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University Sweden, began establishment of the http://www.nordicom.gu.se Studies and Reflections on Media in the Digital Age. Yearbook 2005/2006. International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and DIRECTOR: Ulla Carlsson Media, financed by the Swedish government and Cecilia von Feilitzen (Ed): Young People, Soap Operas and Reality TV. SCIENTIFIC CO-ORDINATOR: UNESCO. The overall point of departure for the Cecilia von Feilitzen Yearbook 2004. Tel:+46 8 608 48 58 Clearinghouse’s efforts with respect to children, youth Fax:+46 8 608 41 00 and media is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson (Eds): Promote or Protect? Perspectives E-mail: [email protected] Child. on Media Literacy and Media Regulations. Yearbook 2003. The aim of the Clearinghouse is to increase INFORMATION CO-ORDINATOR: Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson (Eds): Children, Young People and Media Catharina Bucht awareness and knowledge about children, youth and Globalisation. Yearbook 2002. Tel: +46 31 773 49 53 media, thereby providing a basis for relevant policy- Fax: +46 31 773 46 55 making, contributing to a constructive public debate, E-mail: Cecilia von Feilitzen & Catharina Bucht: Outlooks on Children and Media. Child [email protected] and enhancing children’s and young people’s media Rights, Media Trends, Media Research, Media Literacy, Child Participation, literacy and media competence. Moreover, it is hoped Declarations. Yearbook 2001. that the Clearinghouse’s work will stimulate further THE CLEARINGHOUSE Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson (Eds): Children in the New Media IS LOCATED AT NORDICOM research on children, youth and media. The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth Landscape. Games, Pornography, Perceptions. Yearbook 2000. Nordicom is an organ of and Media informs various groups of users – co-operation between the Nordic Cecilia von Feilitzen & Ulla Carlsson (Eds): Children and Media. Image, countries – Denmark, Finland, researchers, policy-makers, media professionals, Education, Participation. Yearbook 1999. Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The voluntary organisations, teachers, students and overriding goal and purpose is to interested individuals – about make the media and communication Ulla Carlsson & Cecilia von Feilitzen (Eds): Children and Media Violence. efforts undertaken in the Nordic Yearbook 1998. countries known, both throughout • research on children, young people and and far beyond our part of the media, with special attention to media Other publications world. violence Nordicom uses a variety of chan- Maria Jacobson: Young People and Gendered Media Messages. International nels – newsletters, journals, books, databases – to reach researchers, • research and practices regarding media Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, 2005. students, decisionmakers, media education and children’s/young people’s practitioners, journalists, teachers participation in the media Simon Egenfeldt-Nielsen & Jonas Heide Smith: Playing with Fire. How do and interested members of the Computer Games Influence the Player? International Clearinghouse on general public. Children, Youth and Media, 2004. Nordicom works to establish and • measures, activities and research concerning strengthen links between the children’s and young people’s media Ingegerd Rydin (Ed): Media Fascinations. Perspectives on Young People’s Nordic research community and environment. Meaning Making. Nordicom, Göteborg University, 2003. colleagues in all parts of the world, both by means of unilateral flows Cecilia von Feilitzen: Influences of Media Violence. A Brief Research and by linking individual Fundamental to the work of the Clearinghouse is the researchers, research groups and creation of a global network. The Clearinghouse Summary. International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, 2001. institutions. publishes a yearbook and a newsletter. Several Nordicom also documents media bibliographies and a worldwide register of organisations trends in the Nordic countries. The concerned with children and media have been compiled. joint Nordic information addresses users in Europe and further afield. This and other information is available on the The production of comparative Clearinghouse’s web site: www.nordicom.gu.se/ media statistics forms the core of clearinghouse.php this service. Nordicom is funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. REGULATION, AWARENESS, EMPOWERMENT YOUNG PEOPLE AND HARMFUL MEDIA CONTENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE H titelsida.pmd 2 2006-06-16, 12:26 REGULATION, AWARENESS, EMPOWERMENT YOUNG PEOPLE AND HARMFUL MEDIA CONTENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE ULLA CARLSSON (Ed.) The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media NORDICOM Regulation, Awareness, Empowerment Young People and Harmful Media Content in the Digital Age Editor: Ulla Carlsson We would like to acknowledge the support of UNESCO in producing this publication © Editorial matters and selections, the editor; articles, individual contributors The authors are responsible for the choice, the presentation of the facts contained in these articles, and the opinion expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the organization. The designations employed and presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 91-89471-39-3 Published by: The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media Nordicom Göteborg University Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Karin Persson Printed by: Livréna AB, Kungälv, Sweden, 2006 Environmental certification according to ISO 14001 Contents Acknowledgement 7 Foreword 9 Ulla Carlsson Introduction. Media Governance: Harm and Offence in Media Content 11 Sonia Livingstone & Andrea Millwood Hargrave Harmful to Children? Drawing Conclusions from Empirical Research on Media Effects 21 Wolfgang Schulz & Thorsten Held Together They Are Strong? Co-Regulatory Approaches for the Protection of Minors within the European Union 49 Bu Wei Child Protection Issues in Chinese Media 67 Divina Frau-Meigs Media Regulation, Self-regulation and Education. Debunking Some Myths and Retooling Some Working Paradigms 83 Juliet B. Schor When Childhood Gets Commercialized, Can Children Be Protected? 101 Vítor Reia Baptista New Environments of Media Exposure. Internet and Narrative Structures: From Media Education to Media Pedagogy and Media Literacy 123 Ulla Carlsson Violence and Pornography in the Media. Public Views on the Influence Media Violence and Pornography Exert on Young People 135 Raising Media and Internet Literacy Activities, Projects and Resources 155 What is Media and Information Literacy? 157 I Media Literacy for Children, Young People and Parents 163 II Media Literacy for Children, Young People, Adults and Media Educators 181 III Children’s and Young People’s Own Media Production 203 IV Media Literacy for Media Professionals 227 V Internet Literacy 257 References 281 Authors 285 Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the support of UNESCO in producing this publication. 7 Foreword In 2005 UNESCO asked the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media to prepare a publication on “Efforts and Innovative Approaches to Reduce Violence in Electronic and Digital Media”. The present volume presents the results of the work the Clearinghouse has done in response to that request. Modern information technology has transformed the media landscape and the media culture dramatically over the past decade, offering a steadily swelling flow of material through many new channels. Although there are media, digital and information divides in the world, more and more people have access to an enor- mous array of knowledge and diversions of many kinds – on television, on the Internet, and in mobile telephones. Many parents, teachers and policy-makers are concerned about the negative influence they believe media exert on children and young people. There is particular concern about depictions of violence in the media. But in today’s world violence is only part of the problem. There are also pornographic films and images, excessive marketing, stereotypical and dis- respectful depictions of young people, women and minorities, hate-mongering messages, and so forth. Interactive media like the Internet also imply invitations to risky behaviour in real life in connection with media use. Violence is no longer an adequate heading; today, terms like “harmful media content” or “harm
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