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Well Testing in Low Permeability Environments"

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Well Testing in Low Permeability Environments Or- sO^O 1^ -RS 15^ LBL-I207o UC-70 CONF-tf0034J 3fd INVITATIONAL WELL-TESTING SYMPOSIUM "Well Testing in Low Permeability Environments" PtOC ^—J March 26- Earth Sciences Division |Lij Lawrence BerkelBerkelef y Laboratory • University of California kaiI BerkeleyB , California 94720 Thb work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Office of Industrial and Utilily Applications and Operations Division of Geo thermal Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-7US-ENG-4S. m*mv* w n&MCDMn is MUTOD LBL-1Z076 UC-70 CONF-800344 THIRD INVITATIONAL WELL-TESTING SYMPOSIUM "Well Testing in Low Permeability Environments" March 26 - 28, 1980 MASTER Thomas W. Doe and Werner 0. Schwarz Editors Earth Sciences Division University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California March 1981 This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Office of Industrial and Utility Applications and Opera­ tions Division of Geothermal Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48. KtMiniOH Of THIS DOCUMENT IS IMUMEO CONTENTS Preface vi OPENING SESSION R. C. Schroeder, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory - Chairman S. N. Davis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona "Waste Isolation" 1 R. Agarwal, Amoco Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, "Oil and Gas" 2 Don Banks, USA, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi "The Role of Well-Testing in Civil Engineering" 3 L. Aamodt, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico "Geothermal Engineering (HDR & Stimulation)" 11 CASE HISTORIES AND RELATED PHENOMENA R. C. Schroeder, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory - Chairman L. A. Rogers, "Well-Testing in Tight Gas Sands" 14 K. E. Almen, L. Carlsson, and K. Hansson, "Some Experience from Well-Testing in Precambrian Rocks of Sweden" 15 J. C. S. Long, P. A. V.'itherspoon, C. R. Wilson, and A. 0. DuBois, "Large-scale Permeability Testing at Stripa". ... 38 M. Voegele, R. McCain, and H. Pratt, "In Situ Permeability Measurements for an Underground Compressed Air Storage Project 45 D. Katz, "Capillary Effects in Rocks of the Earth; Influence on Well Behavior" 51 P. Nelson and R. Rachiele, "Randon as an Indicator of Wellbore Infiltration Rates in Uraniferous Igenous Rock" 64 E. Peterson and P. Lagus, "In Situ Low Permeability Measure­ ments in Salt at the WIPP Site" 66 WELL TEST DESIGN IN LOW PERMEABILITY FORMATIONS J. Gale, University.of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada - Chairman G. Thompson, "Considerations for Tracer Tests in Low Permeability Formations" 67 C. Forster and J. Gale, "Injection Versus Pressure Pulse Borehold Tests in Fractured Crystalline Rock" 74 T. Doe and J. Remer, "Analysis of Constant-head Well Tests in Nonporous Fractured Rock" 84 G. Grisak, "Solute Tracer Tests in Fractured Media" 90 D. Updegraff, K. Kennedy, A. Bakr, C, Culver, and J. Kam, "Testing Low to Moderately Permeable Units in Basalt Rocks" 94 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST DATA S. Papadopulos, Potomoc, Maryland - Chairman C. Neuzil and J. Bredehoeft, "Measurement of In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity in the Cretaceous Pierre Shale" 96 D. P. Theiry, "Analysis of Pumping Tests Performed in a Horizontal Rectangular Fracture" 103 G. S. Bodvarsson and C. F. Tsang, "Thermal Effects in Well Tests of Fractured Reservoirs" 110 B. Kanehiro and T. N. Narasimhan, "The Response of Aquifers to the Earth Tides" 120 H. Ramey, Jr., "A Drawdown and Build-up Type Curve for Interference Testing" 130 INSTRUMENTATION FOR WELL TESTS T. W. Doe, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory - Chairman F. Patton and W. Black, "Multiple Pressure Measurements and Water Samples in Small Diameter Boreholes 135 A. F. Veneruso and T. D. McConnell, "Pressure Measurements in Low Permeability Formations" -. 136 H. 0. Miller, "Instrumentation for Determining Rock Mass Permeability by Hydro-Pneumatic Pressure Testing" 153 M. Zoback, "Fracture Characterization in Crystalline Rock with Borehole Televiewer" 157 K. Kennedy and W. Miller, "Oownhole Double Packer Instrumentation with High Pressure Resolution Capability and Immediate Surface Monitoring Above, Below, and in the Straddled Interval" . 158 List of Participants -169— Name Index PREFACE Thomas W. Doe and Werner J. Schwarz The goal of the LBL invitational Well Testing Symposiums has been to encourage the interchange of ideas and technology between the fields of Reservoir Engineering, Hydrogeology, Civil Engineering, and energy related Earth Sciences. The initial symposium in 1977 included papers of a wide variety of interests in geothermal well testing. For the second symposium, the subject of injection of fluids underground was selected to focus the symposium proceedings. Following the precedent of the second symposium, a topic was chosen focusing the proceedings of the third symposium on the testing of low permeability rocks. Unlike the previous symposiums, which were primarily geothermal in nature, the testing of low permeability rocks is a problem common to waste disposal, fossil energy resource develop­ ment, and underground excavation for civil or mining purposes as well as to geothermal energy development. The development of well-testing in some of these fields has proceeded somewhat independently of the others, hence an interdisciplinary symposium on this topic was felt to be most appropriate. During the last decade the need for low permeability well-testing has increased significantly. Within the energy resource field there has been the development of hot dry rock geothermal systems, exploita­ tion of tight gas sands, and the development of in situ processing for oil shale and coal. The waste isolation area has seen both radioactive and toxic non radioactive waste disposal in tight formations become an urgent national concern. In the civil and mining areas the use of underground excavations for housing power structures and deep mining for increasingly scarce resources are requiring more and better ground water flow information. The basic challenge of low permeability well testing is the performance of a test within a reasonable length of time, within the sensitivity of the instrumentation, and affecting a significant volume of rock. Although the governing equations for fluid are not greatly changed by the low value of a rock's permeability, well test techniques -vi- developed for production of fluids in high permeability rocks may not be appropriate due to such factors as the time required for the test or well bore storage. The instrumentation needs are also important as flowmeters and pressure gages need greater reliability and sensitivity for injection tests, interference tests, and other techniques. Although there is much work yet to be done in low permeability well- testing, the papers presented in this volume are a fair representation of the significant progress that has been made in the last few years. The Earth Sciences Division selected a third symposium organizing committee, under the chairmanship of Professor Paul A. Witherspoon. Members were Thomas W. Doe, T. N. Narasimhan, Ron C. Schroeder and Werner 0. Schwarz. The symposium and the proceedings were edited by Thomas W. Doe and Werner J. Schwarz. The symposium provided a forum for the over 130 participants in which to exchange ideas and present new information on low permeability rocks. The emphasis was on reviewing existing capabilities, identify­ ing current limitations, and generating new ideas for meeting the Department of Energy/Division of Geothermal Energy goals. The opening session was chaired by Ron C. Schroeder and Professor Paul A. Witherspoon who gave the keynote address. The participants represented the major national laboratories, federal and state governments, industry, utilities, independent con­ sultants, 9 major universities, Canada, England, Germany, Mexico, and Sweden. Abstracts and papers from non Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory authors are being reproduced unchanged. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory papers were reviewed by the Earth Sciences Division's Publications Committee and by the Technical Information Department. ABSTRACT PERMEABILITY OF DENSE ROCK WITH PARTICULAR RELATION TO THE ISOLATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE S. N. Davis University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Curing the past decade, the determination of the permeability of very dense rocks has been of increasing importance owing to activities such as 1) the geologic isolation of hazardous wastes, 2) the storage of hydrocarbon fuels, 3) the design of dry-rock geothermal schemes, 4) the study of the distribution of ore deposits, and 5) the investigation of the generating mechanisms of earthquakes. Hazardous wastes must be isolated for periods of time ranging from a few years to more than 10,000 years. Rock permeability, which con­ trols the rate of redistribution of the waste by groundwater, is not entirely a predictable property over the longer time spans. As a consequence, geochemical techniques of dating water and secondary minerals are being considered as a means to reconstruct the history of permeability changes within a rock with the objective of trying to predict the nature and possible magnitude of future changes. -l- ABSTRACT ROLE OF MASSIVE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN THE EXPLOITATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS RESERVES IN LOW PERMEABILITY FORMATIONS Ram G. Agarwal Amoco Production Company Tulsa, Oklahoma Massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) appears to be a proven stimulation technique for commercially developing natural gas resources contained in low permeability formations. This paper briefly reviews
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