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INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" lor pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Pagets)". If it was possible to obtain the missing pagets) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. 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University M icro film s International 300 N Zeeb Road Ann Arbor.MI 48106 8300376 Walker, Gregory Paul THE DISPERSION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE POTATO APHID (MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS)) ON TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) The Ohio Slate University PH.D. 1982 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Reed, Ann Arbor. MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V i . Glossy photographs or pages_______ 2 Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background ______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy _______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page _______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ______ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ^ ' 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print _______ 11. P a g e (s )_____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. P a g e (s )_____________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Tw o pages n u m b ered_____________. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages_______ 15. O ther_________________________________ ._________________ University Microfilms Internationa! THE DISPERSION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE POTATO APHID (MACROSIPHUM EUPH0R3IAE (THOMAS)) ON TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL,) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gregory Paul Walker, B.A. , M.Sc. * * * * The Ohio State University 1982 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Lowell R. Nault Dr. David J. Horn Dr. Richard K. Lindquist Adviser Department of Entomology This dissertation is dedicated to my w ife, Eileen, whose loving support and hard work were invaluable throughout my many years in graduate school. i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Drs, Lowell R. Nault, Donald E. Simonet, William L. Rubink and Lawrence V. Madden for th eir invaluable assistance throughout the course of my dissertation research. Ron Myers and the Wooster OARDC farm crew as well as Chuck W ilier and the Fremont OARDC farm crew helped enormously with fie ld plot maintenance and have my sincerest gratitude. I would also like to express my thanks to my wife, Eileen, for endless hours at the word processor, typing the drafts of this dissertation, and to Brenda Davenport whose technical assistance was instrumental in collecting the data in this study. Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to Drs. D. L . Goleman and R. E Treece and The Ohio State University Department of Entomology for the financial assistance without which this dissertation never would have been, and to Mabel Swartzwalder, Maxine Johnson and Chrissy Reynolds for typing many tables and letters over the years. i i 1 VITA January 9, 1953............................. Born - New York, New York 1975 .................................................... B.A., Miami University Oxford, Ohio 1976-1978 .......................................... Teaching Associate, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1979 .................................................... M.Sc., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1979-1980 .......................................... Survey Entomologist, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 1980-198 2 ......................................... Research Associate, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Juvenile Hormone and Moulting Hormone Titers in Diapause and Non-Diapause Destined Flesh F lie s ." 0. Insect Physiol. 26:661-664. "Insect Control on Tomatoes." 1980 Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. 6 : 101- 102. "Laboratory Bioassay of Systemic Insecticide Treated Tomato Foliage on Colorado Potato Beetle," submitted to Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology Studies in Insect Physiology. Professor David L. Denlinger Studies in Insect Ecology and Applied Entomology. Professors Donald E. Simonet and Lowell R. Nault iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................... i i i VITA............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................vi i i Chapter I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 I I . SPATIAL DISPERSION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF THE POTATO APHID IN PROCESSING TOMATO FIELDS............................... 11 I I I . DEVELOPMENT, FECUNDITY AND LONGEVITY OF THE POTATO APHID ON TOMATO.................................................................................... 38 IV. NATURAL FACTORS REDUCING POTATO APHID INTENSITY IN PROCESSING TOMATO FIELDS IN OHIO................................................ 68 V. GENERAL DISCUSSION............................................................................... 99 APPENDIXES A. Insecticide applications in 1980 .................................................. 112 B. Duration o f development of Aphidius nigripes and Praon sp. parasitizing Macrosiphum euphorbiae at ca. 22°C and ca. 15.5°C. Photoperiod = 16:8 L:D ............. 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................. 114 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 Food plants of Macrosi phum euphorbiae (=so1anifo1i i ) 3 reported i n Patch (1938). ........................................................... 1.2 A lis t of plant viruses vectored by Macrosiphum euphorbiae (from Kennedy <^t al_. , 19621.................................. 1 2.1 Regression equations of log variance vs. log mean and mean crowding vs. mean for d ifferen t aphid and leaf strata categories................................................................... 22 2.2 Comparisons of log variance - log mean regressions between data grouping, sample methods, years, and fields for different aphid and leaf strata categories. 28 2.3 Comparison of log variance - log mean regression lines among leaf strata.............................................................................. 31 3.1 Regression equations of developmental rate (Y) on temperature (X ), developmental threshold temperatures, and Celsius degree days (CDD) required for development of apterate pink potato aphids on tomato in test 1 .... 46 3.2 Comparison of the mean duration (days) of aphid stages, fecundity, and percent alatism between tests 1 and 2 at six temperatures......................................................................... 50 3.3 Mean duration of prereproductive period (days) and outdoor solar radiation for aphids reared on leaf discs from d ifferen t experiments at 22.2 °C 16:8 L:D where the parent generation was reared on leaf discs at 22 .2°C 16:8 L:D ............................................................................... 52 3.4 Comparison of developmental time and fecundity between apterate
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