Delle Monster Girls Nella Produzione Contemporanea Di Manga E Anime

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Delle Monster Girls Nella Produzione Contemporanea Di Manga E Anime p i a n o b . A R T I E C U L T U R E V I S I V E ISSN 2531-9876 116 I “limiti” delle monster girls nella produzione contemporanea di manga e anime FRANCESCO TONIOLO Il contesto: le monster girls in occidente Verso l’inizio di novembre 2013 la classifica best sellers del “New York Ti- mes” riporta, in prima posizione alla voce “manga” (fumetti giapponesi), una serie appena giunta sul mercato occidentale: Monster Musume. Eve- ryday Life with Monster Girls (Monsutā musume no iru nichijō, Okayado, 2012 - in corso)1. La trama di questo fumetto ricalca gli elementi ricor- renti in numerosi altri prodotti comedy/erotici di genere harem2, ma in- troduce un gruppo di monster girls al posto di normali ragazze. Si tratta di versioni antropomorfizzate e sessualizzate di mostri mitologici, animali e altre creature del folklore orientale e occidentale. La trama è poco più che un pretesto: per una serie di equivoci il giovane Kimihito Kurusu de- ve ospitare nella sua casa alcune “ragazze mostro” giunte in Giappone per un programma di scambio culturale. La convivenza forzata alimenta l’accadimento ricorsivo di situazioni legate ai due elementi su cui è incen- trato Monster Musume: momenti comici ed erotismo. Anche in assenza di rapporti sessuali e di una rappresentazione grafica dei genitali (da cui 1 Da qui in avanti indicato semplicemente come “Monster Musume” per definirlo nel suo complesso. Le citazioni saranno riportate dall’edizione italiana, nella traduzione di Matteo Cremaschi, o dall’edizione inglese della Seven Seas Entertainment per i numeri ancora ine- diti in Italia. Nel presente saggio i titoli originari dei manga e anime citati non saranno ripor- tati con gli ideogrammi (kanji e kana) ma nella loro trascrizione in caratteri latini (rōmaji), secondo il sistema Hepburn, in cui le vocali vengono lette come quelle italiane, mentre le consonanti sono come quelle inglesi. Il trattino su una vocale ne indica l’allungamento ed è stato sempre mantenuto, tranne nei termini ormai entrati nell’uso comune (es. Tokyo inve- ce di Tōkyō). I nomi di persona vengono indicati all’occidentale, prima col nome e poi col cognome. Nel testo e in bibliografia i mangaka sono citati col loro pseudonimo, ove presen- te. 2 Vengono così definite, nel fandom, le storie in cui un protagonista (o, talvolta, una prota- gonista) si trova a contatto per buona parte del tempo con un più o meno vasto numero di pretendenti. vol. 2 n. 2 | 2017 | Toniolo DOI: 10.6092/issn.2531-9876/8383 p i a n o b . A R T I E C U L T U R E V I S I V E ISSN 2531-9876 117 deriva il rating 16+, cioè “older teen”, al posto di 18+), il manga contiene diverse scene di nudo e ammiccamenti al sesso. La presenza di un simile prodotto, basato su creature non umane ses- sualizzate, come best seller settimanale del “New York Times”3 ha suscita- to una discreta curiosità, in quanto un manga pensato per un pubblico ristretto ha superato le vendite di famose serie come Attack on Titan (Shingeki no Kiojin, Hajime Isayama, 2009 – in corso) e Bleach (Tite Kubo, 2001 – 2016), basate sui combattimenti e molto letti da giovani ragazzi e ragazze. Il traguardo è parzialmente spiegabile considerando la presenza già da alcune settimane, nella classifica, dei volumi di altre serie, ma col passare del tempo Monster Musume ha fatto più volte ritorno nell’elenco dei best sellers, talvolta nuovamente in prima posizione4. In Giappone le vendite di Monster Musume rimangono numericamente superiori, con circa settecentomila copie vendute all’inizio del 20145, che superano i due milioni nel 2016 (Edwards, 2016); considerando le differenze fra i due mercati, però, risulta molto più significativo il dato nordamericano, sia perché delle vendite milionarie per un manga, in Giappone, sono piuttosto comuni6, sia perché in quel territorio erano già presenti diversi altri prodotti, erotici e non, legati alle monster girls. Alcuni di questi ultimi hanno iniziato a raggiungere progressivamente anche altri mercati, trai- nati dal successo di Monster Musume (Jensen, 2014b), come Interviews With Monster Girls (Demi-chan wa kataritai, Petos, 2014 – in corso), Nurse Hitomi’s Monster Infirmary (Hitomi-sensei no Hokenshitsu, Shake-O, 2013 – in corso), A Centaur’s Life (Sentōru no nayami, Kei Murayama, 2010 – in corso), My Girlfriend is a T-Rex (T-Rex na kanojo, Sanzo, 2014 – 2015), 12 Beast (Tueruvu Bīsuto, Okayado, 2013 – in corso) e molti altri. I diritti per le edizioni inglesi sono stati acquisiti in larga parte da Seven Seas Enter- tainment, la quale dopo aver tradotto Monster Musume ha deciso di pro- seguire nello sfruttamento del filone, avendo a disposizione un bacino sempre crescente di manga giapponesi sul tema. Nel frattempo Studio 3 La classifica del 03/11/2013 è tutt’ora consultabile sul loro sito (The New York Times, 2013). 4 Il sito dell’editore (Seven Seas Entertainment, 2017) riporta un elenco, aggiornato a gen- naio 2017, delle sue pubblicazioni presenti fra i best sellers del “New York Times”, in cui Monster Musume ricorre più volte. 5 Come riporta in apertura la versione giapponese del capitolo 22 di Monster Musume (Oka- yado, 2017a). 6 Per alcuni esempi sulla differenza fra i mercati, in termine di vendite, si veda Pellitteri (2008, pp. 72–73), in cui sono riportati casi leggermente antecedenti rispetto al periodo qui considerato, ma comunque utili per comprendere l’ordine di grandezza. vol. 2 n. 2 | 2017 | Toniolo DOI: 10.6092/issn.2531-9876/8383 p i a n o b . A R T I E C U L T U R E V I S I V E ISSN 2531-9876 118 Lerche ha realizzato un anime di dodici episodi, che ripercorrono i primi capitoli di Monster Musume e sono andati in onda nel 2015 in Giappone. Nello stesso periodo è stato anche rilasciato un videogioco online, realiz- zato da DMM Games, ma il servizio è terminato a novembre 2016 (Cha- pman, 2016), probabilmente anche perché il blocco territoriale e la lin- gua giapponese avevano escluso i nuovi fan acquisiti in America ed Eu- ropa, limitando la potenziale diffusione del videogioco. Monster Musume ha dunque portato a differenti considerazioni, più o meno possibilistiche, su due principali questioni: la possibilità di un suc- cesso in occidente per le monster girls e, a fianco, un rilancio di prodotti cartacei a contenuto erotico o pornografico, dopo il loro forte ridimen- sionamento con la diffusione di internet. Del resto, non senza un certo elemento paradossale, internet stesso avrebbe potuto suggerire il po- tenziale successo delle monster girls su un mercato diverso da quello giapponese. Già prima della traduzione ufficiale di Seven Seas Enter- tainment, infatti, molti manga dedicati alle “ragazze mostro” erano stati tradotti in forma amatoriale dagli appassionati e diffusi in rete. Le scans con traduzioni amatoriali venivano diffuse insieme a fanarts e altri con- tenuti dal basso attraverso piattaforme come Reddit, Tumblr e 4chan7. Gli appassionati delle monster girls, dunque, non “nascono” improvvisamen- te con la pubblicazione del primo numero di Monster Musume, ma con questo evento il loro fandom viene alla luce, rivelandosi inoltre disponibi- le a spendere – al pari dei fan di molti altri universi mediali – somme tal- volta ingenti per la propria passione8. A fianco di questo aspetto commerciale, il prodotto si rivela significativo anche perché pone sotto una nuova luce alcuni “limiti” di varia natura, la cui presenza ha innervato in maniera più o meno costante tutta la pro- duzione manga: il limite fra erotico e pornografico (o ecchi e hentai, come si dirà in seguito), fra umano e non umano, fra uomo e donna, fra ester- no e interno. 7 Soprattutto in boards come /a/ (anime) e /d/ (deviant) a seconda della natura più o meno pornografica dei contenuti. Sulla pratica delle scanlations e delle traduzioni amatoriali si rimanda a Lee (2009) e Denison (2011). 8 A fianco degli economici manga, infatti, hanno venduto bene anche i – per ora pochi – og- getti da collezione legati alla serie, come il cofanetto in edizione limitata della serie animata e la figure di Miia, una delle protagoniste, realizzata da Di Molto Bene. vol. 2 n. 2 | 2017 | Toniolo DOI: 10.6092/issn.2531-9876/8383 p i a n o b . A R T I E C U L T U R E V I S I V E ISSN 2531-9876 119 Primo limite: ecchi e hentai Circa un terzo dei film prodotti in Giappone rientrano nella categoria dei pinku eiga (pink film) o sono comunque legati a un contesto softcore (La- marre, 2007, p. 23; Boscarol, 2008); fra gli otaku giapponesi sono diffusi i videogiochi di genere dating sim (i “simulatori di appuntamento”) e altri prodotti focalizzati su fittizie e desiderabili bishōjo (“belle ragazze”: Gal- braith, 2015; Saitō, 2003, 2007); periodicamente insorgono, in diversi paesi, associazioni di genitori preoccupati per l’esistenza di manga erotici o pornografici (Yui, 2008, p. XXII). La produzione giapponese legata a que- sta tipologia di prodotti non è, insomma, indifferente o ininfluente. Nel contesto occidentale, in linea di massima, i manga e anime dal contenuto esplicitamente pornografico sono definiti hentai, mentre per quelli erotici viene usata l’etichetta ecchi (o etchi). L’originario impiego giapponese dei due termini è però differente: ecchi indica un generico contenuto sessua- le, mentre hentai è utilizzato per rapporti ritenuti perversi o estremi, co- me in presenza di bambini o partner mostruosi9. L’interesse per la ses- sualità perversa produsse inoltre, a partire dagli anni ’20, una corrente nota come ero-guro-nansensu (nonsense erotico grottesco), il quale non ricade né nell’horror né nella pornografia, ma racchiude elementi di en- trambi i generi, proponendo una sovraesposizione di corpi mutilati e si- tuazioni paradossali legate al macabro, al sesso e a umori di qualsiasi ti- pologia (Cheung, 2015).
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