Direct Measurement of the Top Quark Decay Width in the Muon+Jets Channel Using the CMS Experiment at the LHC
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The Particle World
The Particle World ² What is our Universe made of? This talk: ² Where does it come from? ² particles as we understand them now ² Why does it behave the way it does? (the Standard Model) Particle physics tries to answer these ² prepare you for the exercise questions. Later: future of particle physics. JMF Southampton Masterclass 22–23 Mar 2004 1/26 Beginning of the 20th century: atoms have a nucleus and a surrounding cloud of electrons. The electrons are responsible for almost all behaviour of matter: ² emission of light ² electricity and magnetism ² electronics ² chemistry ² mechanical properties . technology. JMF Southampton Masterclass 22–23 Mar 2004 2/26 Nucleus at the centre of the atom: tiny Subsequently, particle physicists have yet contains almost all the mass of the discovered four more types of quark, two atom. Yet, it’s composite, made up of more pairs of heavier copies of the up protons and neutrons (or nucleons). and down: Open up a nucleon . it contains ² c or charm quark, charge +2=3 quarks. ² s or strange quark, charge ¡1=3 Normal matter can be understood with ² t or top quark, charge +2=3 just two types of quark. ² b or bottom quark, charge ¡1=3 ² + u or up quark, charge 2=3 Existed only in the early stages of the ² ¡ d or down quark, charge 1=3 universe and nowadays created in high energy physics experiments. JMF Southampton Masterclass 22–23 Mar 2004 3/26 But this is not all. The electron has a friend the electron-neutrino, ºe. Needed to ensure energy and momentum are conserved in ¯-decay: ¡ n ! p + e + º¯e Neutrino: no electric charge, (almost) no mass, hardly interacts at all. -
Arxiv:1912.09659V2 [Hep-Ph] 20 Mar 2020
2 spontaneous chiral-symmetry breaking, i.e., quark con- responding nonrelativistic quark model assignments are densates, generates a diquark mass term, which behaves given of the spin and orbital angular momentum. differently from the other mass terms. We discuss how we can identify and determine the parameters of such a coupling term of the diquark effective Lagrangian. B. Scalar and pseudo-scalar diquarks in chiral This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we SU(3)R × SU(3)L symmetry introduce diquarks and their local operator representa- tion, and formulate chiral effective theory in the chiral- In this paper, we concentrate on the scalar and pseu- symmetry limit. In Sec. III, explicit chiral-symmetry doscalar diquarks from the viewpoint of chiral symmetry. breaking due to the quark masses is introduced and its More specifically, we consider the first two states, Nos. 1 consequences are discussed. In Sec. IV, a numerical esti- and 2, from Table I, which have spin 0, color 3¯ and flavor mate is given for the parameters of the effective theory. 3.¯ We here see that these two diquarks are chiral part- We use the diquark masses calculated in lattice QCD and ners to each other, i.e., they belong to the same chiral also the experimental values of the singly heavy baryons. representation and therefore they would be degenerate if In Sec. V, a conclusion is given. the chiral symmetry is not broken. To see this, using the chiral projection operators, a PR;L ≡ (1 ± γ5)=2, we define the right quark, qR;i = a II. -
Hadron Spectroscopy in the Diquark Model
Hadron Spectroscopy in the Diquark Model Jacopo Ferretti University of Jyväskylä Diquark Correlations in Hadron Physics: Origin, Impact and Evidence September 23-27 2019, ECT*, Trento, Italy Jacopo Ferretti (University of Jyväskylä) hadron spectroscopy (diquark model) Sept 23-27 2019, ECT* 1 / 38 Summary Quark Model (QM) formalism Exotic hadrons and their interpretations Fully-heavy and heavy-light tetraquarks in the diquark model The problem of baryon missing resonances Strange and nonstrange baryons in the diquark model Jacopo Ferretti (University of Jyväskylä) hadron spectroscopy (diquark model) Sept 23-27 2019, ECT* 2 / 38 Constituent Quark Models Complicated quark-gluon dynamics of QCD 1. Effective degree of freedom of Constituent Quark is introduced: same quantum numbers as valence quarks mass ≈ 1=3 mass of the proton 3. Baryons ! bound states of 3 constituent quarks 4. Mesons ! bound states of a constituent quark-antiquark pair 5. Constituent quark dynamics ! phenomenological (QCD-inspired) interaction Phenomenological models q X 2 2 X αs H = p + m + − + βrij + V (Si ; Sj ; Lij ; rij ) i i r i i<j ij Coulomb-like + linear confining potentials + spin forces Several versions: Relativized Quark Model for baryons and mesons (Capstick and Isgur, Godfrey and Isgur); U(7) Model (Bijker, Iachello and Leviatan); Graz Model (Glozman and Riska); Hypercentral QM (Giannini and Santopinto), ... Reproduce reasonably well many hadron observables: baryon magnetic moments, lower part of baryon and meson spectrum, hadron strong decays, nucleon e.m. form factors ... Jacopo Ferretti (University of Jyväskylä) hadron spectroscopy (diquark model) Sept 23-27 2019, ECT* 3 / 38 Relativized Quark Model for Baryons/Mesons S. -
First Determination of the Electric Charge of the Top Quark
First Determination of the Electric Charge of the Top Quark PER HANSSON arXiv:hep-ex/0702004v1 1 Feb 2007 Licentiate Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2006 Licentiate Thesis First Determination of the Electric Charge of the Top Quark Per Hansson Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Department of Physics Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm, Sweden 2006 Cover illustration: View of a top quark pair event with an electron and four jets in the final state. Image by DØ Collaboration. Akademisk avhandling som med tillst˚and av Kungliga Tekniska H¨ogskolan i Stock- holm framl¨agges till offentlig granskning f¨or avl¨aggande av filosofie licentiatexamen fredagen den 24 november 2006 14.00 i sal FB54, AlbaNova Universitets Center, KTH Partikel- och Astropartikelfysik, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm. Avhandlingen f¨orsvaras p˚aengelska. ISBN 91-7178-493-4 TRITA-FYS 2006:69 ISSN 0280-316X ISRN KTH/FYS/--06:69--SE c Per Hansson, Oct 2006 Printed by Universitetsservice US AB 2006 Abstract In this thesis, the first determination of the electric charge of the top quark is presented using 370 pb−1 of data recorded by the DØ detector at the Fermilab Tevatron accelerator. tt¯ events are selected with one isolated electron or muon and at least four jets out of which two are b-tagged by reconstruction of a secondary decay vertex (SVT). The method is based on the discrimination between b- and ¯b-quark jets using a jet charge algorithm applied to SVT-tagged jets. A method to calibrate the jet charge algorithm with data is developed. A constrained kinematic fit is performed to associate the W bosons to the correct b-quark jets in the event and extract the top quark electric charge. -
Searching for a Heavy Partner to the Top Quark
SEARCHING FOR A HEAVY PARTNER TO THE TOP QUARK JOSEPH VAN DER LIST 5e Abstract. We present a search for a heavy partner to the top quark with charge 3 , where e is the electron charge. We analyze data from Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider at a center of mass energy of 13 TeV. This data has been previously investigated without tagging boosted top quark (top tagging) jets, with a data set corresponding to 2.2 fb−1. Here, we present the analysis at 2.3 fb−1 with top tagging. We observe no excesses above the standard model indicating detection of X5=3 , so we set lower limits on the mass of X5=3 . 1. Introduction 1.1. The Standard Model One of the greatest successes of 20th century physics was the classification of subatomic particles and forces into a framework now called the Standard Model of Particle Physics (or SM). Before the development of the SM, many particles had been discovered, but had not yet been codified into a complete framework. The Standard Model provided a unified theoretical framework which explained observed phenomena very well. Furthermore, it made many experimental predictions, such as the existence of the Higgs boson, and the confirmation of many of these has made the SM one of the most well-supported theories developed in the last century. Figure 1. A table showing the particles in the standard model of particle physics. [7] Broadly, the SM organizes subatomic particles into 3 major categories: quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons. Quarks are spin-½ particles which make up most of the mass of visible matter in the universe; nucleons (protons and neutrons) are composed of quarks. -
Muon Neutrino Mass Without Oscillations
The Distant Possibility of Using a High-Luminosity Muon Source to Measure the Mass of the Neutrino Independent of Flavor Oscillations By John Michael Williams [email protected] Markanix Co. P. O. Box 2697 Redwood City, CA 94064 2001 February 19 (v. 1.02) Abstract: Short-baseline calculations reveal that if the neutrino were massive, it would show a beautifully structured spectrum in the energy difference between storage ring and detector; however, this spectrum seems beyond current experimental reach. An interval-timing paradigm would not seem feasible in a short-baseline experiment; however, interval timing on an Earth-Moon long baseline experiment might be able to improve current upper limits on the neutrino mass. Introduction After the Kamiokande and IMB proton-decay detectors unexpectedly recorded neutrinos (probably electron antineutrinos) arriving from the 1987A supernova, a plethora of papers issued on how to use this happy event to estimate the mass of the neutrino. Many of the estimates based on these data put an upper limit on the mass of the electron neutrino of perhaps 10 eV c2 [1]. When Super-Kamiokande and other instruments confirmed the apparent deficit in electron neutrinos from the Sun, and when a deficit in atmospheric muon- neutrinos likewise was observed, this prompted the extension of the kaon-oscillation theory to neutrinos, culminating in a flavor-oscillation theory based by analogy on the CKM quark mixing matrix. The oscillation theory was sensitive enough to provide evidence of a neutrino mass, even given the low statistics available at the largest instruments. J. M. Williams Neutrino Mass Without Oscillations (2001-02-19) 2 However, there is reason to doubt that the CKM analysis validly can be applied physically over the long, nonvirtual propagation distances of neutrinos [2]. -
Cooling of Hybrid Neutron Stars and Hypothetical Self-Bound Objects with Superconducting Quark Cores
A&A 368, 561–568 (2001) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20010005 & c ESO 2001 Astrophysics Cooling of hybrid neutron stars and hypothetical self-bound objects with superconducting quark cores D. Blaschke1,2,H.Grigorian1,3, and D. N. Voskresensky4 1 Fachbereich Physik, Universit¨at Rostock, Universit¨atsplatz 1, 18051 Rostock, Germany 2 European Centre for Theoretical Studies ECT∗, Villa Tambosi, Strada delle Tabarelle 286, 38050 Villazzano (Trento), Italy 3 Department of Physics, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian Str. 1, 375025 Yerevan, Armenia e-mail: [email protected] 4 Moscow Institute for Physics and Engineering, Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia Gesellschaft f¨ur Schwerionenforschung GSI, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Received 19 September 2000 / Accepted 12 December 2000 Abstract. We study the consequences of superconducting quark cores (with color-flavor-locked phase as repre- sentative example) for the evolution of temperature profiles and cooling curves in quark-hadron hybrid stars and in hypothetical self-bound objects having no hadron shell (quark core neutron stars). The quark gaps are varied from 0 to ∆q = 50 MeV. For hybrid stars we find time scales of 1 ÷ 5, 5 ÷ 10 and 50 ÷ 100 years for the formation of a quasistationary temperature distribution in the cases ∆q =0,0.1MeVand∼>1 MeV, respectively. These time scales are governed by the heat transport within quark cores for large diquark gaps (∆ ∼> 1 MeV) and within the hadron shell for small diquark gaps (∆ ∼< 0.1 MeV). For quark core neutron stars we find a time scale '300 years for the formation of a quasistationary temperature distribution in the case ∆ ∼> 10 MeV and a very short one for ∆ ∼< 1 MeV. -
Three Lectures on Meson Mixing and CKM Phenomenology
Three Lectures on Meson Mixing and CKM phenomenology Ulrich Nierste Institut f¨ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik Universit¨at Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany I give an introduction to the theory of meson-antimeson mixing, aiming at students who plan to work at a flavour physics experiment or intend to do associated theoretical studies. I derive the formulae for the time evolution of a neutral meson system and show how the mass and width differences among the neutral meson eigenstates and the CP phase in mixing are calculated in the Standard Model. Special emphasis is laid on CP violation, which is covered in detail for K−K mixing, Bd−Bd mixing and Bs−Bs mixing. I explain the constraints on the apex (ρ, η) of the unitarity triangle implied by ǫK ,∆MBd ,∆MBd /∆MBs and various mixing-induced CP asymmetries such as aCP(Bd → J/ψKshort)(t). The impact of a future measurement of CP violation in flavour-specific Bd decays is also shown. 1 First lecture: A big-brush picture 1.1 Mesons, quarks and box diagrams The neutral K, D, Bd and Bs mesons are the only hadrons which mix with their antiparticles. These meson states are flavour eigenstates and the corresponding antimesons K, D, Bd and Bs have opposite flavour quantum numbers: K sd, D cu, B bd, B bs, ∼ ∼ d ∼ s ∼ K sd, D cu, B bd, B bs, (1) ∼ ∼ d ∼ s ∼ Here for example “Bs bs” means that the Bs meson has the same flavour quantum numbers as the quark pair (b,s), i.e.∼ the beauty and strangeness quantum numbers are B = 1 and S = 1, respectively. -
PSI Muon-Neutrino and Pion Masses
Around the Laboratories More penguins. The CLEO detector at Cornell's CESR electron-positron collider reveals a clear excess signal of photons from rare B particle decays, once the parent upsilon 4S resonance has been taken into account. The convincing curve is the theoretically predicted spectrum. could be at the root of the symmetry breaking mechanism which drives the Standard Model. PSI Muon-neutrino and pion masses wo experiments at the Swiss T Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Villigen have recently led to more precise values for two important physics quantities - the masses of the muon-type neutrino and of the charged pion. The first of these experiments - B. Jeckelmann et al. (Fribourg Univer sity, ETH and Eidgenoessisches Amt fuer Messwesen) was originally done about a decade ago. To fix the negative-pion mass, a high-precision crystal spectrometer measured the energy of the X-rays emitted in the 4f-3d transition of pionic magnesium atoms. The result (JECKELMANN 86 in the graph, page 16), with smaller seen in neutral kaon decay. can emerge. Drawing physics conclu errors than previous charged-pion CP violation - the disregard at the sions from the K* example was mass measurements, dominated the few per mil level of a invariance of therefore difficult. world average. physics with respect to a simultane Now the CLEO group has collected In view of more recent measure ous left-right reversal and particle- all such events producing a photon ments on pionic magnesium, a re- antiparticle switch - has been known with energy between 2.2 and 2.7 analysis shows that the measured X- for thirty years. -
Uwthph-81-28 QUARK and DIQUARK FRAGMENTATION INTO
UWThPh-81-28 QUARK AND DIQUARK FRAGMENTATION INTO «SONS AND BARYONS A. Bartl Institut für Theoretische Physik Universität Wien A-1090 Wien, Austria H. Fraas Physikalisches Institut Universität Würzburg D-8700 Würzburg, Federal Republik of Germany U. Majerotto Institut für Hochenergiephysik Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften A-1050 Wien» Austria Abstract Quark and diquark fragmentation into mesons and baryons is treated in a cascade-type model based on six coupled integral equations. An analytic solution including flavour dependence is found. Comparison with experimental data is given. Our results indicate a probability of about 50 percent for the diquark to break up. +) Supported in part by "Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung in Österreich", Project number 4347. 1 I. Introduction It is conmonly accepted that quarks are confined and fragment into jets of hadrons which are observed in high energy reactions. The properties of these jets are usually described in terns of so-called fragmentation functions. In the phenomenological picture which has been developed to understand this process of hadronization (see e.g. ref. 1-3) the frag mentation of a highly energetic quark into mesons proceeds by creation of quark-antiquark pairs in the colour field of the original quark and recursive pairing of quarks with antiquarks starting with the original quark. In quark jets also baryons are produced [4] at a rate of 5-10 percent. This can be incorporated into the phenomenological description by assuming that also diquark-antidiquark pairs are created and a quark together with a diquark forms a baryon [5]. What concerns colour the diquark behaves like an antiquark, but since it has a higher effective mass than a quark diquark-antidiquark pairs are produced less frequently. -
Neutrino Vs Antineutrino Lepton Number Splitting
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 18 Page 1 of 5 Neutrino vs antineutrino Neutrino is a neutral particle—a legitimate question: are neutrino and anti-neutrino the same particle? Compare: photon is its own antiparticle, π0 is its own antiparticle, neutron and antineutron are different particles. Dirac neutrino : If the answer is different , neutrino is to be called Dirac neutrino Majorana neutrino : If the answer is the same , neutrino is to be called Majorana neutrino 1959 Davis and Harmer conducted an experiment to see whether there is a reaction ν + n → p + e - could occur. The reaction and technique they used, ν + 37 Cl e- + 37 Ar, was proposed by B. Pontecorvo in 1946. The result was negative 1… Lepton number However, this was not unexpected: 1953 Konopinski and Mahmoud introduced a notion of lepton number L that must be conserved in reactions : • electron, muon, neutrino have L = +1 • anti-electron, anti-muon, anti-neutrino have L = –1 This new ad hoc law would explain many facts: • decay of neutron with anti-neutrino is OK: n → p e -ν L=0 → L = 1 + (–1) = 0 • pion decays with single neutrino or anti-neutrino is OK π → µ-ν L=0 → L = 1 + (–1) = 0 • but no pion decays into a muon and photon π- → µ- γ, which would require: L= 0 → L = 1 + 0 = 1 • no decays of muon with one neutrino µ- → e - ν, which would require: L= 1 → L = 1 ± 1 = 0 or 2 • no processes searched for by Davis and Harmer, which would require: L= (–1)+0 → L = 0 + 1 = 1 But why there are no decays µµµ →→→ e γγγ ? 2 Splitting lepton numbers 1959 Bruno Pontecorvo -
Hadronic Superpartners from Superconformal And
SLAC-PUB-17231 Hadronic Superpartners from Superconformal and Supersymmetric Algebra Marina Nielsen1 Instituto de F´ısica, Universidade de S˜ao Paulo Rua do Mat˜ao, Travessa R187, 05508-900 S˜ao Paulo, S˜ao Paulo, Brazil SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA Stanley J. Brodsky2 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA Abstract Through the embedding of superconformal quantum mechanics into AdS space, it is possible to construct an effective supersymmetric QCD light-front Hamilto- nian for hadrons, which includes a spin-spin interaction between the hadronic con- stituents. A specific breaking of conformal symmetry determines a unique effective quark-confining potential for light hadrons, as well as remarkable connections be- tween the meson, baryon, and tetraquark spectra. The pion is massless in the chiral limit and has no supersymmetric partner. The excitation spectra of rela- tivistic light-quark meson, baryon and tetraquark bound states lie on linear Regge arXiv:1802.09652v1 [hep-ph] 27 Feb 2018 trajectories with identical slopes in the radial and orbital quantum numbers. Al- though conformal symmetry is strongly broken by the heavy quark mass, the basic underlying supersymmetric mechanism, which transforms mesons to baryons (and baryons to tetraquarks) into each other, still holds and gives remarkable connec- tions across the entire spectrum of light, heavy-light and double-heavy hadrons. Here we show that all the observed hadrons can be related through this effective supersymmetric QCD, and that it can be used to identify the structure of the new charmonium states. [email protected] [email protected] This material is based upon work supported by the U.S.