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JCBPS; Section B; August 2015–October 2015, Vol. 5, No. 4; 4008-4018 E- ISSN: 2249 –1929

Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org Section B: Biological Sciences

CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article

A study of distribution patterns of wild for their conservation planning in Madhya Pradesh

Satish Kumar Shriwastava* and M.K.S. Kushwah

Department of Zoology Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Govt. Science College, Gwalior-474001 (M.P.),

Received: 29 June 2015; Revised: 14 July 2015; Accepted: 04 September 2015

Abstract: The challenges facing the Indian conservationists include potential extinctions, issues of effective protection and scientific management of The protected areas and resolution of human-wildlife conflicts. Madhya Pradesh is renowned for its erotic sculptures, pilgrimages, forts and palaces. But one more factor that adds a feather to the Madhya Pradesh cap is the bursary of lush, thick forests, stupendous mountain ranges and rambling streams of flowing rivers. This large plateau has presence of wildlife attractions in abundance. Census of 2001 gives a data as the key fauna includes large carnivores like the Tiger, Panthera tigris, , Panthera pardus, Grey Wolf Canis lupus and cuon alpinus. The rare Caracal Caracal caracal has also been reported from some parts of the State. The ungulates are represented by Spotted , Axis axis, Sambar unicolor, Boselaphus tragocamelus, Gaur frontalis, Chinkara Gazella bennettii, Four-horned Tetracerus quadricornis, Antilope cervicapra, Wild Buffalo arnee (bubalis) and Sus scrofa. Apart from these, a small population of Barasingha Cervus duvaucelii branderi, which is also the State of Madhya Pradesh, resides in the Kanha National Park. The Population structure of wildlife of the state is also quite encouraging. The study, based on available census report also reveals an increasing trend in population structure of most of the , except tigers and barking year.

1 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, August 2015 – October 2015; Vol.5, No.4; 4008-4018

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Keywords: Wildlife, conservation strategies, animals threats, populations of M.P., carnivore animal populations.

INTRODUCTION

Wildlife populations in forested habitats are dynamic because the forest is always changing. Plant succession, or the gradual replacement of one plant community with another, is an important aspect of wildlife habitat. Every successional plant stage, or habitat type, has a specific community of animals associated with it. Close relationships among animals and environments illustrate how alterations to the habitat dramatically affect wildlife populations. In general, the survival and reproduction of wild animals depend on their ability to locate and harvest sufficient food to meet their nutritional needs. Timing and selection of food plants are synchronized to meet the animals‟ nutritional requirements. While all animals have the same general need to acquire energy, the specific patterns of resource utilization may, however, vary according to species, age-sex classes, group, population and habitat. All species interact with a variety of food sources distributed in their home ranges within their reach. Crop raiding by animals, in particular mammals like elephants (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra ), chinkara (Gazella bennetti), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus), and porcupine (Hystrix ndica) has been widely reported from all over the country1-9. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state of India and the home state of famous white tiger, falls under the subragion, the peninsular India, It possesses both tropical moist and tropical dry deciduous forest with shrub and thorny vegetations. Because of the large forest area (1,66,160 sq. km.) the state is endowad with variety of wild fauna, Population structure of wild life of the state is also quite encouraging, Based on 2006 census report, it is estimated that more than 300 tiger, 593 panther, 42535 , 13327 sambar, 15426 nilgai 3380 chausingha, 9928 Chinkara, 4820 black buck, 817 barasingha, 8837 gaur, 4849 barking deer and 153 great Indian bustard are present in different national 4849 parks and sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh. Ibas and Protected Areas: Eight national parks across nine districts, spread over an area of 3, 10,872 ha, and 25 wildlife sanctuaries covering an area of 7, 60,812 ha across 19 districts of the State, have been created. Among these protected areas there are five Tiger Reserves, namely Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Panna, Pench and Bori-Satpura (Ministry of Environment and Forest 2001). With about 25% of the tiger population of the country in these reserves, the State has earned the sobriquet of Tiger State of the country10. The Biosphere Reserve is one of the 11 Biosphere Reserves of the country. The Bhoj wetland is one of the Ramsar sites declared in 2002 and an IBA, located in the city of Bhopal. A total of 17 sites has been selected as IBAs in Madhya Pradesh. These represent the Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Mixed Thorn Forest and grassland, and wetland habitats. One of the IBAs is a Biosphere Reserve, which includes a national park, two wildlife sanctuaries and a wetland. Five sites are national parks, for being wildlife sanctuaries; seven are wetlands out of which there are partially or fully associated with protected areas with the remaining four being mostly unprotected by status. Ecological Factors for Wild Mammals: Habitat is “the physical and biological surroundings of an organism.” Good wildlife habitat supplies all the elements an animal needs for survival. 4009 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, August 2015 – October 2015; Vol.5, No.4; 4007-4018

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These elements include food, cover, water, and space. However, each animal varies in its requirement of these elements. When wildlife biologists and manager design programs to improve wildlife habitat, they take into account all the plants and animals that may be affected by their decisions. Geographical location of the state: Madhya Pradesh has coordinates 22.420N 72.540E. Madhya Pradesh was established on 1 Nov.1956 The largest City is Indore. The Districts of Madhya Pradesh are 50 in number The Area of M.P. is 308, 252 km2 (119,017 sq mi). The National Animal of M.P. is Barasingha (Swamp Deer). Madhya Pradesh is nicknamed „Heart of India‟ due to its geographical location in India. It is the second largest state in the country by area, with over 75 million inhabitants. It is the 6th largest state in India. It borders the states of , Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and .

Note: Source: https://www.google.co.in/maps11

Fig. 1: Wildlife Protected Areas in Madhya Pradesh

4010 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, August 2015 – October 2015; Vol.5, No.4; 4007-4018

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Source: www.mapsofindia.com Fig. 2: Map showing national parks and sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh

Current scenario of wild life in the state of Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state of India and the home state of famous white tiger, falls under the subragion, the peninsular India, It possesses both tropical moist and tropical dry deciduous forest with shrub and thorny vegetations. Because of the large forest area (1,66,160 sq. km.) the state is endowad with variety of wild fauna, Population structure of wild life of the state is also quite encouraging, Based on 2006 census report, it is estimated that more than 300 tiger, 593 panther, 42535 chital, 13327 sambar, 15426 nilgai 3380 chausingha, 9928 Chinkara, 4820 black buck, 817 barasingha, 8837 gaur, 4849 barking deer and 153 great inidan bustard are present in different national 4849 parks and sanctuaries of Madhya Pradesh. The study, based on available census report also reveals an increasing trend in population structure of most of the animals, except tigers and barking year.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area: The forest ecology with respect to vegetation, soil texture and climatic condition have observed. Field studies were conducted on a full time basis. All these areas were visited regularly from March 2012 to July 2013. The observations presented in this paper are based on direct observation as well as identification and analysis of field symptoms and keeping the wild animals under observation for a length of time. The field observations were made in certain definite points in the forest reserves. Time of observation made in certain definite points in the forest reserves. Time of observation was restricted too few hours in the morning and evening as well as.

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Technique and procedure undertaken was is mainly based on keen observation to locate and identify the specific animals. Animal evidences are normally concentrated along the routes frequently visited by wild animals. Wild animals move along selected routes in the forest. Observations were facilitated by the use of binoculars and cameras, diary and pen. Most efficient method of observing animals directly was from trees or Machans, Basic field observation were based on direct observations, identification and interpretation of field symptoms. The Indian Board for wildlife describes a protected area as an area which is (i) to afford special protection to wildlife in order to enable to re-establish them (ii) to afford protection to wildlife in and around large towns and sacred places. Such area may be constituted as protected areas by an order of the government who may also fix the degree of protection and period of protection (may be temporary or permanent). Trail sampling, scanning and sign surveys: Trail sampling was used for detection of mammals in different habitats of the study area. These trails were identified with slight modification from conventional transects12 for velleys13, 14. Scan sampling, ridge walking15-17 and sign surveys along trails, ridges and nullahs18-20 were also carried out. Trail sampling (5–10 km) within the intensive study area (Fig. 3) was repeated (150 walks), and sign surveys were carried out once in a month in the intensive study area (15 surveys). Trail sampling and sign surveys were carried out once in each of the other four watersheds. Wild Life Management in Madhya Pradesh: Wild Life Management in Madhya Pradesh includes both Ameliorative & Compensatory management. Important aspects are:- 1. Improvement of habitat 2. Development of Communication & protection infrastructure 3. Anti-poaching activities 4. Patrolling 5. Research & Monitoring 6. Mitigation of man-animal conflict 7. Visitor use management (tourism) 8. Eco-Tourism 9. Maintenance of Roads, Check Barriers, Patrolling Camps, Watch Towers, Wireless Network, Water Sources, Vehicles. This study was primarily aimed to fill the above-mentioned research gap and to prepare an inventory for mammals of Madhya Pradesh, but was also aimed to check the behavioural studies and ecological/habitat analyses selected mammals of the M.P. We reported the results of the first such study of mammals with special emphasis of data compilation, distribution patterns, and relative abundances of the mammals found in the Madhya Pradesh. The study was conducted for a period of 2 years from January, 2012 to February, 2014. Due to the topography and the remoteness of the area all field activities were carried out in the form of field expeditions, i.e., camping in different areas.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

No conservation strategy can be effective unless taken care of the basic need of the local communities. A good deal of biodiversity is also protected through folk tradition.

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National Parks and Sanctuaries: Madhya Pradesh is a pioneer state in the national movement for conservation of flora and fauna. Conservation oriented legal proviso were made in the erstwhile Acts regulating hunting of game -birds and wild animals. In tune with the national consciousness towards conservation of flora and fauna the state government began setting up a network of in-situ conservation areas (national parks and sanctuaries) under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. There are 9 National Parks and 25 Sanctuaries spread over an area of 10,862 sq. km constituting 11.40% of the total forest area and 3.52% of the geographical area of the state. Efforts are under way to increase the Protected Area network to 15% of the forest or 5% of the geographical area as suggested by State Wildlife Board21. Project Tiger Areas: Government of India/WWF launched “Project Tiger” in the year 1973. Kanha National Park was one of the first nine Protected Areas selected under Project Tiger in the country. At present, there are 5 Project Tiger areas in the state, namely – Kanha, Panna, Bandhavgarh, Pench and Satpura. Madhya Pradesh is also known as the 'Tiger State' as it harbors 19% of India's Tiger Population and 10% of the world's tiger population22. Therefore, the present investigation was made on the following issues: Mammal assemblage: The minimum knowledge needed for effective management of mammals within protected areas includes knowing what species are present, their distribution within the area, and their relative abundance across different habitat types23. The presence of 18 globally threatened mammals depicts the priority of proper management interventions to protect their habitats. This mammal assemblage is comparable with mammal diversity of some other eastern and central India landscapes such as the proposed National Park24. In the present investigation we also find out the, it is an urgent need for conservation of all mammalian species found in Madhya Pradesh on priority basis. It is also needed to formulate some action oriented plan for execution at protecting areas levels. The locap peoples should also included in the conservation, protection and rehabilitation of the wild mammals populations.

Fig. 3. A photographic view of Bandhavgarh National Park, Umaria, MP Distribution and abundance: Gradual increase in altitude results change in habitat conditions which affect the mammal distribution in Madhya Pradesh specially in north Madhya Pradesh. high temperature, harsh climatic conditions and fewer resources restricted mammal assemblage to 11 species in north Madhya Pradesh. Moist and relatively warm habitats harbored more

4013 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, August 2015 – October 2015; Vol.5, No.4; 4007-4018

A study… Shriwastava & Kushwah mammal species in sub-temprate (18 species) and temperate zone (22 species) of Central Madhya Pradesh towards Bhopal and Chhindwara regions. Use of intensive camera may be the reason behind the good number of detections (39 mammals) whereas in some cases proper identification of different mammal species was not possible in other dense forest which may have the potential to be as diverse as this area in terms of mammal assemblage.

Table 1: Details of the national parks and found in Madhya Pradesh

Name of National Area Location Establish Fuana Parks ment

Tiger, Panther, Gaur, Chital, Sambar, Nilg ai, Chinkara, Barking Deer, Swamp Deer, Kanha National Park 940 km² Mandla 1955 (Barasingha), Wild Boar & variety of upland birds.

Tiger, Panther, Gaur, Chital, Sambar, Nilg Bandhavgarh National 437 km² Umaria 1968 ai, Chinkara, Barking Deer, Wild Boar & Park variety of upland birds.

Panther, Chital, Sambar, Nilgai, Chinkara, Black Buck,Chausingha, Wild 354 km² Shivpuri 1959 Boar, Crocodiles in lake, & variety of upland birds.

Sanjay National Park 467 km² Sidhi - Tiger, Panther, Sambar, Chital, Gaur, etc.

Van Vihar National 4.45 km² Bhopal 1983 Tiger, Panther, Lion, Bear, Hyena etc. Park

Panna, Tiger, Chital, Chinkara, Sambar and 543 km² - Chhatarpur the Sloth Bear

Tiger, Leopard, Sambar, Chital, Bherki, Ni lgai, Four-horned antelope, Chinkara, (gour), Wild Satpura National Park 524 km² Pachmarhi 1981 Boar, Wild Dog, Bear,Black Buck, Fox, Porcupine, Flying squirrel, Mouse deer, Indian giant squirrel etc.

Tiger, Panther, Bison, Chital, Sambhar, Ni Seoni,Chhi lgai, Chinkara, Barking Pench National Park 293 km² 1983 ndwara Deer, Chowsingha, Wild Boar & variety of upland birds.

Mandla Plant Fossils 0.27 km² Mandla - Plant Fossils National Park

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Photo capture rates of different mammals in Gwalior, Shivpuri and Bhopal regions catchment area indicate an altitudinal (thus forest type specific) pattern of mammal distribution. Comparison between photo capture rates in different habitats showed red fox and snow leopard as the main predator of protected zone even in van bihar and blue sheep and large-eared pika Ochotona macrotis as the main prey base there. (Moschus chrysogaster ), Pale weasel (Mustela altaica) and Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) were rarely detected in the alpine zone indicating their low abundance. According to the relative abundance index: yellow- throated marten, stone marten and golden cat were the major predators of sub-alpine zone and yellow-throated marten, leopard cat, Himalayan palm civet (Paguma larvata) and large Indian civet the major predators of temperate zone. Similarly relative abundances of ungulate prey depicts as the major ungulate prey in sub-alpine and and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) in the temperate zone of the study area, respectively.

Fig. 4. A Mammalian diversity of Bandhavgarh National Park, Umaria, MP

Relative abundances of smaller mammals such as rodents and lagopmorphs depicted rat as the most abundant smaller prey in temperate forests. Among the other rodent preys, hoary-bellied Himalayan squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus I) and Himalayan crestless porcupine31 were also abundant in temperate forests. In sub-alpine zone, clouded leopard and red panda (both semiterrestrial in nature) were present and detected by the cameras very rarely. Chance of detection of these two mammals by the present sampling design (where cameras were deployed on ground level to detect other terrestrial mammals) was low, thus very low photo capture rate of these two species may not reflect their real status in the study area. Among other threatened mammals, infrequent detections and very low relative abundance of wild dog suggest their nonresident nature (local movements in between adjacent watersheds) about which local people had mentioned during interviews. An interesting finding of this explorative study on mammal assemblage may be the non-detection of large carnivores (apart from seasonal presence of Asiatic black bear in low abundance) in the sub-alpine and temperate forests. Prey species diversity (Primates-2, Ungulates-4, Rodents-3) and relative abundance (Table 1) in the temperate zone may be adequate to harbor large carnivores such as common leopard, which is a common feature of the mammalian fauna of the same altitude zones at different Protected. To conclude the study of fauna diversity shows that many wild animal which were found in these forest areas many years back have now vanished or reduced to a very few due to human interference. Unprotected areas of forest also need to be protected so that the fauna diversity of these regions is conserved. The forests in the sanctuary are heterogeneous in composition, extent and distribution. They occur in extensive compact tracts as well as interspersed variety

4015 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, August 2015 – October 2015; Vol.5, No.4; 4007-4018

A study… Shriwastava & Kushwah informs of structural development. The wide diversity occur not only in extent and distribution of forest but arises also due to seasonal variation in the phenology of the numerous species constituting the deciduous mixed forest crops. These conditions provide a variety of food and cover throughout the year for the animals. Thakur (1994)32 studies on the biology and ecology of chital wild life in relation to feeding habitat Nouradehi forest area. The forests in the sanctuary are heterogeneous in composition, extent and distribution. They occur in extensive compact tracts as well as interspersed variety informs of structural development. The wide diversity occurs not only in extent and distribution of forest but arises also due to seasonal variation in the phenology of the numerous species constituting the deciduous mixed forest crops. These conditions provide a variety of food and cover throughout the year for the animals. Thakur (1994)25 studies on the biology and ecology of chital wild life in relation to feeding habitat Nouradehi forest area. To conclude the study of fauna diversity shows that many wild animal which were found in these forest areas many years back have now vanished or reduced to a very few due to human interference. Unprotected areas of forest also need to be protected so that the fauna diversity of these regions is conserved The study of available literature on mammals of Madhya Pradesh reveals that work on mammals of central India was started long back in late nineteenth century. William Thomas Blandford published the first edition of Fauna of British India-Mammalian in two parts in 1888 and 1891. His work was mainly restricted to southern and central India. He opined that this work was based on insufficient data. The most authentic and modern work on mammals of central provinces/central India was done during mammal‟s survey of India conducted by the Bombay Natural History Society8. This period could be considered the golden age on study on Indian mammal . During this period, collections of samples were made from Gwalior, Guna, Nimar, Hoshangabad and Sagar in Madya Pradesh, as well as from other parts of the country. Totally 46 species of malls we reported from the central provinces by26 Wroughton (18913). Later, on the basis of these studies, 10, 11published the Fuana of Brithis Indai in tow part and other papers (1929-42), which included information on the mammals of central India. 9published a book entitled wild Animals in Central India, which included the list of 45 species of mammals from the regions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the Department of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management, Government of Madhya Pradesh for giving me permission for survey of various protected areas in Madhya Pradesh. We thank the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun for providing us the valuable information‟s through website and published literature. Authors are also thankful to the Principal and faculties of the Government Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Govt. Science College, Gwalior.

REFERENCES

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Corresponding author: Satish Kumar Shriwastava Research Scholar Department of Zoology, Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Govt. Science College, Gwalior-474001 (M.P.), India Mail Address: [email protected]

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