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Review of Agricultural and Medicinal Applications of Basidiomycete Mushrooms Medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable Artículo arbitrado Review of agricultural and medicinal applications of basidiomycete mushrooms Revisión sobre las aplicaciones de las setas en agricultura y medicina LORETO ROBLES-HERNÁNDEZ1, 2, ANA CECILIA-GONZÁLEZ- FRANCO1, JUAN MANUEL SOTO- PARRA1 AND FEDERICO MONTES-DOMÍNGUEZ1 Recibido: Abril 18, 2008 Aceptado: Septiembre 09, 2008 Abstract Resumen Basidiomycetes are characterized in part because they produce Los basidiomycetos se caracterizan en parte por producir their basidiospores on a basidium and many but not all have sus basidiosporas sobre un basidio y por tener fíbulas que clamp connections that no other group of fungi has. otros grupos de hongos no tienen. Los basidiomicetos se Basidiomycetes are divided into four classes, Gasteromycetes, dividen en cuatro clases: Gasteromycetos, Ustilaginomycetos, Ustilaginomycetes, Urediniomycetes and Hymenomycetes. The Urediniomycetos e Hymenomycetos. Los Hymenomycetos class Hymenomycetes is characterized by the formation of forma sus basidios en un himenio y sus basidiocarpos basidia in a hymenium. Members of this class form visible macroscópicos son de formas variadas, tales como las setas, macroscopic basidiocarps of different shapes, such as los bejines, los hongos de repisa, etc. Las setas tienen mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, and bird’s nest propiedades únicas que han influenciado de manera importante fungi. Mushrooms have many unique properties that have played la historia del ser humano, religión y cultura. De todos los major roles in human history, religion, and culture. Of all the hongos, las setas son las más visibles y llamativos. El propósito fungi, these organisms are the most visible and the most colorful. de este trabajo fue revisar el potencial de las setas como The purpose of this work was to review the potential of productoras de metabolitos con aplicaciones en agricultura y basidiomycete mushrooms as producers of metabolites with medicina. Los ingredientes activos de estos hongos tienen la agricultural and medicinal applications. Medicinal mushrooms ventaja de ser seguros para el ser humano. Los b-D-glucanos, offer an advantage in that their active ingredients are safe for heteropolisacáridos, glicoproteínas, lectinas y terpenoides humans. Many compounds, such as b-D-glucans, inhibieron células cancerígenas y no presentaron efectos heteropolysaccharides, glycoproteins, lectines, and terpenoids negativos en los pacientes tratados. Las propiedades inhibit tumor cell lines and did not show negative effects on antimicrobianas de algunos basidiomicetos usados para el treated patients. The antimicrobial properties of certain control de enfermedades de animales y de plantas basidiomycetes provide human and plant disease control that is generalmente también fueron seguras y efectivas. Varias generally safe and effective. Several species of especies de setas han mostrado actividad antibacteriana contra basidiomycetes mushrooms have demonstrated antibacterial patógenos de humanos, otras han presentado actividad activity against human pathogens; others have shown antifungal antifúngica contra patógenos tanto de humanos como de activity against both human and plant pathogens, while others plantas, mientras que otras especies han inhibido nematodos have inhibited fitopathogenic nematodes. In conclusion, fitopatógenos. En conclusión, los basidiomicetos ofrecen basidiomycetes offer a unique set of compounds with potential compuestos únicos con potencial para resolver problemas en to address agricultural and medicinal challenges. agricultura y medicina. Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal and helminticidal activities, Palabras clave: Actividades antibacterianas, antifúngicas y medicinal applications, polisaccharides, lectines helminticidas, aplicaciones medicinales, polisacáridos, lectinas __________________________________ 1Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Campus 1, Chihuahua, Chih., 31310, México.Phone and Fax: (614) 439-1844 2 Dirección electronica del autor de correspondencia: [email protected] • Vol. II, No. 2 • Mayo-Agosto 2008 • 95 LORETO ROBLES-HERNÁNDEZ, ANA CECILIA-GONZÁLEZ- FRANCO, JUAN MANUEL SOTO-PARRA AND FEDERICO MONTES-DOMÍNGUEZ: Review of agricultural and medicinal applications of basidiomycete mushrooms Introduction asidiomycetes are characterized in part because they produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on a cell called basidium usually in fours. Many but not all have clamp B connections. No other group of fungi has these structures. The basidium is the cell in which karyogamy (nuclear fusion) and meiosis occur, and on which usually four haploid basidiospores are formed on the tips of sterigmata, which are little prong like projections that originate from the basidium. Millions of these spores are packed together in the hymenium, which covers the exposed or enclosed surfaces of the sporocarp, which are quite variable in form. These are then discharged a short organisms mainly feed on dead and distance into the space between the gills, occasionally living matter. Of all the fungi, tubes, or teeth, of the sporocarp. these organisms are the most visible and Subsequently they fall out of the cap to be the most colorful. Most of us recognize the carried away on air currents (Alexopolous, et value of mushrooms as food and certainly, al., 1996). some species as delicacies. The phylum Basidiomycota is divided into The medicinal properties of four classes: Gasteromycetes, basidiomycete mushrooms are frequently Hymenomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, and described in ancient cultures and a few have Urediniomycetes. In the class been developed into pharmacological Gasteromycetes (stomach fungi) the basidia applications today. In Asian cultures, the are formed inside the fruiting body, which holocarp of several genera are eaten, typically are one-celled. The fruiting bodies included as a garnish, or boiled as teas and of this group remain closed during spore applied as therapies for a variety of human formation and maturation. The class ailments ranging from the common cold to Hymenomycetes is characterized by the cure for certain forms of cancers. formation of basidia in a hymenium. A major development in agricultural Members of this class typically form visible chemistry was derived from the pine cone macroscopic basidiocarps of different fungus, Strobilurus tenacellus. Strobilurin shapes, such as mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungicides have become a valuable tool for fungi, jelly fungi, and bird’s nest fungi. The managing plant diseases. These strobilurins classes Ustilaginomycetes (smut fungi and are site-specific (inhibition of mitochondrial allied taxa) and Urediniomycetes (rust fungi respiration) and translaminar (systemic) and allied taxa) comprise mostly plant compounds that provide control of parasitic taxa, and most members in both Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, classes form teliospores, thick-walled resting and Deuteromycota fungi. spores, in which karyogamy occurs and from The nematode-destroying fungi have which basidia are formed (Alexopolous et al., diverse morphological and physiological 1996). adaptations to the environment. Some are Mushrooms have many unique properties parasitic by means of constricting rings, that have played major roles in human history, injectable spores, and/or adhesive peg cells. religion, and culture. These highly adaptive Some secrete attachments to trap and 96 • Vol. II, No. 2 • Mayo-Agosto 2008 • LORETO ROBLES-HERNÁNDEZ, ANA CECILIA-GONZÁLEZ- FRANCO, JUAN MANUEL SOTO-PARRA AND FEDERICO MONTES-DOMÍNGUEZ: Review of agricultural and medicinal applications of basidiomycete mushrooms penetrate the nematode, or by secreting proinflamatory substances such as toxins to inactivate the prey nematodes. prostaglandins (PGs) that stimulate cell Potent antibiotics may be secreted by the growth and suppress the immune response. colonizing hyphae to protect the food source COX can also activate carcinogens to from other microorganisms (Barron, 1977). damage genetic material (Jang et al., 1997). The bactericidal activity has also been There are at least two kinds of COX reported. When 317 strains, representing enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 204 species and 17 orders of makes PGs to protect the stomach and basidiomycete mushrooms were screened kidney from damage; while COX-2 induced for antimicrobial activity on human by inflammatory stimuli, such as cytokine, pathogens, over 45 % of the tested strains produces PGs that promote the pain and were positive for antibacterial activity (Suay inflammation (Vane and Botting, 1998) and et al., 2000). The highest activity occurred induction to tumor formation (Vane, 2000). among members of the Ganodermatales, Poriales, Agaricales, and Stereales. Eight In searching for new cancer treatments species of the family Ganodermataceae over the past several years, many species strongly inhibited Bacillus subtilis; Fomes of basidiomycete mushrooms have been fomentarius inhibited growth of investigated for their anti-cancer properties Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia (Yang and Jong, 1989). Lucas, (1957) first marcescens, Staphylococcus. aureus, B. demonstrated the anti-cancer activity of subtilis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. In mushrooms. He used extracts of fruiting this review, we focus on the potential of bodies of Boletus edulis and other basidiomycete mushrooms as producers of mushrooms in tests against implanted metabolites with medicinal and agricultural Sarcoma 180
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