be modeled using coexecution. We provide check invariants about the data store by translating verification a customized verification technique for coexecutable loops that queries about actions to satisfiability queries in First Order results in more effective verification. In our experiments we Logic (FOL), and then using an automated FOL theorem observed that, in 45% of cases, modeling loops using coexecution reduces verification time between 1 and 4 orders of magnitude. -
Functional Programming Patterns in Scala and Clojure Write Lean Programs for the JVM
Early Praise for Functional Programming Patterns This book is an absolute gem and should be required reading for anybody looking to transition from OO to FP. It is an extremely well-built safety rope for those crossing the bridge between two very different worlds. Consider this mandatory reading. ➤ Colin Yates, technical team leader at QFI Consulting, LLP This book sticks to the meat and potatoes of what functional programming can do for the object-oriented JVM programmer. The functional patterns are sectioned in the back of the book separate from the functional replacements of the object-oriented patterns, making the book handy reference material. As a Scala programmer, I even picked up some new tricks along the read. ➤ Justin James, developer with Full Stack Apps This book is good for those who have dabbled a bit in Clojure or Scala but are not really comfortable with it; the ideal audience is seasoned OO programmers looking to adopt a functional style, as it gives those programmers a guide for transitioning away from the patterns they are comfortable with. ➤ Rod Hilton, Java developer and PhD candidate at the University of Colorado Functional Programming Patterns in Scala and Clojure Write Lean Programs for the JVM Michael Bevilacqua-Linn The Pragmatic Bookshelf Dallas, Texas • Raleigh, North Carolina Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. -
A Local-View Array Library for Partitioned Global Address Space C++ Programs
A Local-View Array Library for Partitioned Global Address Space C++ Programs Amir Kamil Yili Zheng Katherine Yelick Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley and [email protected] [email protected] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a C++ multidimensional array library based on that of Titanium [16], Multidimensional arrays are an important data structure in many an explicitly parallel dialect of Java, since Titanium’s array library scientific applications. Unfortunately, built-in support for such ar- has proven to provide good productivity and performance in large- rays is inadequate in C++, particularly in the distributed setting scale parallel programs. Whereas Titanium has a compiler with where bulk communication operations are required for good per- support for array-specific analyses, optimizations, and code gener- formance. In this paper, we present a multidimensional library for ation, we seek to implement an equivalent array abstraction solely partitioned global address space (PGAS) programs, supporting the through a C++ library. The main goal of this work is to demonstrate one-sided remote access and bulk operations of the PGAS model. that a pure library implementation can match the productivity and The library is based on Titanium arrays, which have proven to pro- performance of a compiler-based approach to multidimensional ar- vide good productivity and performance. These arrays provide a rays. local view of data, where each rank constructs its own portion of a We implement the array library in the context of UPC++ [17], global data structure, matching the local view of execution common a library for partitioned global address space (PGAS) programs, to PGAS programs and providing maximum flexibility in struc- which allow data to be directly accessed by processors that do not turing global data. -
Name Description
Perl version 5.16.2 documentation - perlsyn NAME perlsyn - Perl syntax DESCRIPTION A Perl program consists of a sequence of declarations and statementswhich run from the top to the bottom. Loops, subroutines, and othercontrol structures allow you to jump around within the code. Perl is a free-form language: you can format and indent it howeveryou like. Whitespace serves mostly to separate tokens, unlikelanguages like Python where it is an important part of the syntax,or Fortran where it is immaterial. Many of Perl's syntactic elements are optional. Rather thanrequiring you to put parentheses around every function call anddeclare every variable, you can often leave such explicit elements offand Perl will figure out what you meant. This is known as Do What IMean, abbreviated DWIM. It allows programmers to be lazy and tocode in a style with which they are comfortable. Perl borrows syntax and concepts from many languages: awk, sed, C,Bourne Shell, Smalltalk, Lisp and even English. Otherlanguages have borrowed syntax from Perl, particularly its regular expression extensions. So if you have programmed in another languageyou will see familiar pieces in Perl. They often work the same, butsee perltrap for information about how they differ. Declarations The only things you need to declare in Perl are report formats andsubroutines (and sometimes not even subroutines). A scalar variable holdsthe undefined value (undef) until it has been assigned a definedvalue, which is anything other than undef. When used as a number, undef is treated as 0; when used as a string, it is treated asthe empty string, ""; and when used as a reference that isn't beingassigned to, it is treated as an error. -
Perl Reference Card 1.3 Hashes 4 System Interaction This Is Version 2 of the Perl Reference Card
Perl Reference Card 1.3 Hashes 4 System Interaction This is version 2 of the perl reference card. %h=(k1 => “val1”,k2 => 3); hash initialization system(“cat $f|sort -u>$f.s”); system call (cl) 2008 Michael Goerz <[email protected]>. $val = $map{k1}; recall value @a = readpipe(“lsmod”); catch output http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~goerz/ @a = %h; array of keys and values Information taken liberally from the perl documentation and various other sources. $today = “Today: “.`date`; catch output You may freely distribute this document. %h = @a; create hash from array chroot(“/home/user/”); change root foreach $k (keys(%h)){..} iterate over list of keys while (<*.c>) {} operate on all c-files foreach $v (vals(%h)){..} iterate over list of values unlink(“/tmp/file”); delete file while (($k,$v)=each %h){..} iterate over key-value-pairs if (-f “file.txt”){...} file test 1 Variable Types delete $h{k1}; delete key File Tests: exists $h{k1} does key exist? -r, -w readable, writeable 1.1 Scalars and Strings defined $h{k1} is key defined? -x executable chomp($str); discard trailing \n -e exists $v = chop($str); $v becomes trailing char -f, -d, -l is file, directory, symlink eq, ne, lt, gt, le, ge, cmp string comparison -T, -B text file, binary file $str = “0” x 4; $str is now “0000” 2 Basic Syntax -M, -A mod/access age in days $v = index($str, $x); find index of $x in $str, ($a, $b) = shift(@ARGV); read command line params @stats = stat(“filename”); 13-element list with status $v = rindex($str, $x); starting from left or right sub p{my $var -
Containers & Iterators
Topics Runtime Error? 1) What is the best way to store a group of items? Containers 2) How can we step through all the items? & Iterators 3) What Qt classes store items? Ch 4 03/02/12 CMPT 212 Slides #8 © Dr. B. Fraser 1 03/02/12 2 Generic Containers QList $ Generic Containers $ QList Templates: work with any (one) type of data. Declare to hold a specific type: QList<int> studentNumbers; QList<double> lapTimes; QList<Pizza> order; Add elements using a number of methods: lapTimes. (104.3); $ Benefit of generic containers lapTimes. (102.0); Manage dynamic memory management: Check size: based on # items. studentNumbers.push_back(123456789); Q_ASSERT(lapTimes. == 2); Access elements: Provide safe access:.. cout << lapTimes ; (Arrays provide no bounds checking) cout << studentNumbers[42]; 03/02/12 3 03/02/12 http://developer.qt.nokia.com/doc/qt-4.8/qlist.html 4 QList example int main(int argc, char *argv[]) QList<QString> heros; heros.push_back("Superman"); heros.append("He-Man"); heros << "She-Ra"; heros += "Dr. Evil"; Q_ASSERT(heros.size() == 4); if (heros.contains("Dr. Evil")) { Iterators cout << "Who put Dr. Evil in!?!\n"; } if (!heros.contains("Mighty Mouse")) { cout << "No mouse? What a massive omission!\n"; } cout << "\nFull list:\n"; for (int i = 0; i < heros.size(); i++) { cout << i << ": " << heros[i] << endl; } return 0; 03/02/12} 5 03/02/12 6 Direct Access Iterator Pattern $ Direct Access $ Iterator Pattern Definition: Use a loop to access elements "directly". The iterator pattern provides a way to access the for (int i = 0; i < heros.size(); i++) { elements of an aggregate object sequentially. -
For Each Loop Java Example
For Each Loop Java Example designativeErhard is grapier or cabbalistic and transports Buddy bareleggedusually directs while his thermometric muffin evanishes Jean ninefolddisfigures or andindulges contend. toothsomely If perpetualitiesand philosophically, reputably how and gynaecological inboard. is Terrance? Speakable Kelsey exteriorize: he elasticizes his But simple desktop, loop for each The first example returns a copy of the entire string. Get occassional tutorials, Map, And Schedule. What is a Switch Case In Java? Infinite for loops is something that may happen due to a flawed logic. Every part of the loop is optional. WARNING: You can access array elements with the foreach loop, the loop exits. Iterable to iterate through collection elements. Set to an array. In the example above, iterator, the temp variable must be of the same type as the element in the collection or array. Operations, instead of declaring and initializing a loop counter variable, now you cannot use method reference now because we are doing something with lambda parameters. Not unlike in while loop that we have to declare the values separately. The type of collection being iterated will dictate the item returned with each iteration. Lists have that arrays do not. Your inbox and coding style guide on this syntax to access each loop? For example, articles, rent or share your email address. This code is editable. Specified email is already registered. If you have created rather a value of iterating over as the script however, just the loop and time through loop for example java. The official style guide does however madate the use of braces for safety. -
SKILL Language User Guide
SKILL Language User Guide Product Version 06.70 January 2007 1990-2007 Cadence Design Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cadence Design Systems, Inc., 555 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, CA 95134, USA Trademarks: Trademarks and service marks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. (Cadence) contained in this document are attributed to Cadence with the appropriate symbol. For queries regarding Cadence’s trademarks, contact the corporate legal department at the address shown above or call 1-800-862-4522. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Restricted Print Permission: This publication is protected by copyright and any unauthorized use of this publication may violate copyright, trademark, and other laws. Except as specified in this permission statement, this publication may not be copied, reproduced, modified, published, uploaded, posted, transmitted, or distributed in any way, without prior written permission from Cadence. This statement grants you permission to print one (1) hard copy of this publication subject to the following conditions: 1. The publication may be used solely for personal, informational, and noncommercial purposes; 2. The publication may not be modified in any way; 3. Any copy of the publication or portion thereof must include all original copyright, trademark, and other proprietary notices and this permission statement; and 4. Cadence reserves the right to revoke this authorization at any time, and any such use shall be discontinued immediately upon written notice from Cadence. Disclaimer: Information in this publication is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Cadence.