Aspects, Including Pitfalls, of Temporal Sampling of Flying Insects, with Special Reference to Aphids
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The Circadian Rhythm and Visual Elements in Scorpions: a Review
Arthropods, 2013, 2(4): 150-158 Article The circadian rhythm and visual elements in scorpions: A review M. R. Warburg Dept. of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Received 12 August 2013; Accepted 15 September 2013; Published online 1 December 2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the state of research in this field and to outline future ways how to proceed. The term: "Zeitgeber", implies ‘time giver’ meaning: synchronizer when an external entrainment factor synchronizes the endogenous rhythm. Is this ‘time’, the chronological date in the sense that it is related to the time of day as reflected in the natural light-dark cycles? Or does it mean cyclic phases of activity as demonstrated in the laboratory? Moreover, is it totally independent of the animal's physiological condition? This subject was studied largely in buthid species (15) of a total of only 30 scorpion species. Moreover, many (over 25%) of the studies (19) were done on a single buthid species: Androctonus australis. Species diversity was observed only by one author’s work who studied eye structure in seven species. Since he found variability in eye structure it would not be advisable to generalize. The fact that experimenting was carried out irrespective of species diversity, gender, ecological or physiological conditions, and was usually done on animals kept in captivity for some time before the experimenting had started, is a major drawback to this kind of study. The diurnal rhythms is triggered either directly through spontaneous arrhythmic activity in the central nervous system, or by neurosecretory material. -
Mating Behaviour of Aphidius Ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): The
Eur. J. Entomol. 99: 451-456, 2002 ISSN 1210-5759 Mating behaviourAphidius of ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): The role of antennae Donatella BATTAGLIA1, Nunzio ISIDORO2, Roberto ROMANI3, F erdinando BIN3 and F rancesco PENNACCHIO1* 1Dipartimento di Biología, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Universita della Basilicata, Macchia Romana, 85100 Potenza, Italy. 2Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie ed Ambientali, Universita di Ancona, via Brecce Bianche, 60100 Ancona, Italy. 3Dipartimento di Arboricoltura e Protezione delle Piante, Universita di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. Key words. Mating behaviour, ultrastructure, parasitoid, pheromone, functional anatomy, antennal glands, sensilla,Aphidius ervi, Aphidiinae Abstract. In the mating behaviour ofAphidius ervi Haliday the antennae play a pivotal role in partner recognition and acceptance. Mating failure was always observed when antennal contact was experimentally prevented. The maleA. of ervi has filiform antennae, consisting of scape, pedicel and 18-20 cylindrical antennomeres (flagellar segments), which bear numerous types of sensory struc tures and, interspersed among the multiporous plate sensilla, especially on the 1th and 2nd flagellar segments, scattered pores. A secretion oozes from these pores in virgin males exposed to conspecific females. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these pores are the external openings of integumentary glands. Behavioural and morpho-functional observations indicated that a double step sex recognition mechanism is present in A. ervi, as in other parasitic Hymenoptera. Basically, female recognition by males appears to be mediated by a volatile sex pheromone, that triggers the behavioural sequence leading to mounting. Then, the female recognizes and accepts the male after antennal contact. This is mediated by the secretion that oozes from the male antennal glands, which acts as a contact pheromone. -
Aphid-Parasitoid (Insecta) Diversity and Trophic Interactions in South Dakota
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 97 (2018) 83 APHID-PARASITOID (INSECTA) DIVERSITY AND TROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN SOUTH DAKOTA Abigail P. Martens* and Paul J. Johnson Insect Biodiversity Lab South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Parasitoid wasps of the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) specialize on aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as hosts. The diversity of known and probable aphidiine wasps from South Dakota is itemized, with represen- tation by 13 genera and 42 species, 43% of which are probably adventitious. The wasps and aphids are central to various combinations of multitrophic relationships involving host plants and secondary parasitoids. Selected native and introduced aphid host taxa were quantitatively and qualitatively collected from diverse native and crop host plants in eastern South Dakota and western Iowa. Wasps were reared to confirm plant association, host aphid association, taxonomic diversity, and native or introduced status of the wasps. Acanthocaudus tissoti (Smith) and Aphidius (Aphidius) ohioensis (Smith) were found together on the native aphid Uroleucon (Uroleucon) nigrotuberculatum (Olive), a new host aphid species for both wasps on Solidago canadensis L. (Asterales: Asteraceae). The native waspLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) was repeatedly reared in mas- sive numbers from mummies of invasive Aphis glycines Matsumura on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. This wasp was also reared from the non-nativeAphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe and the native Aphis asclepiadis Fitch, both on Asclepias syriaca L. The introduced wasp Binodoxys communis (Gahan) was not recovered from any Aphis glycines population. Hyperparasitoids from the genus Dendrocerus Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae), and the pteromalid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) genera Asaphes Walker, and Pachyneuron Walker were reared from mummies of Uroleucon (Uroleucon) nigrotuberculatum parasitized by either Acanthocaudus tissoti or Aphidius (Aphidius) ohioensis. -
Diapause Expression in a Québec, Canada Population of the Parasitoid Aphidius Ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
345 Diapause expression in a Québec, Canada population of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Kévin Tougeron1 , Joan van Baaren, Cécile Le Lann, and Jacques Brodeur Abstract—Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a major natural enemy of several agricultural pests in North America. Yet little is known about its overwintering strategy, especially concerning the plastic response to photoperiod and temperature that induce diapause. Information on parasitoid overwintering patterns is of great importance if we aim to predict their phenology and better inform pest outbreak control. Moreover, there is increasing evidence of plastic and genetic changes in overwintering strategies in insect from temperate areas following climate change. We set up a laboratory approach to better understand the factors acting on diapause induction in A. ervi.We studied the diapause incidence in a population from Québec, Canada, using the combination of two temperatures (14 °C and 20 °C) and three photoperiod treatments (10:14, 12:12, 14:10 [light:dark] hours). We found an effect of both factors on diapause incidence; A. ervi expressed close to 95% of diapause at the most fall-like conditions (14 °C, 10:14 [light:dark] hours) and almost no diapause (3.5%) at the most summer-like conditions tested (20 °C, 14:10 [light:dark] hours). This parasitoid species does have the potential to enter diapause in Québec before lethal frosts, despite a recent introduction from France (1960s), where mild winter occurs compared with Québec. Résumé—Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) est un des principaux ennemis naturels de plusieurs ravageurs agricoles en Amérique du Nord. -
Survey of Internal Parasites of Potato-Infesting Aphids in Northeastern Maine, 1963 Through 1969
SURVEY OF INTERNAL PARASITES OF POTATO-INFESTING APHIDS IN NORTHEASTERN MAINE, 1963 THROUGH 1969 W. A. Shands, Geddes W. Simpson, and Corinne C. Gordon A Cooperative Publication of the Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Maine at Orono, and the Entomology Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture University of Maine at Orono TECHNICAL BULLETIN 60 AUGUST, 1972 CONTENTS Acknowledgment 2 Introduction 3 Procedure 4 Role of parasites in control of aphids on potato plants not treated with insecticides 5 Abundance of parasitized aphids on field-growing potatoes 5 Seasonal variation in abundance of the parasitized aphids 6 Average seasonal abundance of mummified potato- infesting aphids of three species 8 The parasites . 8 Parasites reared from the potato aphid 10 Parasites reared from the green peach aphid 11 Parasites reared from the buckthorn aphid 12 Parasites reared from the foxglove aphid 13 Summary and conclusions 14 References cited 1? ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are grateful to several entomologists of the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Branch, of the former Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agricul ture, for assistance during the present study. These include P. M. Marsh, who identified the adult primary parasites in the family Braconidae, and adult hyperparasites in the family Ceraphronidae; B. D. Burks and W. A. Crawford, who identified the adult hyperparasites in the families Pteromalidae and Cynipidae; and R. I. Sailer, Chief of the Branch, who lent his support and encouragement. Research reported herein was supported in part by Hatch funds. Survey of Internal Parasites of Potato-Infesting Aphids in Northeastern Maine, 1963 through 1969 \V. -
Effect of Diapause on Cold-Resistance in Different Life-Stages of an Aphid Parasitoid Wasp
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/489427; this version posted December 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Effect of diapause on cold-resistance in different life-stages of an aphid parasitoid wasp Authors and affiliations: Tougeron K.1, 2, Blanchet L.1, van Baaren J.1, Le Lann C.1 & Brodeur J.2 1 UMR 6553 Ecobio, Université de Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France. 2 Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal (QC), Canada H1X 2B2. Corresponding author: [email protected] This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed Abstract To overwinter, insects from mild temperate areas can either enter diapause or remain active. Both strategies involve costs and benefits depending on the environment. In the first case, the emerging individuals will resist winter but have a reduced fitness because diapause entails physiological and ecological costs. In the second case, individuals need to be cold-resistant enough to withstand winter temperatures during their immature and adult stages, but could avoid diapause-associated costs. In mild temperate areas, the cost-benefit balance between the diapause and the non-diapause strategy would likely change in response to climate warming. A trade-off between these two strategies should lead to reduction of diapause expression in some populations. -
Beta-Diversity in Brazilian Montane Forests
Canadian Journal of Zoology Macroecological approach for scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones): beta-diversity in Brazilian montane forests Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Manuscript ID cjz-2019-0008.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 09-Apr-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Foerster, Stênio; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética DeSouza, Adriano; Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Lira, André; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós- GraduaçãoDraft em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia. Rua Professor Moraes Rego, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Cep 50670-420. Is your manuscript invited for consideration in a Special Not applicable (regular submission) Issue?: Macroecology, Caatinga, Brejos de altitude, Scorpions, BIOGEOGRAPHY Keyword: < Discipline, ECOLOGY < Discipline, Scorpiones https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjz-pubs Page 1 of 37 Canadian Journal of Zoology Macroecological approach for scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones): beta-diversity in Brazilian montane forests S.I.A. Foerster1*, A.M. DeSouza2, A.F.A Lira3 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50740- 580, Recife, Brazil. [email protected] 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da DraftParaíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, Brazil. [email protected] 3Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil, CEP 50670-420. [email protected] *Author for correspondence: [email protected] 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjz-pubs Canadian Journal of Zoology Page 2 of 37 Macroecological approach for scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones): beta-diversity in Brazilian montane forests S.I.A. -
The Effect of the Quality and Size of Host Aphid Species on the Biological Characteristics of Aphidius Colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 489–494, 2008 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1356 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) The effect of the quality and size of host aphid species on the biological characteristics of Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) MARCUS VINICIUS SAMPAIO*, VANDA HELENA PAES BUENO and BRUNO FREITAS DE CONTI Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Entomologia, Caixa postal 3537, CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Aphidius colemani, Aphis gossypii, Aphidiidae, Aphidiinae, Braconidae, Brevicoryne brassicae, fitness, host quality, Myzus persicae, parasitoid, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Schizaphis graminum Abstract. A suitable host provides, at least, the minimum nutritional and physiological conditions for the development of the imma- ture stages of a parasitoid. Host quality may influence the developmental time, mortality rate, longevity and fecundity of parasitoids. This work evaluates the suitability and quality of Aphis gossypii Glover, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linné), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) as hosts for Aphidius colemani Viereck. Twenty second-instar nymphs of each aphid species were exposed to parasitism for one hour, and then kept in a climatic chamber at 22 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and a 12 h photophase. The aphid B. brassicae was unsuitable for the development of A. colemani. The different aphid host spe- cies varied in size: M. persicae > (R. maidis = S. graminum) > A. gossypii. Parasitoid fitness decreased accordingly when reared on (M. persicae = R. maidis) > S. graminum > A. gossypii. Large hosts seem to be better than small hosts based on parasitoid size. Egg load of A. -
Two New Cases of Metasomal Duplication in Scorpions, with Notes on Their Reproductive Biology (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, nº 24 (30/06/2014): 127–129. NOTA CIENTÍFICA Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología (S.E.A.). ISSN: 1576 - 9518. http://www.sea-entomologia.org/ Two new cases of metasomal duplication in scorpions, with notes on their reproductive biology (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Michael Seiter¹ & Rolando Teruel² ¹ Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Peter Jordan Straße 82; Vienna 1190. Austria – [email protected] ² Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), Museo de Historia Natural "Tomás Romay"; José A. Saco # 601, esquina a Barnada; Santiago de Cuba 90100. Cuba – [email protected] Abstract: Herein we report two further cases of metasoma duplication in buthid scorpions: a second instar juvenile Tityus obscurus (Gervais, 1843) and an adult female Centruroides nitidus Thorell, 1876. Both individuals were born in captivity; the former died after its first ecdysis, but the latter reached adulthood and reproduced normally. This represents the first published record of the occurrence of such an anomaly in either species. Key words: Scorpiones, Buthidae, anomaly, double metasoma, reproductive biology. Dos nuevos casos de duplicación metasomal en escorpiones y notas sobre su biología reproductiva (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Resumen: Se reportan dos casos adicionales de duplicidad del metasoma en escorpiones Buthidae: una ninfa I de Tityus obscurus (Gervais, 1843) y una hembra adulta de Centruroides nitidus Thorell, 1876. Ambos individuos nacieron en cautividad; el primero de ellos murió luego de su primera ecdisis, pero el segundo alcanzó la adultez y se reprodujo normalmente. Este representa el primer registro publicado de la ocurrencia de dicha anomalía en ambas especies. -
Phylogeny of Arthropoda Inferred from Mitochondrial Sequences: Strategies for Limiting the Misleading Effects of Multiple Changes in Pattern and Rates of Substitution
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (2006) 100–116 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: Strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution Alexandre Hassanin * Muse´um National dÕHistoire Naturelle, De´partement Syste´matique et Evolution, UMR 5202—Origine, Structure, et Evolution de la Biodiversite´, Case postale No. 51, 55, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Received 17 March 2005; revised 8 August 2005; accepted for publication 6 September 2005 Available online 14 November 2005 Abstract In this study, mitochondrial sequences were used to investigate the relationships among the major lineages of Arthropoda. The data matrix used for the analyses includes 84 taxa and 3918 nucleotides representing six mitochondrial protein-coding genes (atp6 and 8, cox1–3, and nad2). The analyses of nucleotide composition show that a reverse strand-bias, i.e., characterized by an excess of T relative to A nucleotides and of G relative to C nucleotides, was independently acquired in six different lineages of Arthropoda: (1) the honeybee mite (Varroa), (2) Opisthothelae spiders (Argiope, Habronattus, and Ornithoctonus), (3) scorpions (Euscorpius and Mesobuthus), (4) Hutchinsoniella (Cephalocarid), (5) Tigriopus (Copepod), and (6) whiteflies (Aleurodicus and Trialeurodes). Phylogenetic analyses confirm that these convergences in nucleotide composition can be particularly misleading for tree reconstruction, as unrelated taxa with reverse strand-bias tend to group together in MP, ML, and Bayesian analyses. However, the use of a specific model for minimizing effects of the bias, the ‘‘Neutral Transition Exclusion’’ (NTE) model, allows Bayesian analyses to rediscover most of the higher taxa of Arthropoda. -
Compatibility of the Parasitoid Aphidius Matricariae with Botanigard for the Control of Greenhouse Aphids
Compatibility of the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae with BotaniGard for the control of greenhouse aphids by Yasaman Norouzi B.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 2011 Thesis in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Pest Management in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science ©Yasaman Norouzi 2013 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2013 Approval Name: Yasaman Norouzi Degree: Master of Pest Management Title of Thesis: Compatibility of the parasitoid Aphidius matricariae with BotaniGard for the control of greenhouse aphids Examining Committee: Chair: John Reynolds Professor Jennifer Cory Senior Supervisor Professor Bernard Roitberg Supervisor Professor David Gillespie Supervisor Research Scientist Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Deborah Henderson External Examiner Director Institute for Sustainable Horticulture Kwantlen Polytechnic University Date Defended/Approved: December 11, 2013 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract The simultaneous use of multiple biological control agents can be effective in suppressing pest populations, but the intraguild interactions that occur between biological control agents can disrupt biological control. I hypothesized that the combined use of the parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae, and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (in the form of commercialized product, BotaniGard) for controlling the greenhouse aphid pest, Myzus persicae, would have a positive effect on pest control. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory over short periods and in greenhouses over multiple generations. Although BotaniGard had negative interactions with the parasitoids in short time scale experiments, over an extended time the combined use of BotaniGard and parasitoids had synergistic effects on aphid suppression. The number of parasitoids present at the end of the experiments in longer-scale experiments was higher in treatments with BotaniGard application than in treatments with parasitoids alone. -
Offspring Sex Ratios in Parasitoid Wasps
This is an electronic version of the content of the article published as King, B.H. 1987. Offspring sex ratios in parasitoid wasps. Quarterly Review of Biology 62:367-396. The original publication is available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2829455 ABSTRACT Laboratory and field studies on about 100 species in sixteen families indicate that several factors can influence offspring sex ratios in parasitoid wasps. For many species, offspring sex ratio increases with one or more of the following: 1) maternal age at ovipositing or the amount of time since insemination, 2) the age of the male parent or the number of times he has copulated, 3) extreme temperature, 4) decreasing host size, age, or quality, 5) female wasp density, and 6) the number of progeny per host. Other factors which have been shown to affect offspring sex ratios in some species include: 1) number of hours since insemination, 2) genetic factors, 3) maternal size, 4) maternal diet, 5) polyembryony, 6) photoperiod and relative humidity, 7) host sex, and 8) host density. These factors may affect offspring sex ratios through females manipulating fertilization of their eggs or through other mechanisms such as differential mortality or changes in sperm availability. Theoretical development has focused primarily on females manipulating their offspring sex ratios in response to host size and/or to female density. Host size models predict a negative relationship between offspring sex ratio and host size. These models assume that host size has a greater effect on the reproductive success of females than of males. LMC models predict a positive relationship between offspring sex ratio and female density.