Social Monitoring Report

Project Number: 39228 August 2009

PRC: Xinjiang Municipal Infrastructure and Environmental Improvement Project

Prepared by Xinjiang Agricultural University Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PRC

For Xinjiang Project Management Office

This report has been submitted to ADB by the Xinjiang Provincial Government Project Management Office and is made publicly available in accordance with ADB’s public communications policy (2005). It does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB. . ADB-financed Project of Yining City Roads and Public Utilities Construction

Baseline Finding Report on Ethnic Minority Development Plan of Yining City Roads and Public Utilities Construction Project (Year of 2008)

Xinjiang Agricultural University

August, 2009

Yining City Roads and Public Utilities Construction Project Baseline Finding Report on Ethnic MinorityDevelopmentPlan (Year of 2008)

Project leaders: ZHU Meiling CHAI Jun

Component leader: ZHAO Mingliang

Compiled by: ZHAO Mingliang ZHU Meiling

Data collected & analyzed by: ZHAO Mingliang SHA Lamu

RE Ziyan WANG Xiuqiang

ZHANG Yujie LIU Guoyong

Translated by: ZHANG Jianlei

Reviewed by: YANG Junxiao

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Profile of the Project...... 1 1.1 Background...... 1 1.1.1 Content of Project Construction ...... 1 1.1.2 Impact of Construction on Ethnic Minority...... 2 1.2 Profile of Ethnic Minority Development Plan...... 3 1.2.1 Objectives of Ethnic Minority Development Plan...... 3 1.2.2 Measures of Ethnic Minority Development Plan ...... 3 1.3 Purpose of Baseline-year Survey...... 4 1.4 Object and Range of Baseline-year Survey ...... 4 1.5 Survey Mode...... 4 1.6 Sample Size...... 5 2 Basic Socioeconomic Conditions of Project Area...... 6 2.1 Socioeconomic Conditions of Yining City ...... 6 2.1.1 Status of Land, Population and Labor Force ...... 6 2.1.2 Basic Status of Economic Development...... 7 2.1.3 Living Conditions of Residents ...... 8 2.2 Socioeconomic Conditions of Project Townships ...... 9 2.2.1 Socioeconomic Conditions of Hanbin Township ...... 9 2.2.2 Socioeconomic Conditions of Dadamutu Township...... 10 2.2.3 Socioeconomic Conditions of Kaerdun Township ...... 12 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Conditions of Qiongkeruike Sub-district ...... 13 2.3 Socioeconomic Conditions of Project Villages and Community...... 13 2.3.1 Hanbin Village of Hanbin Township ...... 13 2.3.2 Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township...... 14 2.3.3 Dongliang Village of Kaerdun Township ...... 14 2.3.4 Qiongkeruike Sub-district...... 14 3 Status of Social Security and Women in Project Area...... 14 3.1 Status of Social Security in Project Area ...... 15

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3.2 Status of Women ...... 16 4 Public Utilities, Transportation and Education Conditions of Project-affected Area ...... 17 4.1 Basic Road Conditions in Affected Area ...... 17 4.1.1 Basic Road Conditions...... 17 4.1.2 Conditions of Environmental Sanitation...... 17 4.2 Public Traffic Conditions in Affected Area...... 18 4.3 Sanitation and Education Status in Affected Area ...... 18 4.3.1 Medical and Public Health Departments at Project Villages and Sub-district ...... 18 4.3.2 Safety of Public Health...... 18 4.4 Education Status of Ethnic Minority...... 19 5 Analysis of Sample Ethnic Minority Characteristics in Project Area...... 19 5.1 Characteristics of Sample Ethnic Minority Population ...... 21 5.1.1 Number and Composing of Sample Ethnic Minority Population...... 21 5.1.2 Population and Labor Force of Sample Ethnic Minority Households...... 21 5.1.3 Education Sample Ethnic Minority Received...... 21 5.2 Employment Status of Sample Ethnic Minority ...... 22 6 Income and Expenditure of Ethnic Minority Sample Household in Project Area ...... 23 6.1 Income and Expenditure of Sample Rural Household of Ethnic Minority...... 23 6.2 Income and Expenditure of Sample Urban Household of Ethnic Minority .....24 7 Attitude and Satisfaction of Ethnic Minority at Project ...... 25 7.1 Analysis of Current Satisfaction on Living of Sample Ethnic Minority Households...... 25 7.2 Analysis of Residents’ Attitude to Resettlement...... 26

ii TABLES

Table 4-1 Public Traffic Conditions in Yining City...... 18

Table 5-1 Amount and Distribution of Ethnic Minority in Project Area ...... 21 Table 5-2 Population and Labor Force of Ethnic Minority Households in Project

Area...... 21 Table 6-1 Income and Expenses of Sample Rural Households of Ethnic Minority

in 2008 ...... 23 Table 6-2 Income and Expenses of Sample Urban Households of Ethnic Minority

in 2008 ...... 24

Table 7-1 Satisfaction of Sample Households on Living...... 27

Table 7-1 Attitudes of Sample Households to Resettlement...... 29

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1 Profile of the Project

1.1Background

1.1.1 Content of Project Construction

In Aug. 2006, the Project of Yining Urban Road and Public Utilities Construction was approved officially by Development and Reform Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as one of the projects financed by ADB Loan. The construction content covers:

(1) Road Works, consisting of 4 main roads and 32 laneways. The extension of main roads covers Chongqing Road, Shandong Road and Dongliang Street, the newly-built main road is Northern Xihuan Road, the total length is 13.23 km, and the total area is 42.1 thousand m2; due to the widening and lengthening of roads, land requisition and residential house demolishment are required, the total of affected households is 426, of which, 319 households of ethnic minority account for 74.88%; 164 urban households account for 38.5% and 262 rural households account for 61.5%. 66 households at Hanbin Village of Hanbin Township on Chongqing Road are affected, including 51 households of ethnic minority; 90 households at Hanbin Village of Hanbin Township on Shandong Road, including 64 households of ethnic minority; 66 households at Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township on Northern Xihuan Road, including 36 households of ethnic minority; 40 households at Dongliang Village of Kaerdun Township on Dongliang Street, including 31 ethnic minority; and 164 households (urban residents) in Qiongkeruike Sub-district, including 137 households of ethnic minority; the affected enterprise is 1 petrol station, and the affected small business shops are 100 shops on Dongliang Street; the total length of laneways is 132.61km, total area 806.2 thousand m2; since the width of laneways to be rebuilt would be similar to the original width, no land requisition and resettlement is required.

(2) Construction of Environmental Sanitation Facilities. The proposed environmental

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sanitation facilities mainly include garbage collection facilities on roadsides, environment-friendly public toilets, garbage collection trucks and road sweepers. 10 public flush toilets will be constructed along the four main roads and 35 public flush toilets will be constructed along the lanes. Each toilet will be 160 m2 and of a brick-concrete structure. In total, garbage collection facilities are dustbins and refuse transfer stations on roadsides, including 1,500 dustbins, 2250 refuse containers, 50 collection units, 12 garbage collection trucks, 4 road sweepers and 2 snow cleaning trucks.

1.1.2 Impact of Construction on Ethnic Minority

The Infrastructure and Environmental Improvement Project of Yining City financed with ADB loan will promote infrastructural construction and environmental improvement of Yining city and benefit ethnic minorities in urban and rural areas of Yining city, in particular the socioeconomic development of multi-ethnic areas, specifically: (1) improving the urban living environment and living standard, ensuring citizen’s transportation safety. Purpose-built roads and environment improvement facilities will equip the community with good living surroundings, convenient transport and increased living standard, in particular, the great convenience to travel of women and senior citizens; (2) promoting development of tourist industry, showing cultural characteristics of ethnic minority, especially helping to protect and conserve the culture of ethnic minority and increase the income of ethnic minority from tourist industry; (3) implementing the important strategy of “Stabilize Xinjiang and Flourish Xinjiang, Enrich People and Reinforce Frontier” and “the Eleventh Five-year Development Plan” of Yining City, expediting overall socioeconomic development, in particular, the development of economic co-operation zone; (4) providing job opportunity to ethnic minorities during the period of construction and operation, thus the income of ethnic minorities would be increased; (5) construction and completion of environment improvement facilities favor the decline of morbidity; (6) promoting the development of women enterprise and improving status of women. The negative impact caused by road works on residents on roadsides, however, is non-negligible, in particular, the main road works would affect both production and living of residents on roadsides during and after the construction; those 4 main roads are widened based on existing width, and the most direct impact would be imposed on

2 the residential houses and land of residents on roadsides, part of houses has to be demolished and part of collective land occupied permanently, which was contracted by farmer households. Of those affected households, there are 319 households of ethnic minority, accounting for 74.88% of total households. According to Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP), it is required to carry out a baseline survey on the villages, households and other businesses affected by land requisition and resettlement of the project in order to obtain information about their living, production and income status before resettlement, therefore, the restoration of their living, production and income status could be monitored, and the negative impact of project reduced. The term of baseline survey is the year of 2008. For this purpose, Ethnic Minority Development Plan is made by the project in order to compensate for the loss of all affected villages, households, enterprises and shops, restore their production (livelihood) and improve the standard of living at least to the pre-project level.

1.2Profile of Ethnic Minority Development Plan

1.2.1Objectives of Ethnic Minority Development Plan

The main objectives of EMDP are:(1) securing some intervention measures for development are in nature consistent with the social, cultural and economic organization of ethnic minority, and compatible with the demand and expectation of those people; (2) the design and implementation of the project ensure that the living standard of ethnic minority shall be at least the same as the pre-project level; (3) ethnic minority benefits from those development measures.

1.2.2Measures of Ethnic Minority Development Plan

The measures of Ethnic Minority Development Plan include:(1) to minimize land requisition and house demolishment by optimizing design plan; (2) to alleviate or eliminate the disturbance and impact caused by the construction; (3) to reduce disturbance to ethnic minority community; (4) to protect public health and security; (5) to employ local labor in project construction; (6) to encourage programs of women participation; (7) to strengthen public participation; (8) to increase the coverage of

3 public transit company and taxi company; (9) to increase the support to vulnerable groups; (10) skill training, including provision of technical training on crop farming and livestock breeding, tourist reception and service, labor skill, folk art and handicraft art, and Chinese learning as well; (11) to utilize local building materials and transport resources.

1.3Purpose of Baseline-year Survey

(1) To be familiar with current level and status of society and economy; (2) To obtain baseline data on basic socioeconomic status of Hanbin Village of Hanbin Township, Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township, Kaerdun Township and Qiongkeruike Sub-district affected by the project before the resettlement of the affected villages; (3) To obtain baseline data on production and income level of affected households; (4) To be familiar with baseline data on pre-project income and living level of affected ethnic minority; (5) To obtain baseline data on living standard of affected households; (6) To be familiar with pre-project status of road and infrastructure;

1.4 Object and Range of Baseline-year Survey

The object of baseline survey is affected household and business, specifically: —— affected villages: Dongliang Village, Hanbin Village and Bulake Village; —— affected sub-district: Qiongkeruike Sub-district; —— affected households: 262 rural households and 164 urban households, of which, most are households of ethnic minority. —— affected businesses: 100 small businesses, most of which are shops run by ethnic minority households.

1.5 Survey Mode

Field survey, random sampling and overall survey are adopted. 57 households in

4 4 villages and 1 sub-district (Hanbin Village (Shandong Road), Hanbin Village (Chongqing Road), Bulake Village, Dongliang Village and Qiongkeruike Sub-district) interviewed with field sampling survey; to collect basic data about socioeconomic development and residents’ production and living in affected area in 2008; and consult official statistics for the basic socioeconomic conditions of affected rural communities and affected areas as well.

1.6 Sample Size

In line with EMPD, to random sample 57 sample households of ethnic minority, of which, 21 households at Dongliang Village, 22 at Hanbin Village and 8 at Bulake Village on Northern Xihuan Road.

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2 Basic Socioeconomic Conditions of Project Area

2.1 Socioeconomic Conditions of Yining City

2.1.1 Status of Land, Population and Labor Force

The gross area of Yining city is 675.85 km2 and there are 8 townships, 1 town, 2 state-owned farms and 8 sub-districts under the jurisdiction. In 2008, the cultivated area is 15.45 thousand ha., total acreage planted 15.45 thousand ha., and the acreage planted with grain crop 11.37 thousand ha. By the end of 2008, total population of the whole city is 452030, nonagricultural population 305591, account for 67.6%, and agricultural population 146439, 32.4%. As a multi-ethnic city, Yining city sees 37 nationalities including Uygur, Han, Kazak, Hui and Mongolian etc. Of which, Uygur 223856, Han 156741, Kazak 20639, Hui 34116, account respectively for 49.5%, 34.7%, 4.6% and 7.5% of total population. The fertility rate is 12.11‰, mortality rate 1.96‰, and the natural increase rate 10.15‰. The number of total employed in the whole city is 163151, of which, the urban employed is 100509, which accounts for 61.6% (including the employed of ethnic minority 27966, account for 27.82% of the urban employed), and the rural employed is 62642, which accounts for 38.4%. In 2008, there are 8 secondary technical schools, colleges and universities in the area under Yining’s jurisdiction. In addition, there are 99 elementary or middle schools, of which, the amount of elementary schools is 67; those elementary and middle school have an enrollment of 83.6 thousand pupils and students, of which, the quantity of pupils is 46.6 thousand, account for 58.8%; the full-time teachers at those elementary and middle school are 5427 in the whole city. The amount of classes with bilingual teaching is 471, and 17504 pupils and students receive the bilingual teaching. The enrollment rate for the children of the statutory age is 100%, the proportion of pupils entering junior high school is 85.72%, and the proportion of students entering senior high school is 82.22%. The percent passing entrance examination for college is 83.5% in Chinese language, and 40.51% in ethnic minority languages.

6 2.1.2 Basic Status of Economic Development

The total output value of Yining city increase 16% and reaches 6.901 billion yuan in 2008. Of which, the primary, secondary and tertiary industries increase 5.6%, 21.8% and 14.4%, namely, 326 million yuan, 2.036 billion yuan and 4.538 billion yuan respectively; the contribution rate of three industries to economic growth is 1.8% 37.7% and 60.5%; and GDP is increased by 0.28%, 6.04% and 9.68% respectively. The industrial structure changes from “5.0:28.0:67.0” in 2007 to “4.7:29.5:65.8” in 2008. The industrial structure shows a trend of “tertiary-secondary-primary”. Calculating at permanent population in the whole city, per capita GDP increases 13.4% and reaches 15496 yuan compared with the previous year. The total output value of local agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and service industry increases 5.2% and reaches 567.07 million yuan in 2008. The output value of crop farming increases 4.7% and reaches 340.73 million yuan; the output value of wheat, oil crop and vegetable increase 11.5%, 92.6% and 14.2% respectively. The output value of animal husbandry increases 5.9% and reaches 178.09 million yuan. The gross value of industrial output reaches 3.914 billion yuan in 2008, of which, the gross value of local industrial output is 3.76 billion yuan, consisting of light industry 1.701 billion yuan and heavy industry 2.058 billion yuan; in terms of economic types, the output value government owned economy increases quickly and reaches 1.27957 billion yuan; the gross value of industrial output fulfilled at cooperation zone increases 30% and reaches 1.25524 billion yuan, which accounts for 32.1% of gross value of industrial output of the whole city. The imports and exports trade increases steadily. The total volume of foreign trade increases 76.3% and reaches USD 507 million dollars in 2008; of which, the value of exports increases 77.4% and reaches USD 504.91 million dollars. Individual economy and private sector of the economy develop steadily. In 2008, the amount of individual units of industry and commerce is 15136, and the amount of private

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enterprises is 2236 in the whole city; the amount of the employed reaches 31073 and 12574 persons respectively; the registered fund reaches 433.71 million yuan and 2.49149 billion yuan respectively. The amount of tourists increases 5% and reaches 1.943 million person-times in 2008, of which, the tourists from other places rather than Xinjiang are 410 thousand person-times, and the tourists from other prefectures in Xinjiang rather than Yili Prefecture is 505 thousand persons-times. Tourism income increases 0.3% and reaches 269.06; of which, tourism income of hotels increases 5.1% and reaches 197.11 million yuan; the income of travel agencies decreases 42.2% and is 15.77 million yuan; the income of scenic spot increases 5% and reaches 56.15 million yuan. The tourism income of the whole city accounts for 3.9% of GDP.

2.1.3 Living Conditions of Residents

2.1.3.1 Urban Population In 2008, the disposable income per capita of Yining urban population increases 15.6% and reaches 9254; and the nonproductive expenditure per capita of urban population increases 15.7% and reaches 7412 yuan, of which, service expenditure increases 2.9% and reaches 1636 yuan. The amount of urban population joining basic pension insurance increases 113% and reaches 29480 persons. The collection of endowment insurance increases 34% and reaches 90.93 million yuan; the amount of population joining medical insurance increase 7.5% and reaches 38070. The registered unemployment rate of urban population is controlled under 3.7% and the amount of employed or re-employed is 19532 by 6% increment; the amount of layoff and re-employed is 6398. The urban households covered with subsistence allowances are 15464, and the urban population covered with subsistence allowances is 46810 persons; the subsistence allowances of the whole year to be provided reaches 73.42 million yuan; In 2008, the urban medical assistance of the whole city helps 51797 person-times with assistance fund of 4.07 million yuan; 60 million yuan is invested and 1106 suites

8 are newly built as low-rent housing, and the area reaches 50.7 thousand m2, which speeds up resolution of the housing difficulties of low-income families in urban areas. In 2008, every 100 households have 4 motorcycles, 2 family cars, 92 washing machines, 97 refrigerators, 100 color TVs, 21 family computers, 95 fixed telephones and 121 mobile phones.

2.1.3.2 Rural Population In 2008, total income of rural economy of the whole city is 2.187 billion yuan by 13.8% increase, and the net income per capita of farmer and herdsman is 5161 yuan by an increase of 792 yuan and 18.2%. The total exported rural labor power is 38.5 thousand persons, and transferred income is 153 million yuan. The rural households covered with subsistence allowances are 4698 households, and the rural population covered with subsistence allowances is 13689 persons; the subsistence allowances of the whole year has been provided reaches 6.59 million yuan, which ensures basically the minimum living demand of urban and rural groups with difficulties. Rural medical assistance helps 22542 person-times with assistance fund of 11.05 million yuan. In 2008, every 100 households have 90.38 bicycles, 48.08 motorcycles, 46.15 washing machines, 28.46 refrigerators, 94.23 TVs and 75.38 telephones.

2.2 Socioeconomic Conditions of Project Townships

2.2.1 Socioeconomic Conditions of Hanbin Township

2.2.1.1 Status of Land, Population and Labor Force Being located in west suburb of Yining city, Hanbin Township has jurisdiction over 4 administrative villages and 27 villager groups. In 2008, Hanbin Township has land area of 28995.5 mu totally. Of which, cultivated area 10000 mu, account for 34.5%, per capita cultivated area 0.772 mu; forest land 3088.46 mu, account for 10.7%; orchard 2878.56 mu, account for 9.9%; grassland area 10989.51 mu, account for 37.9%; building lot 1964.02 mu, account for 6.7%; waste land and other use of land 74.96 mu, account for 0.2%.

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In 2008, Hanbin Township has 2925 households, total population is 12946, agricultural population 12582, and rural labor force 5615 persons.

2.2.1.2 Basic Economic Conditions In 2008, Hanbin Township fulfills total output value 214.8628 million yuan, per capita total output value 16.5 thousand yuan. Of which, total agricultural output value is 20.9529 million yuan, planted area of grain crops all year around is 8890.56 mu, grain output 5200 tons, output value 3.5669 million yuan; planted area of economic crop 3868.07 mu, output 10600 tons, and output value 3.1905 million yuan.

2.2.1.3 Living Conditions of Farmers In 2008, the net income per capita of rural population of Hanbin Township is 5326 yuan, of which, household operating income 4700 yuan (of which: income from primary industry 1618 yuan), accounts for 88.25%, and other incomes reach 626 yuan, accounts for 11.75%. In 2008, the aggregate expenditure per capita of rural population in Hanbin Township is 4800 yuan, of which, expenditure on household operation cost 2570 yuan, accounts for 53.54%; expenditure on individual consumption 2230 yuan (of which: expenditure on food consumption 2000 yuan), accounts for 46.46%.

2.2.2 Socioeconomic Conditions of Dadamutu Township

2.2.2.1 Status of Land, Population and Labor Force Being located in south suburb of Yining city, Dadamutu Township has jurisdiction over 5 administrative villages. In 2008, Dadamutu Township has land area of 46950 mu totally, per capita cultivated area 1.73 mu. In 2008, Dadamutu Township has 6912 households, total population is 27161, and agricultural population is 24628 persons. 2.2.2.2 Basic Economic Conditions In 2008, the whole township fulfills total output value 259.993 million yuan by 11% increase than last year; total agricultural output value is 80.146 million yuan by 14.7% increase than last year; the gross value of industrial output is 92.289 million yuan by 12.1% increase than last year; the planted area of wheat is 6400 mu and the

10 total yield is 1200 tons by 20% increase than last year. The year-end livestock inventories of the whole township are 27432, of which, cattle 6862 (newly-added 2000 cows of high grade, including 800 cows with outsourcing), sheep 12000, live pigs 8200, and horse or donkey 550. The amount of industrial-sized poultry raising is 465 thousand; 2300 cows are inseminated with cryogenic fertilization, the rate of improved variety reaches 80%, and the rate of epidemic prevention 100%. In 2008, a 10000-live-pig farming subzone of 284 mu is built in accordance with national standard. It is estimated that the overall completion of the subzone requires an investment more than 20 million yuan, annual yield of live pigs exceeds 40 thousand, and annual output value fulfills about 70 million yuan. In 2008, the wall construction of 1976 greenhouses is completed, and 776 greenhouses are overfulfilled; 1902 greenhouses have been put into operation, and 3.1 million of various young crops have been planted there. Of the built greenhouses, 1000 ones are used for “late-maturing” varieties, 400 for “severe winter” production, and the rest for “early spring” production next year. The acreage of “1000-yuan” farmland increases continuously in the whole township; the planting of characteristic cash crops is promoted vigorously, and the planted area reaches 9500 mu, of which, the garlic planted with mulching film at Lower Sulagong Village is 2500 mu, white gourd at Dadamutu Village is 1000 mu, and various vegetables are 6000 mu. The forestation area in spring of 2008 is 7100 mu, of which, 5754.9 mu at basic farmland, 800 mu at North Hillside, 600-mu garden planting, and 100-mu land is allocated as nursery for raise seedling. 2.2.2.3 Living Conditions of Farmers In 2008, the net income per capita of rural population in Dadamutu Township is 5296 yuan, the increased income per capita 860 yuan, of which, household operating income 4912 yuan (of which: income from primary industry 2132 yuan), which accounts for 92.75%; other incomes are 384 yuan and accounts for 7.25%. In 2008, the aggregate expenditure per capita of rural population is 4734 yuan, of which, expenditure on household operation cost 2426.18 yuan, accounts for 51.25%;

11 expenditure on individual consumption 2307.82 yuan (of which: expenditure on food consumption 1976 yuan) and accounts for 48.75%. 2690 farmers and herdsman are organized and trained in 2008, the transfer of labor force reaches 6588 persons and brings about economic income of 26.9407 million yuan.

2.2.3 Socioeconomic Conditions of Kaerdun Township

2.2.3.1 Status of Land, Population and Labor Force Being located in east suburb of Yining city, Kaerdun Township has jurisdiction over 5 administrative villages and 28 villager groups. In 2008, Kaerdun Township has land area of 40 thousand mu totally. Of which, cultivated area 18280 mu, account for 45.7%, per capita cultivated area 1.02 mu; forest land 2150 mu, account for 5.37%; orchard 2101 mu, account for 5.25%; grassland area 5389 mu, account for 13.47%; and other use of land 12080 mu, account for 30.2%. In 2008, Kaerdun Township has 2641 households, total population is 18000, agricultural population 11264, and rural labor force 6672 persons. 2.2.3.2 Basic Economic Conditions In 2008, Kaerdun Township fulfills total output value 274.8816 million yuan, per capita total output value 2.4 yuan. Of which, total agricultural output value is 36.4816 million yuan, planted area of grain crops all year around is 8383.4 mu, grain output 4318 tons, output value 3.9568 million yuan; planted area of economic crop 12304 mu, output 5338 tons, and output value 20.1204 million yuan. 2.2.3.3 Living Conditions of Farmers In 2008, the net income per capita of rural population in Kaerdun Township is 5555 yuan, of which, household operating income 10329 yuan (of which: income from primary industry 6784 yuan), and transfer income 998 yuan. In 2008, the aggregate expenditure per capita of rural population in Kaerdun Township is 9365 yuan, of which, expenditure on household operation cost 6555 yuan; expenditure on individual consumption 2770.1 yuan (of which: expenditure on food consumption 1662 yuan); agricultural productive expenditure 39.9 yuan.

12 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Conditions of Qiongkeruike Sub-district

As the largest sub-district in Yining city, Qiongkeruike Sub-district is located in the southeast suburb and the total area under its jurisdiction is 13.7 km2. There are 13 neighborhood committees under Qiongkeruike’s jurisdiction, 10395 households and 42282 persons consisting of 19 nationalities such as Uygur, Han, Kazak and Hui etc. The population of ethnic minorities accounts for 93.9% of total population; there are 2946 poor families and 10417 poor people, which is 24.7% of total population; of which, there are 2357 households and 5741 persons are covered with subsistence allowances. In 2008, the per capita gross income of households is 8610.14 yuan (disposable income per capita 8002.71 yuan), of which, wage income of employees is 6171.60 yuan, net income of household operation is 1046.01 yuan, income from property 3.24 yuan; and transfer income 1389.29 yuan. The per capita expenditure of households is 6404.46 yuan (consumption expenditure on service is 1590.14 yuan), of which, expenditure on food 2368.06 yuan, clothes 1168.23 yuan, household equipment, house wear and service 299.65 yuan, medical care 352.52 yuan, transportation and communication 614.22 yuan, education, culture and recreation 696.99 yuan, housing 662.27 yuan, other commodities and service 242.52 yuan. The building area of housing per capita is 24.22 m2.

2.3 Socioeconomic Conditions of Project Villages and Community

2.3.1 Hanbin Village of Hanbin Township

Hanbin village has land area of 8086 mu totally in 2008, of which, cultivated area 2993 mu, account for 37%, per capita cultivated area 1 mu; forest land 73 mu, account for 0.1%; orchard 83 mu, account for 0.1%; grassland area 4000 mu, account for 49.8%; waste land and other use of land 937 mu, account for 13%. In 2008, there are 729 households, total population is 2998, who are all agricultural population, and rural labor force is 1605. In 2008, Hanbin village fulfills

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total agricultural output value 5.84 million yuan, and net income per capita of farmers is 4519 year, which all comes from crop farming.

2.3.2 Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township

Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township is located 2km north to township government and borders on Yining City. There are 7 villagers groups, 1151 households and 4063 persons in the area under Bulake Village's jurisdiction, consisting of several nationalities such as Uygur, Han, Kazak and Hui etc.; the party members are 53 in the whole village. The cultivated area is 5576 mu, mainly protected agriculture by combining crop farming with livestock breeding. In 2008, the total cultivation area is 5500 mu; of which, wheat 627 mu, corn 2194 mu, beans 15 mu, sugar beet 396 mu, vegetable 830 mu, watermelon 474 mu, clover 103 mu and others 784 mu. The quantity of greenhouses is 480. The collective economy of the village is 8.1054 million yuan. In 2008, the net income per capita of farmers and herdsman in Bulake village is 5346 yuan and the aggregate expenditure per capita of households is 4818 yuan.

2.3.3 Dongliang Village of Kaerdun Township

Dongliang Village has land area of 5500 mu, of which, the cultivated area is 4200 mu, account for 76.36%, per capita cultivated area 1.8 mu; of which, forest land 250 mu, account for 3.64 %, orchard 200 mu, 3.64%; and others 850 mu, 15.45%. In 2008, Dongliang Village has 447 households, total population is 2395, who all are agricultural population, and rural labor force 882. The net income per capita is 5323 yuan; and the aggregate expenditure per capita is 8762 yuan.

2.3.4 Qiongkeruike Sub-district

As the largest sub-district in Yining city, Qiongkeruike Subdistrict Office is located in the southeast suburb and the total area under its jurisdiction is 13.7 km2. In

14 2008, the number of households is 10,862 under the jurisdiction of Qiongkeruike Subdistrict Office, total population is 42,115. The disposable income per capita of urban population under Qiongkeruike Subdistrict Office is 1426 yuan in 2008, of which, wage income of employees is 8280 yuan. The expenditure per household is 8524 yuan and expenditure per capita 1536 yuan. 3 Status of Social Security and Women in Project Area

3.1 Status of Social Security in Project Area

According to statistics of Yining Labor and Social Security Bureau, 29480 persons join basic endowment insurance for urban population in 2008, which increases 11.3% than last year. 90.93 million yuan of endowment insurance is collected, increasing 34% than last year; 38070 persons join medical insurance, which increases 7.5% than last year. 54.72 million yuan of medical insurance is collected, increasing 19.8%; 18700 persons join unemployment insurance, which increase 9.8%, and 9.43 million yuan of unemployment insurance is collected, increasing 15%. 13215 persons join employment injury insurance, which increases 12.7%. 1.59 million yuan of employment injury insurance is collected, increasing 29.3%. 22311 persons join maternity insurance, which increases 7%. 2.53 million yuan of maternity insurance is collected, increasing 25.2%. The basic medical insurance pilot of urban population has been started. 19532 persons fulfill employment or re-employment in the whole city, which increases 6%; 6398 laid-off workers are re-employed, which is the same basically as that last year. The registered unemployment rate of urban population is controlled fewer than 3.7%. According to the statistics of civil administration, 15464 urban households and 46810 persons are enjoying subsistence allowance, 73.42 million yuan is granted annually; 4698 rural households and 13689 persons are enjoying subsistence allowance, 6.59 million yuan has been granted. All those secure basically the subsistence requirement of vulnerable groups in urban and rural areas. 51797 person-times benefit from urban medical assistance with assistance fund of 4.07

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million yuan; 22542 person-times benefit from rural medical assistance with assistance fund of 11.05 million yuan.

3.2 Status of Women

It is indicated with interview and survey that the ethnic minority women in the project area have no other way to distribute to their family economy usually than as housewives. Due to the conventional division of labor based on sex, the married women are mainly in charge of housework, including taking care of the aged and the young, cooking and cleaning while some of them bring about economic income to their family through poultry raising and horticulture. The survey found that women usually hope to bring about economic income to their family through cleaning, planting trees or tourist services, or the relevant works of the project. The major obstacles, however, for the women in the project area to enter into the society are low education level and language barrier.

16 4 Public Utilities, Transportation and Education Conditions of

Project-affected Area

4.1 Basic Road Conditions in Affected Area

4.1.1 Basic Road Conditions

Among 4 main roads and 32 laneways affected by the project, 4 main roads are located around Yining urban area, connecting urban and rural areas. Of which, Dongliang Street links to Dongliang Village of Kaerdun Township, and households in Qiongkeruike Sub-district as well; Chongqing Road and Shandong Road link to Hanbin Village, and Northern Xihuan Road links to Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township; Chongqing Road is only 4.5m wide, bituminous pavement; Dongliang Street is 7m wide, bituminous pavement; Shandong Road and Northern Xihuan Road are both paths with earth surface most, part of them even is obstructed, and pavement is uneven full of bumps and hollows. Shandong Road and Northern Xihuan Road are even not hardened. Water log is serious after rain. Few street lamp on roadsides. The travel there is difficult, in particular for the aged, women and children with poor pavement, few bus line and taxi visiting. 32 laneways link to various households, most are bituminous pavement and few earth surface; the lanes are narrow and bumpy, lacking of street lamp and guideboard.

4.1.2 Conditions of Environmental Sanitation

The facilities of environmental sanitation include mainly garbage collection facilities on roadsides, environment-friendly public toilets, garbage collection trucks and road sweepers. Basic associated facilities are lacking on 4 main roads and 32 laneways, few street lamp and garbage collection container, no environment-friendly public toilets, and the environmental sanitation conditions are poor relatively.

17 4.2 Public Traffic Conditions in Affected Area There are 13 lines and 300 bus stops for public buses in the project area of Yining city; the daily transmit passengers are 100 thousand person-times, the bus fuel consumption per 100km is 32L, and 19 street/roads are covered with bus service. See the public traffic status of 4 main roads affected by the project in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 Public Traffic Conditions in Yining City

Before After Item Unit Qty. of Qty. Qty. bus stops Total Public traffic line (nos) 4 4 20 Dongliang Street(Dongliang Village) Public traffic line (nos) 1 1 5 Shandong Road(Hanbin Village) Public traffic line (nos) 1 1 5 Chongqing Road(Hanbin Village) Public traffic line (nos) 1 1 5 Northern Xihuan Road(Bulake Public traffic line (nos) 1 1 5 Village) Data source: survey data 4.3 Sanitation and Education Status in Affected Area

4.3.1 Medical and Public Health Departments at Project Villages and

Sub-district

Three villages of three townships affected by the project are Dongliang Village of Kaerdun Township, Hanbin Village of Hanbin Township and Bulake Village of Dadamutu Township. There is one township-level health center for each township and one village-level clinic for each village respectively. There are 5-10 doctors and 40-50 beds for township-level health center, and 1-2 doctors and 5-8 beds for village-level clinic. There is one community hospital, several private clinics and drugstores in Qiongkeruike Sub-district. There are 15-17 doctors of different specialty at the community hospital; the amount of beds are not many, only about 10.

4.3.2 Safety of Public Health

Yining Project Area is an area of high AIDS morbidity in Xinjiang, and the

18 infectious diseases threatening people mainly are bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery and pulmonary tuberculosis etc. Of which, 550 cases of bacillary dysentery in 2007 and 665 in 2008; 1 case of amebic dysentery in 2007 and 2008 each; 323 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in 2007 and 297 in 2008. On the whole, the morbidity of infectious diseases tends to decline year after year under the guidance of Yining Disease Prevention and Control Center and promotion of Yining People’s Government. When the construction period approaches, some measures have been taken to ensure public health. Fixed refuse boxes are erected on construction camp site for centralized collection of domestic garbage which will be cleared and disposed united periodically. It is strictly prohibit to litter in order to secure the environmental sanitation of camp site. Some measures are adopted to control dust and air pollution; the disease prevention and control measures are prepared and promoted in advance, and the contractor is required to provide the builders with public health education, in particular, the education on infectious diseases such as AIDS. AIDS control promoting materials shall be provided at main hotels and scenic areas in Yining city, and condom shall be provided at hotels and recreation places, or vending machines provided there. Local public security organ will intensify the measures and bring drug trade under control further; Yining Disease Prevent and Control Center will strengthen the monitoring on bio-media of infectious diseases, and the monitoring on drinking water; the public security sector will reinforce the management of floating population.

4.4 Education Status of Ethnic Minority

In 2008, there are 8 secondary technical schools, colleges and universities in the area under Yining’s jurisdiction. In addition, there are 99 elementary or middle schools, of which, the amount of elementary schools is 67; those elementary and middle school have an enrollment of 83.6 thousand pupils and students, of which, the quantity of pupils is 46.6 thousand, account for 58.8%; the full-time teachers at those elementary and middle school are 5427 in the whole city. The amount of classes with

19 bilingual teaching is 471, and 17504 pupils and students receive the bilingual teaching. The enrollment rate for the children of the statutory age is 100%, the proportion of pupils entering junior high school is 85.72%, and the proportion of students entering senior high school is 82.22%. The percent passing entrance examination for college is 83.5% in Chinese language, and 40.51% in ethnic minority languages.

20 5 Analysis of Sample Ethnic Minority Characteristics in Project Area 5.1 Characteristics of Sample Ethnic Minority Population 5.1.1 Number and Composing of Sample Ethnic Minority Population

The ethnic groups living in Yining, a multi-ethic city, are Uygur, Han, Kazak, Hui, Mongolian, Xibe, Uzbekistan, Tatar, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Man, Dongxiang, Russia and others. The samples of this survey cover 57 households at three village and one sub-section affected directly by the project.

Table 5-1 Amount and Distribution of Ethnic Minority in Project Area Unit: households, % Qiongkeruike Dongliang Hanbin Bulake Total Item Sub-district Village Village Village Qty. % Qty. % Qty. % Qty. % Qty. % Households 57 100 21 36.84 6 10.53 22 38.6 8 14.04 Uygur 41 100 10 24.39 4 9.76 20 48.78 7 17.07 Hui 13 100 11 84.62 2 15.38 － － － － Kazak 3 100 － － － － 2 66.67 1 33.33 Data source: survey data

5.1.2 Population and Labor Force of Sample Ethnic Minority Households

57 sample ethnic minority households are investigated, the total population is 326, consisting of 164 males and 162 females, 5~6 persons per households. The sex Table 5-2 Population and Labor Force of Ethnic Minority Households in Project Area S.N. Indicator Unit Amt. 1 Number of investigated households household 57 2 Number of family members person 326 3 Male person 164 4 Female person 162 5 Younger than 16 person 65 6 Number of labor force person 184 7 Male labor force person 89 8 Female labor force person 95 9 Education received of labor force － 10 Illiterate or semiliterate person 21 11 Elementary school person 84 12 Junior high school person 54 13 Senior high school person 17 14 Technical secondary school or higher person 8 15 Students younger than 16 person 48 Data source: survey data

21 ratio and the ratio of male labors to female labors are basically 1:1, total male labors and female labors is 184, account for 54.66% of total population. See details in Table 5-2. 5.1.3 Education Sample Ethnic Minority Received

The investigated sample ethnic minority households are of lower education level usually, most received only education of elementary school and junior high school. Of which, total 105 persons received education of elementary school or lower, which account for 57.07% of total labor force; 54 persons received education of junior high school, 29.35.%; 17 persons received education of senior high school, 9.24%; and 8 persons received education of technical secondary school or higher, 4.35%. See Table 5-2.

5.2 Employment Status of Sample Ethnic Minority

The employed of ethnic minority in Yining city distribute in all industry of national economy, mainly in agriculture, manufacturing, production and supply of power, coal gas and water, building industry, traffic, storage, postal service, wholesale and retailing, education, sanitation and social security. The amount of the employed increases to some extent every year. In terms of survey data of ethnic minority samples, the sample urban households have members engaged in different trades, but there is still unemployment and unstable employment. There are 60 laborers (male and female) in 21 sample households in Qiongkeruike Sub-district, of which, 30 persons are unemployed, and the unemployment rate reaches 50%. Of the employed, 7 persons are employed unstable since they are engaged in part-time work; for the rural labor force, except for 6 business-pursuing households at Dongliang Village, the sample farmer households at Hanbin Village and Bulake Village are engaged mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry. Of course, due to the few land possession per household and per capita, those farmer households are also engaged in some part-time job and courtyard economy as far as one's capacity allows during slack farming season.

22 6 Income and Expenditure of Ethnic Minority Sample Household in Project Area 6.1 Income and Expenditure of Sample Rural Household of Ethnic Minority

The annual income per capita is 6030.82 yuan for sample rural household of ethnic minority in the three investigated villages. Of which, agricultural income per capita is 1521.3 yuan, per capita income from animal husbandry is 1751.25 yuan, and non-agricultural income per capita is 2758.27 yuan, which account respectively for 25.23%, 29.04% and 45.74%. It is obvious that non-agricultural income is the main income source of farmer households. Moreover, the difference is also obvious in income of different villages. The per capita income of household is the highest at Dongliang Village as high as 7294.86 yuan, their main income source is non-agricultural income, in particular the income from catering service; Bulake Village sees the lowest household income, and the main income source is agriculture and animal husbandry. See Table 6-1. For expenditure, the items of expenditure cover living expenditure, productive expenditure and other expenditures; the annual living expenditure per household is 12318.7 yuan and per capita is 2132.08 yuan; the productive expenditure per household is 13806.86 yuan and other expenditure per household is 2541.79. See details in Table 6-1. Table 6-1 Income and Expenses of Sample Rural Households of Ethnic Minority in 2008

Dongliang Hanbin Bulake Item Total Village Village Village Amount of investigated households (household) 36 6 22 8 Total income (yuan) 1254411 269910 764967 219534 Per capita income (yuan) 6030.82 7294.86 5839.44 5488.35 1. Agricultural income (yuan) 316430 53120 150932 112378 2. Income from animal husbandry (yuan) 364261 8630 301235 54396 3. Income from catering service (yuan) 162000 162000 － － 4. Other income (yuan) 411720 46160 312800 52760 Aggregate expenditure (yuan) 1032024.9 215896.4 648016 168112.5 Per capita expenditure (yuan) 4961.66 5835.04 4946.69 4202.8125 1. Personal consumption expenditure (yuan) 443473.5 101801 276240 65432.5 2. Agricultural expenditure (yuan) 303889.4 29267 220255.4 54367 3. Expenditure on animal husbandry (yuan) 193157.6 9416.4 139955.2 43786 4. Other expenditure (yuan) 91504.4 75412 11565.4 4527 Data source: survey data

23

6.2 Income and Expenditure of Sample Urban Household of Ethnic Minority

Among the investigated sample urban households of ethnic minority, annual income per household is 24766.76 yuan, and per capita income is 4406.9 yuan. Of the household income, wage income, income from part-time job and operating income from shop have higher proportions. See proportion of various household income in Table 6-2.

Table 6-2 Income and Expenses of Sample Urban Households of Ethnic Minority in 2008 Item Unit Amt. Proportion (%) I. Amount of investigated household 21 － households II. Population person 118 － III. Annual household income yuan/annual·household 24766.76 － 1. Income from wage yuan/annual·household 8616.19 34.79 2. Income from labor service yuan/annual·household 8090.476 32.67 3. Income from support agreement yuan/annual·household 1271.429 5.13 4. Income from savings and loan yuan/annual·household 1248.286 5.04 5. Income from subsistence yuan/annual·household 17.44 allowance 4319.048 6. Income from household operation yuan/annual·household 1221.333 4.93 7. Income from store operation yuan/annual·household 5031.39 － 8. Other income yuan/annual·household 6191.69 － IV. Household operating expense yuan/annual·household 4406.9 － V. Disposable income of household yuan/annual·household 1101.73 － Data source: survey data

24 7 Attitude and Satisfaction of Ethnic Minority at Project 7.1 Analysis of Current Satisfaction on Living of Sample Ethnic Minority Households

The satisfaction extent of urban and rural ethnic minority population in the project area of Yining City on current (2008) living is investigated at six aspects with sampling survey, including living status, especially income and income source; production status; basic life-related facilities (transport, medical care, shopping, community sanitation); schooling; human relation in the community; religious activities. See detailed data in Table 4-24. In terms of living, 12.28% of 57 investigated households are unsatisfied with current living status, and the rest investigated households are satisfied or satisfied basically; in terms of income source, the income of investigated households comes mainly from household operation, from part-time job or from shop, of which, the income from household operation has a small percent. In terms of production, to the question of “do you want to change current living and production status?” 92.98% of investigated households show their desire keen on changing current living and production status, 3.51%, however, show their indifferent attitude. In terms of basic life-related facilities, for transport, 31.58% of investigated households show dissatisfaction, in particular, 28.07% show very dissatisfaction; for medical care, most investigated households show satisfaction basically or satisfaction, only few investigated households show dissatisfaction; for commerce and shopping, only 15.79% show dissatisfaction while most investigated households show an attitude of satisfied or satisfied basically; for community sanitation, 26.31% show dissatisfaction, of which, 24.56% show very dissatisfaction. In terms of schooling, to the question of “are you satisfied with accessibility to elementary school and middle school around?” 26.32% of investigated households show unsatisfied, and the majority show satisfied or satisfied basically. In terms of human relation in the community, 98.25% of investigated households deem that the human relation is harmonious in the community, and only few investigated households show dissatisfaction at human relation in the community.

25 7.2 Analysis of Residents’ Attitude to Resettlement

It is indicated with the survey that most of 57 sample households of ethnic minority support and agree with the resettlement measures, but they have different opinions on specific content of the resettlement. In terms of resettlement inclination, 68.42% of investigated households show their inclination to resettle, but 3.51% make no comment; in terms of acquaintance with resettlement policy, 63.16% show thoroughly conversant with the resettlement policy; in terms of the attitude to the project, 84.21% show explicitly “approval”, and only few investigated households show disapproval; in terms of satisfaction extent on resettlement, 19.3% unsatisfied, 26.32% make no comment and the rest chose satisfied or satisfied basically; as for the question “Do you worry about your living after resettlement?” most investigated households chose “No”; but the investigated households dissatisfied with compensation for land requisition to a larger extent, apart from 33.33% make no comment, 42.11% explicitly show that they are dissatisfied with current compensation.

26 Table 7-1 Satisfaction of Sample Households on Living Unit: person, %

A B C D No answer Question Options Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % 1. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. so-so 13 22.81 33 57.89 11 19.3 － － － － current income status? C. unsatisfied 2. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. unsatisfied 11 19.3 7 12.28 39 68.42 － － － － current living status? C. satisfied basically 3. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. unsatisfied traffic accessibility? C. satisfied basically D. very 13 22.81 2 3.51 24 41.11 16 28.07 2 3.51 unsatisfied 4. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. unsatisfied accessibility to commercial C. satisfied basically 10 17.54 9 15.79 36 63.16 2 3.51 － － facilities nearby? 5. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. unsatisfied accessibility to elementary C. satisfied basically 9 15.79 15 26.32 33 57.89 － － － － school and middle school around? 6. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. unsatisfied accessibility to hospital or C. satisfied basically D. very 14 24.56 6 10.53 31 54.39 6 10.53 － － clinic around? unsatisfied 7. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. so-so current status of human C. unsatisfied 56 98.25 1 1.75 － － － － － － relation in community? 8. Are you satisfied with A. satisfied B. unsatisfied current status of community C. satisfied basically D. very 24 42.11 1 1.75 18 31.58 14 24.56 － － sanitation? unsatisfied 9. Do you want to change A. Yes B. No current living and C. indifferent 53 92.98 2 3.51 2 3.51 － － － － production status? 10. What is the main income A. wage income B. income from source of your family? household operation 10 16.13 16 25.81 18 29.03 12 19.35 6 9.68

27 A B C D No answer Question Options Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % C. income from part-time job D. income from store

11. Do you attend mosque A. Yes B. No or chapel? 50 87.71 7 11.29 － － － － － － Note: 1. Data source: survey data 2. Question 10 is a multiple-choice question.

28 ADB-financed Project of Yining City

Roads and Public Utilities Construction

Kanas Infrastructure Construction Component for Ecological Improvement and Restoration

Baseline-year Investigation Report on Ethnic Minority Development Plan (Year of 2008)

Xinjiang Agricultural University August, 2009

Kanas Infrastructure Construction Component for Ecological Improvement and Restoration

Baseline-year Investigation Report on Ethnic Minority Development Plan (Year of 2008)

Project leaders: ZHU Meiling CHAI Jun

Component leader: GUAN Quanli

Compiled by: GUAN Quanli WU Zhengping

Data collected & analyzed by: GUAN Quanli Ayinuer

Aiskaer WANG Xiuqiang

ZHANG Yujie Hailiqiemu

Translated by: CHENG Luming

Reviewed by: CHAI Jun

Contents

1 General View ...... 1

1.1 Background ...... 1

1.2 Investigated objects and coverage...... 2

1.3 Purposes and contents ...... 2

1.4 Investigation methods ...... 3

1.5.Sampling scale...... 4

2 Basic information on society and economy in project areas ...... 5

2.1 Overall introduction to social and economic conditions in project counties and Altay Prefecture...... 5

2.1.1 Social and economic conditions in Altay Prefecture ...... 5

2.1.2 Social and economic conditions in Burqin County ...... 8

2.1.3 Social and economic conditions in Haba River County ...... 12

2.2 Social and Economic Conditions in Project Townships...... 14

2.2.1 General Information on Hemu Kanas Nationality Township ...... 14

2.2.2 Social and economic conditions in Tiereketi Township ...... 17

2.3 Social and Economic Conditions on Project-affected Villages ...... 18

3 Infrastructure Conditions in Project Area...... 21

3.1 water supply and drainage facilities ...... 21

3.2 Power and telecommunication facilities...... 21

3.2.1 Power facilities...... 21

3.2.2 Telecommunication facilities...... 22

3.3 Transportation facilities...... 22

3.3.1 Transportation facilities...... 22

3.3.2 Parking space...... 23

3.4 Sanitary and trash processing facilities ...... 23

3.4.1 Sanitary and trash processing facilities ...... 23

3.4.2 Toilets ...... 23

4 Industry Development in Project Area...... 25

4.1 Tourism development ...... 25

i 4.1.1 Tourism resources...... 25

4.1.2 Tourism infrastructure ...... 26

4.1.3 Tourism economy development...... 27

4.2 Husbandry development...... 27

4.2.1 General view ...... 27

4.2.2 Husbandry development and policy ...... 28

5 Culture, Education and Health Development in the Project Area ...... 29

5.1 Culture and Education Development in the Project Area...... 29

5.1.1 Basic situation of culture, education and health...... 29

5.1.2 Developing level of culture, education and health ...... 30

5.2 Training Situation in the Project Area ...... 31

5.2.1 Training Situation...... 31

5.2.2 Training forms and contents...... 32

6 Production and Living Conditions of the ethnic groups in the Project Area...... 33

6.1 A Survey of the Ethnic Groups in the Project Area ...... 33

6.1.1 Situation of the ethnic groups’ population, labor forces and cultural quality ...... 33

6.1.2 Financial Situation of ethnic families...... 34

6.1.3 Nationality situation of ethnic groups and women’s situation...... 35

6.1.4 Age structure of the ethnic groups...... 37

6.2 Sample Households’ Production Situation in the Project Area ...... 38

6.2.1 Agricultural production conditions and profits...... 38

6.2.2 Livestock breeding and profits ...... 41

6.2.3 Family income...... 43

6.3 Living Conditions of the Ethnic Groups in the Project Area...... 45

6.3.1 Living Conditions of the Sample Households...... 45

6.3.2 Sample households’ level of consumption ...... 47

6.3.3 Sample household’s living expenditure structure...... 50

6.3.4 Sample households’ attitude towards living conditions...... 51

6.3.5 Basic judgment on sample households’ production and living conditions...... 52

6.4 Sample Households’ Recognition and Attitude towards the Project...... 53

ii

6.4.1 Sample households’ recognition and satisfaction with the project...... 53

6.4.2 Ethnic groups’ basic judgment on the project implementation ...... 54

7 Vulnerable groups and Consultation Situation in the Project Area ...... 55

7.1 Situation of vulnerable groups ...... 55

7.1.1 Basic situation of vulnerable groups ...... 55

7.1.2.Reasons for poverty of vulnerable groups...... 55

7.1.3 Support to vulnerable groups ...... 56

7.2 Public Consultation Situation in the Project Area ...... 56

8 Conclusion...... 58

iii Tables

Table 2-1 Altay Population and percentage in 2008 ...... 5 Table 2-2 Altay Agricultural Production and Changes in 2008 ...... 7 Table 2-3 Altay Livestock Production and Changes in 2008...... 8 Table 2-4 Burqin County Population and Percentage in2008 ...... 8 Table 2-5 Burqing County Nationalities Population and Constituent...... 9 Table 2-6 Burqin County Industrial Employment Distribution in 2008 ...... 9 Table 2-7 Burqin County Production Value and Changes in 2008...... 10 Table 2-8 Burqin County Agricultural Production in 2008...... 11 Table 2-9 Burqin County Husbandry Production in 2008...... 12 Table 2-10 Haba River County Population and rate in 2008 ...... 12 Table 2-11 Haba River County Production Value and Changes in 2008...... 13 Table 2-12 Haba River County Husbandry Production in 2008 ...... 14 Table 2-13 Comparison on birth and death between Hemu and Burqin in 2008 ...... 15 Table 2-14 Hemu Township Nationality Constituent in 2008...... 16 Table 2-15 Hemu Township Nationality Constituent in 2008...... 17 Table 2-16 Major social& economic indicators of project-affected villages in 2008 ...... 18 Table 5-1 Contrast of culture, education and health in 2008...... 31 Table 6-1 Population and labor forces situation in the Project Area in 2008...... 33 Table 6-2 sample households’ education in the Project Areas in 2008 ...... 34 Table 6-3 sample households’ basic family situation in the Project Area in 2008...... 35 Table 6-4 sample households’ distribution and sex situation in the project villages ...... 36 Table 6-5 sex proportion of sample households in the Project Area in 2008...... 37 Table 6-6 sample household’s age structure in the Project Area in 2008...... 38 Table 6-7 sample households’ agriculture-use land area in the sample village in 2008 ..... 39 Table 6-8 sample households’ crops planting structure in the project villages in 2008...... 40 Table 6-9 possession of agricultural means of production for the sample villagers in 2008....40 Table 6-10 possession of livestock for sample households in the project villages in 2008 .. 42 Table 6-11 profits for livestock breeding in the project villages in 2008...... 42

iv

Table 6-12 sample households’ average individual income in project villages in 2008 ...... 43 Table 6-13 average household income group in the project villages in 2008...... 43 Table6-14 the source of per capita income for sample households in 2008...... 44 Table 6-15 sample households’ per capita income situation in 2008 ...... 45 Table 6-16 sample household’s housing area in the project villages in 2008 ...... 45 Table 6-17 sample household’s living conditions in the project villages in 2008...... 46 Table 6-18 sample household’s outer living conditions in the project villages in 2008 ..... 47 Table 6-19 sample household’s yearly per capita expenditure on consumption in 2008.... 48 Table 6-20 the number of durable goods and the popularization in 2008...... 49 Table 6-21 sample household’s per capita consumption on food in 2008...... 49 Table 6-22 sample households’ per capita expenditure on food in 2008 ...... 50 Table 6-23 sample households’ per capita expenditure structure in 2008...... 51 Table 6-24 sample households’ per capita expenditure structure in 2008...... 51 Table 6-25 sample households’ satisfaction with living conditions in Tiereketi in 2008.... 52 Table 7-1 scale of vulnerable groups in Project Area in 2008...... 55

Charts

Chart 6-1 situation of labor forces’ education...... 34 Chart 6-2 fields usage structure of the sample households in the Project Area ...... 39 Chart 6-3 sample households’ per capita expenditure structure...... 50

v

Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

1 General View

1.1 Background

Kanas Project for Ecological Improvement and Restoration of

Infrastructure Construction mainly covers the activities of promoting the roads, sanitary and urban plantation. To be specific, the project deals with the problems regarding the road reconstruction in 2 townships, the parking lots in 4 villages, the water supply and drainage in a village and regional sanitation and trash disposal in Kanas Landscape Area, as well as ecological and plant destruction caused by road construction. All these efforts serve the expected need of 1.5 million visitors for disposing all kinds of trashes by 2020, enable the local residents to increase their per capita net income by 50% and the socially and economically harmoniously development.

The areas influenced by the projects included Hemu Village of Hemu

Kanas Nationality Township, Tiereketi Village, Akehaba South Village and

Akehaba North Village of Tiereketi Township. 653 households and 2511 people are affected by the project. Among 440.5 mu land used in the project, 319 mu land is reconstructed based on the original roads, 121.3 mu is newly requisitioned and another 53.1 mu is temporarily occupied, both of which are natural breeding grassland. The requisitioned lands are owned by the villages, which means not to result in house tearing and removing, and migrants settlement. The land use has no direct influence over the local population, but the implementation of the project will have some indirect negative influence.

1 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

To eliminate the possible negative influence,the project has a specific restoring plan, which aim to compensate all the losses, restore the production

(living capacity) of the influenced, updating the living standard of the residents.

The contents of the restoring plan include helping the poor among the ethnic groups, encouraging women to participate in the project and the decision-making process, maintaining the public sanitation and safety, developing livestock, tourism, environmental protection, education and health.

In accordance with the request of the ADB, the project implements the baseline investigation for the ethnic groups program so as to understand and ensure the pre-project situations of the influenced villages and households, esp. of their production and life. The duration of the baseline investigation in this report is the year of 2008.

1.2 Investigated objects and coverage

The objects and coverage of the baseline investigation are the villages and their resident influenced by the project, including:

4 villages, i.e. Hemu Village, Tiereketi Village, Arkehaba

South Village and Arkehaba North Village;

653 households and 2511 people in these 4 villages

1.3 Purposes and contents

The purposes of the baseline investigation:

To provide evidences for evaluating the influences on the

2 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan production and life of the minority households caused by the project, and for evaluating the result of the restoring plans.

To provide evidences for evaluating the influences on the production of the project areas and the results of the production restoration plan.

The contents of the baseline investigation:

To understand the income and living level of the influenced residents before the project

To understand the social and economic levels and conditions of the affected Hemu Kana Nationality Township, Tiereketi Township, as well as

Hemu Village, Tiereketi Village, Arkehaba South Village and North Village in these two Townships before the project.

To understand the infrastructure conditions of the roads, water supply, drainage and trash disposal in Kanas region before the project.

1.4 Investigation methods

By using site investigation, random sampling and face-to-face interviews, the project investigates the social and economic conditions of the immigrated households of Hemu Village, Kanas Village, Tiereketi Village, Arkehaba South

Village and North Village manipulated by Hemu Kanas Nationality Township and Tiereketi Township. 148 households and 577 people are visited by sampled and site investigation. The basic data regarding the social and economic development , as well as residents’ production and life in the influenced areas in

2008 are collected.

3 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

1.5.Sampling scale

To follow the requirement of Ethnic Groups Development Program, the percentage of the samples should be no less than 20% of the influenced population, among which minority households should be no less than 50% of all the sampled households; the actual samples in this report accounts for 22.98% of the influenced population, 100% of the influence villages and 100% of the sampled households are from the ethnic groups.

4 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

2 Basic information on society and economy in project areas

2.1 Overall introduction to social and economic conditions in project

counties and Altay Prefecture

2.1.1 Social and economic conditions in Altay Prefecture

2.1.1.1 Population, employment and land use

‹ Population

In 2008, the total household number in Altay is 190,900, total population

651,700, population per household 3.41p/h. And agricultural population is

326,500, male 331,000, female 320,700, gender ratio is 103:100; minority population is 379,100, 58.16% of the total population; birth population of the year is 9,648, birth rate 15.65‰, death population 2,380, death rate 3.86‰, and natural rate of population growth 11.79‰.Relevant details are shown in Table

2-1.

Table 2-1 Altay population and percentage in 2008 By sex By agriculture By nationality Item total male female agro Non-agro Han Minority Population 65.17 33.1 32.07 32.65 32.52 27.26 37.91 (ten thousand) rate (%) 100 51 49 50.1 49.9 41.84 58.16

Source: 2008 Altay Statistics Report

‹ Employment

By the end of 2008, the employed population is 253,300, increasing by

6.97% against last year. Among these, 88,900 people are being employed, increasing by 3.73%, 128,200 in agriculture, 31,500 in industry and 93,500 in the third industry; transferred employment of agricultural labor force amounts to

5 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

53,800, increasing by 25.12%.

‹ land use

The total land area in Altay Prefecture is 11,769,900 hectares, among which agricultural lands are 10,697,100 hec., and construction land 44,000 hec.

The agricultural land mainly consists of cultivated land, grassland and horticultural land. The area of the cultivated land is 1,390,400 hec., per capita cultivated land area is 0.21 hec./p; the area of the grassland is 9,629,800 hec; the area of the horticultural land is 400 hec. 30,600 hectare of the construction land is mainly for residency , industrial and mining use; 3,100 hec. of transportation land; 10,300 hec. of water conservancy facility land.

2.1.1.2 economic conditions

The gross production of Altay Prefecture in 2008 amounts to 11.765 billion yuan, that of the 1st industry increases 2.484 billion yuan, of the 2nd industry increases 5.654 billion yuan, and of the 3rd industry increases 3.626 billion yuan; per capita GDP comes to 20,379 yuan. The gross production value of agriculture, forestry, husbandry, fishery in 2008 is 3.629 billion yuan, in which that of agriculture accounts for 43.04%, husbandry 50.92%;the industrial increment is 4.068 billion yuan; the number of tourists comes to 4.1441 million, the tourism income attaining 1.23 billion yuan. In the whole year, all-caliber fiscal income is 1.792 billion yuan, the local fiscal income 1 billion yuan and fiscal expenditure 3.764 billion yuan.

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The net income per capita of farmers and herdsmen attains 4,472 yuan, and the average salary of the employed staff on duty is 19,542 yuan.

2.1.1.3 production in agriculture and husbandry

‹ agricultural production

The total crop planting area in 2008 is 132,340 hectares, increasing 6,380 hec. And the area for grain is 43,770 hec, the yield is 193,700 tons, among which that of wheat is 89,800 tons, beans 42,300 tons, and grain per capita is

297.22 kilo/p. The area of oil products is 30,840 hec., the yield is 76,300 tons; area of beet is 170 hec., yield is 7700 tons; area of vegetables is 1,520 hec., yield is 57,300 tons. (See Table 2-2)

Table 2-2 Altay Agricultural Production and Changes in 2008 Planting area yield Unit yield Item Volum Increase Volume Increase (ton/hec.) (thousand hec.) (%) (10 thousand) (%) crops 132.34 5.06 -- -- Inc.: grains 43.77 30.63 19.37 20.07 44.25 Oil products 30.84 45.85 7.63 33.42 24.74 beet 0.17 -89.08 0.77 -91.47 452.94 vegetables 1.52 6.32 5.73 -14.13 376.97

Source: 2008 Altay Statistics Report

‹ Husbandry

By the end of 2008, the figure of butchered livestock is 2,498,400, that of the unbutchered is 2,498,400, the total meat yield is 85,300, and milk outcome

191,800. (See Table 2-3)

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Table 2-3 Altay Livestock Production and Changes in 2008 indicator units volume Increase by (%) Year-end butchered livestock 10 thousand 249.84 8.62 Unbutchered livestock 10 thousand 271.55 -12.68 total meat yield 10 thousand tons 8.53 17.22 Milk yield 10 thousand tons 19.18 4.86 Fowl& egg yield 10 thousand tons 0.33 10.42

Source: 2008 Altay Statistics Report

‹ production capital

It is embodied in production capacity and volume. By the end of the year, the total power capacity of the agricultural machinery is 45.94 kw, the number of large and medium-sized tractors is 5,470, small tractors 14,946.

2.1.2 Social and economic conditions in Burqin County

2.1.2.1 Population, employment and land use

‹ Population

By the end of 2008, the total household number in Burqin County is

2,1000, with the population of 69,700 and 3.33 p/household. The agricultural population is 42,914, 11.44% higher than the average rate in Xinjiang, which means to have more population involving agricultural production. The male population is 35,233 and the female 34,496, whose ratio is 102:100. See Table

2-4

Table 2-4 Burqin County Population and Percentage in2008 By sex By agriculture By nationality Item total male female agro Nor-agro Han Minority Population(p) 69729 35233 34496 42914 26815 21286 48443 percent (%) 100 50.53 49.47 61.54 38.46 30.53 69.47

Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

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Minority population in Burqin County in 2008 is 48,400, accounting for

12.77% in the population of Altay Prefecture. The ethnic groups mainly consist of Kazak, Hui and Mongolians, all these three nationalities accounting for

65.73% in the total county population, 96.65% in the county minority population. See more in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5 Burqing County Nationalities Population and Constituent nationality volume (p) rate (%) Kazak 40066 57.46 Han 21286 30.53 Hui 4202 6.03 Mongolian 1561 2.24 other 1587 3.74 total 69729 100

Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

‹ employment

By the end of 2008, the employments in the whole society are 20,500 persons, 82.46% employed in agriculture. The specific information on employment distribution among industries could be See Table 2-6. 7,688 persons in rural areas are transferred to other industries, attaining the average income of 3,422 yuan, increasing 150 yuan per capita for farmers and herdsmen.

Table 2-6 Burqin County Industrial Employment Distribution in 2008 industry Staff figure (p) rate (%) 1、agriculture 16872 82.46 inc: planting 9750 47.65 husbandry 7122 34.81 2、industry 330 1.61 3、construction 494 2.41 4、transportation, postal service & telecommunication 479 2.34 5、commerce & food 1036 5.06 6、others 1250 6.11 total 20461 100 Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

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‹ land use

The total land area in Burqin County is 1,054,030 hectares, including

924,000 hec. of agricultural land and 3,760 hec. of construction land. The agricultural land is mainly breeding grassland, with the area of 739,560 hec.; cultivated land area is 20,580 hec. and area per capita is 0.3 hec./p.

2.1.2.2 economic conditions

The gross production value of Burqin County in 2008 is 917,990,000

yuan , with gross production per capita 14,145 yuan, 6234 yuan less than the

figure of Xinjiang, which means the local economic level is much lower than

that of Xinjiang on the whole. But the third industry is developing very quickly,

the increasing rate is 9.5%, and its contribution rate to the economy is 59.4%.

See more in Table2-7.The gross production value in agriculture, forestry,

husbandry and fishery attains 381,035,900 yuan, agriculture production

accounting for 39.85%, husbandry 53.04%; the number of tourists comes to

850,000 persons, realizing the tourism income of 670,000,000 yuan,

accounting for 62.55% of that of the third industry.

Table 2-7 Burqin County Production Value and Changes in 2008 value Increasing by (%) Contribution Contribution Structural indicator (10 thousand yuan) against last year rate (%) to GDP rate Production 91799 7.4 -- -- 100 value 1st industry 21315 5.5 18.9 1.4 23.2 2nd industry 28578 5.5 21.8 1.6 31.1 3rd industry 41906 9.5 59.4 4.4 45.6

Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

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The total fixed asset investment value in the whole county achieves

839,390,000 元, the local fiscal revenue 77,500,000 yuan, fiscal expenditure

336,250,000 yuan. The farmers’ average net income comes to 4682 yuan, still

210 yuan less than that in Xinjiang.

2.1.2.3 agriculture and husbandry production

‹ agricultural production

The cultivated land area in 2008 is 20,580 hectares, 0.3 hec./p. The total planting area is 20,130 hec., including that of grains 8,510 hec., with yield of

32,100 tons, 459.77kilo/p, unit yied 3.77ton/hec. For the planting and yield of other crops, see more in Table2-8.

Table 2-8 Burqin County Agricultural Production in 2008 crops Planting area (hec.) yield (ton) Unit yield (ton/hec.) 1、grain 8513.33 32059 3.77 Inc: wheat 2186.67 6560 3.00 Corn 1153.33 9300 8.06 Bean 5260.00 16175 3.08 2、potato 46.67 3、vegetables & fruits 140.00 4、oil products 6540.00 17658 2.70

Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

‹ husbandry production

By the end of 2008, the number of butchered livestock is 342,100, and that of the unbutchered is 330,000. The total meat yield is 11,600 tons, milk yield

14,400 tons. See more in Table 2-9.

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Table 2-9 Burqin County Husbandry Production in 2008 indicator Unit volum Year-end number of butchered livestock unit 342100 Number of the unbutchered unit 330000 meat yield ton 11614 Mile yield ton 14402 Fowl& egg yield ton 600 Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

2.1.3 Social and economic conditions in Haba River County

2.1.3.1 Population and employment

By the end of 2008, the total household number in Haba River County is

24,300, with the population 84,500. The agricultural population is 54027, whose rate in the local total population is 13.79% higher than that of Xinjiang on the whole, and also higher than that of Burqin County. The male population is

42914 and the female 41602, i.e., the sex ratio is 103: 100; the birth rate is

20.25 ‰, death rate9.27‰, the natural rate of population growth is10.97‰。See more in Table 2-10.The annual average number of the employed staff on duty in

Haba River County is 8727 persons, with the annual salary of 21876,increasing by 13%.

Table 2-10 Haba River County Population and rate in 2008 By sex By agriculture item Year-end total male female agro Non-agro population(p) 84561 42914 41602 54027 30534 rate (%) 100 50.75 49.2 63.89 36.11

Source: 2009 Haba River County Statistics Report

2.1.3.2 economic conditions

The total production value of Heba River County in 2008 is

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2,096,710,000 yuan, including: the value increment of the 1st industry is

354,080,000 yuan, 2nd industry increment 1,428,950,000 yuan, 3rd industry

increment 313,680,000 yuan (See Table 2-11) ; production value per capita

24,795 yuan, 4416 more than that of Xinjiang. The total production value of

agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishery is 559,329,000 yuan, including, of

agriculture 245,736,000 yuan, accounting for 15.73% of the local agricultural

production, of husbandry 279,939,000 yuan, accounting for 15.15% of the

local husbandry production; tourism income120,000,000 yuan, and the number

of tourists is 180,000 people.

Table 2-11 Haba River County Production Value and Changes in 2008 indicator Value (ten thousand yuan) rate(%) Increase by (%) total production value 209671 100 0.3 1st industry 35408 16.89 6.4 2nd industry 142895 68.15 -6.8 3rd industry 31386 14.97 11.1

Source: 2009 Haba River County Statistics Report

The total fixed asset investment value in the whole county achieves

673,485,800 yuan, the local fiscal revenue is 224,600,000 yuan, and fiscal expenditure 465,610,000 yuan.

The disposable income per capita of urban residents in the whole county is 12811.08 yuan , the consumption expenditure per capita 8838.43 yuan; farmers’ net income per capita 4778 yuan, 306 yuan more than that of the whole region.

2.1.3.3 Agriculture and husbandry production

‹ agriculture

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The total land area of Haba River County in 2008 is 816,660 hectares, including the cultivated land area of 22,530 hec., land area per capita 0.27 hec./p. The total planting area is 22530 hec., including: grain planting area 7200 hec., with the yield of 32,300 tons, yield per capita 382.36 kilo/p, unit yield 4.49 ton/hec.; oil products planting area 4030 hec., yield 11184 tons; of grains, wheat yield is 13430 tons, corn 7693 tons, beans 10276 tons.

‹ husbandry

By the end of 2008, the number of the butchered livestock is 321300 and the unbutchered 310,500. The total meat yield is 12,099 tons, including beef yield 6,103 tons, mutton yield 4272 tons. See more in Table 2-12.

Table 2-12 Haba River County Husbandry Production in 2008 indicator unit volume year-end number of butchered livestock unit 321300 Number of the unbutchered unit 310500 Meat yield ton 12099 inc: beef ton 16103 Mutton ton 4272 Pork ton 136 Sea food ton 100 Source: 2009 Haba River County Statistics Report

2.2 Social and Economic Conditions in Project Townships

2.2.1 General Information on Hemu Kanas Nationality Township

Hemu Kanas Nationality Township is located at the north boundary of

Burqin County, east of Kanas Landscape Park .The township manipulates 2

administrative villages: Hemu Village and Kanas Village. The springs and

autumns here are short and the temperature is moderate and even chilly, and

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the winter is long and cold. The frostless period is less than 70 days and the

accumulated snow could be above 1.5 meters on the average.

2.2.1.1 land, population and employment

‹ land

In 2008, the total area of Hemu Kanas Nationality Township is 304,000

hectares, including grassland 11533 hec., accounting for 3.79%, forest land

10667 hec., accounting for 3.51%.

‹ population and nationalities

In 2008, the township has 645 households, with the population of 2001 persons, including male of 1042, agro population of 1632, and 3.1 person/household. The birth rate and the natural rate of population growth in

Hemu are close to these of Burqin, but the death rate in much higher than

Burqin’s. The death rate of minorities in Hemu is 6.49‰ higher than that of Han nationality in Burqin, possibly caused by the poorer medical and sanitary conditions in Hemu. See more in Table 2-13.

Table 2-13 Comparison on birth and death between Hemu and Burqin in 2008 Hemu Burqin indicator total Minority total minority Han Birth number (p) 43 43 1184 973 211 Birth rate (‰) 21.64 21.96 17.09 20.25 - Death number (person) 21 21 411 321 90 Death rate (‰) 10.57 10.73 5.93 6.68 4.24 number of natural growth (p) 22 22 773 652 121 Natural rate of growth (‰) 11.07 11.24 11.16 13.57 -

Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

There are 7 different ethnic groups in Hemu, mainly Tuwa Mongolians and

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Kazaks. In 2008, the population of Tuwa Mongolians is 1290, accounting for

64.47% of the whole local population, Kazak 649 people, accounting for

32.43%. See more about nationality constituent in Table 2-14.

Table 2-14 Hemu Township Nationality Constituent in 2008 Nationality Mongolian KazakHan Hui Russian Tujia Bao’an total population (p) 1290 649 31 28 1 1 1 2001 rate (%) 64.47 32.43 1.55 1.4 0.05 0.05 0.05 100

Source: 2009 Burqin County Statistics Annals

‹ employment

The number of practitioners in the 2nd industry (construction) in Hemu is

20 persons, and 566 persons in the 3rd industry, including 280 persons as horse leasers, 66 persons as environmental protection servants, guards and forest watchmen in the landscape park,30 person as tourism product salesmen, 40 persons working in hotels and restaurants, and 150 persons in fishery, featured product processing, etc.

2.2.1.2 economic development

In 2008, the gross production value of Hemu Kanas Nationality Township is 10,000,000 yuan, the gross production value per capita 4997.5 yuan, 35.19% of that of Burqin County, 20.07% of Haba River County’s; farmers and herdsmen’s net income per capita is 3353 yuan, increasing 1030 yuan, 1329 yuan less than Burqin’s and 1425 yuan less than Haba River’s; collective economy income of townships and villages is 950,000 yuan, infrastructure investment 2,660,000 yuan; tourism income 4,000,000 yuan, increasing by 15%,

16 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan but only accounting for 0.6% of Burqin’s, and 3.33% of Haba River’s.

Husbandry there is the basic industry, the year-end number of the unbutchered livestock is 7133, accounting for 2.16% of Burqin’s, 2.30% of Haba River’s.

There are 110 households and 427 people with low income and in poverty, including 75 households,307 persons in Kanas Village, 35 household, 120 persons in Hemu Village

2.2.2 Social and economic conditions in Tiereketi Township

2.2.2.1 land , population, and labors

Tiereketi Township is located 78 kilometers away north of Haba River

County, its east is adjacent with Burqin County .There are 5 administrative villages in the town. The summers and autumns are short and the temperature is moderate and even chilly, the winter is long and cold, and the frostless period is less than 90 days.

In 2008, the total land area in Tiereketi is 132,300 hectares, including the cultivated land area 1000 hec. (water-irrigated land area 466.67 hec., dry land area 533.33 hec.) , grassland area 820 hec.

In 2008, there are 571household in Tiereketi Township, with the population of 2349 people, consisting of 4 nationalities. Kazaks are in the largest number.

See more about nationality constituent in Table 2-15.

Table 2-15 Hemu Township Nationality Constituent in 2008 nationality Kazak Tuwa Mongolian Hui Han Total population (person) 1974 360 8 7 2342 rate (%) 84.29 15.37 0.34 0.30 100

Source: 2009 Haba River County Statistics Annals

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The labor force in the whole town is 765 persons , and the number of

transferred labors in the whole year is 385 persons and the income is 1,385,000

yuan. 63 households are taking up featured breeding and 40 persons are in

tourism.

2.2.2.2 economic conditions

The gross production value of Tiereketi Township in 2008 is 5,780,000 yuan, increasing by 20%。The local economic development is mainly fostered by husbandry industry, the agriculture is in the second place. The peak of breeding livestock volume in this township is 19230, the figure of the unbutchered is 13809. 30,000 tourists visit there in the whole year, creating the income of 800,000. The farmers and herdsmen’s income per capita is 2679 yuan,

674 less than that of Hemu Township. There are 317 persons in 94 households living in poverty due to low income, including, 89 persons of 19 households in

Tiereketi Village,62 persons of 17 households in Arkehaba South Village, and

52 persons of 24 households in Arkehaba North Village.

2.3 Social and Economic Conditions on Project-affected Villages

The villages affected by the project are Hemu Village in Hemu Township,

Kanas Landscape Park, Tiereketi Village, Arkehaba South Village and North

Village in Tiereketi Township. See more about the villages’ social and economic conditions in Table 2-16.

Table 2-16 Major social& economic indicators of project-affected villages in 2008

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Indicator Hemu Tiereketi Arkehaba South Arkehaba North Village Village Village Village Number of Unit 351 98 150 54 households Total Population Person 1418 374 546 173 Number of minority Person 351 96 150 54 households inc: Kazak Person 11 94 150 - Mongolians person 340 - - 54 Cultivated land area mu - 3900 2900 1800 Grassland area Mu 9200 1200 3850 2600 Number of butchered unit 5037 4852 1344 5177 Livestock Tourism income 10 thous. yuan 400 39.56 13.38 26.22 Net income per capita Yuan 2867 2757 2917 1334 Collective economy 10 thous. yuan 20 100 income

Among all these 4 villages in the Project Area, the number of households and persons per household in Hemu Village is the largest, i.e. 351 and 4.04 p/household respectively. The nationality constituent is relatively simple, one nationality in one village, which mainly are Kazaks and Tuwa Mongolians.

No industry in these 4 villages and farmers and herdsmen are mainly taking up livestock breeding and getting paid by selling out livestock products.

The grassland area in the Project Area is large while the cultivated land area is small. Only few households plant wheat and vegetables for personal consumption. By the end of 2008, the livestock inventories in Hemu and

Tiereketi Villages are respectively 5177 and 5037, and that of Arkehaba North

Village only has 1344.

The income per capita of Arkehaba Village is the highest,2917yuan , 238 more than that of Tiereketi Township, while the income per capita of Arkehaba

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North Village is the lowest, only 1334 yuan, 1345 less than that of Tiereketi

Township.

The tour income of Hemu Village in 2008 年 is the greatest,4,000,000 yuan, while that of Arkehaba South Village is the least, only 133,800 yuan.

Because Hemu Village is very close to Kanas Landscape Park, some of farmers and herdsmen are offering tourism service, but the hotels and restaurants are mainly owned and managed by the operators from other places; Tiereketi Village is relatively far away from the Park, and the number of resorts is few, so there are few tourists visiting there, no specifically authorized hotels and restaurants for travel service, i.e. the tourism there is developing very slowly; for the potential resorts in Arkehaba South and North Village, there are still a lot of work to do, for only few number of farmers and herdsmen run some temporary and simple restaurants.

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3 Infrastructure Conditions in Project Area

3.1 water supply and drainage facilities

At present, Kanas Landscape Park has owned the supply water facilities, drainage facilities and a polluted water processing plantl. Hemu village has better water supply and drainage facilities , which are all in operation. Tiereketi

Village has also the facilities , but only about 40% of households has water due to insufficient water supply volume, and other households have to drink the water from rivers or springs. Arkehaba South and North Villages have no water supply and drainage facilities and the drinking water of all the house holds is from rivers or springs.

3.2 Power and telecommunication facilities

3.2.1 Power facilities

Now Kanas Landscape Park has a 110kv wire transporting transformed electricity of 65km from Burqin to Chonghuer, and such a 35kv wire of 68km from Chonghuer to Jiadenyu. Kanas Lake has a 2nd-level power station with power capacity of 1×630KW. Tiereketi Village has been electrically supplied by a big power network of 10kv; Hemu Village has a small 75kW water power station and a 16kW solar energy power station. Meanwhile, about 1/3 households have simplified solar energy batteries so as to successfully use electricity. Arkehaba South and North Villages have a 100kW diesel power generator as well as 20 ton diesels, partly using electricity.

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3.2.2 Telecommunication facilities

The telecommunication infrastructure in Kanas is good, with a 78km cable from Haba River County to Tiereketi Township and a 68km cable from

Chonghuer to Jiadenyu and Hemu Village; Tiereketi Village, Arkehaba South and North Villages and Hemu Village all have used program-controlled telephones and the physical conditions for installing the wired phones have been ready, and the mobile phone service has been offered. All of the villages have their TV switching station, and broadcasting and cable television facilities. The township governments have used telecommunication broad belts, while the project villages only have the cableless network service offered by Unicom, and the running rate of the net is low and the cost is great.

3.3 Transportation facilities

3.3.1 Transportation facilities

Kanas Branch Airport has been in operation, able to meet the demand for the use of the large aero planes like Boeing 737, which facilitates a lot for tourists inside and outside Xinjiang.

The Project Area has a Level-3 tourism road with the length of 217 km, from Burqin County to Kanas Village (Kanas Lake) to Hemu Village; a Level-3 tourism road of 30km from Kanas Village to Arkehaba North and South Villages; no solidified tar road stretching to Tiereketi Village. The construction of the road from Jiadenyu to Hemu has completed its preliminary phase, and the road from Haba River County to Arkehaba North and South Villages is under construction

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All these villages have tar roads throughout the village, but the roads in

the region are still primitive and in poor condition, which hinder the

development of the local life condition, education and medical service, and are

in bad need of renovation. On rainy days, the roads easily become muddy and

the traffic is jammed. When winters come, heavy snow isolates the mountain

from the external contact. If any villagers and tourists are in emergency events

such as sickness and natural disasters, it is hard to handle.

3.3.2 Parking space

At present, in the project villages, only Qibaleyi and Aobao in Hemu village have the parking lots of 1000m2, while other villages have none.

3.4 Sanitary and trash processing facilities

3.4.1 Sanitary and trash processing facilities

The resorts in Kanas(mainly Kanas Lake and Jiadenyu Tourist Base ) do not have perfect trash collecting and processing facilities, only Hemu Landscape

Park owns 100 trash cans.

All the villages in Project Area do not have any trash collecting system and processing facilities, so the trash resulting from the local residents and tourists cannot be effectively collected and processed, and cause the pollution of water, soil and ecological environment, which is not only affecting the natural environment in Kanas, but the surviving environment of human being and animals.

3.4.2 Toilets

Most of households in these 4 villages in Project Area do not have any toilet.

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Hemu Landscape Park has a 3-star toilet and a group of ecologically packaging toilet, and Tiereketi village, Arkehaba South and North Villages are constructing

4-star environmentally-friendly public toilets.

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4 Industry Development in Project Area

4.1 Tourism development

4.1.1 Tourism resources

Kanans is famed by Pure Land On Earth, with a variety of natural

landscapes glaciers, snow plains, tall mountains, rivers, lakes, forests and

pastures. There are 55 resorts of different sizes, belonging to 33 basic

categories, which accounts for 58.9% among the 56 categories in Xinjiang, and

11 of resorts are in high class. The major tourism resources include Kanas

State-level Natural Preserve, Kanas State Geological Park, Bahaba State Forest

Park, Jiadenyu State Forest Park, Burqin Valley, Hemu Valley, Hemu Pasture,

and the three primitive Tuwu Villages, i.e., Hemu Village, Baihaba(Arkehaba

South and North Villages) , and Kanas Village. These seven natural landscapes

and the three humanism landscape are famous at home and abroad, among

which Kanas Lake is called The Most Beautiful Lake in the World.

In the landscape park, there are 319 lakes, big or small, producing 210

well-maintained quaternary glaciers, 798 different species of plants and 99

types of fungus; 39 species of beasts, 4 species of amphibian reptiles, 117

species of birds, 7 species of fish, and seven of wild animals like panthers,

brown bears and snow rabbits are listed as nationally protected species, eight

are listed as internationally endangered species, and 8 species are unique in

Kanas.

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The humanism tourism resources in Kanas Region are unique, are

considered the living museum of hunting culture before the emergence of

farming civilization in human history. People could still find lots of remains

about pasture culture such as kinds of stone men, deer rocks, and mould pile

tombs, left by generations of nomadic nationalities, and a plenty of rock

paintings from the far ancient to Yuan Dynasty. Tuwan, a branch of Mongolians,

only have 2000 people, whose language is one of the rare languages existing

now. And their culture has harmoniously united with the local Kazak culture,

which forms the unique pasture culture and exotic custom in Kanas.

4.1.2 Tourism infrastructure

Tourism administration center , switch centers, a 8.3km wooden path and a

landscape view platform of 1500 square meters have been established in Kanas

Landscape Park.

In the aspect of operating facilities, they include 4 receptive zones , a VIP

building and a regional reception center in Jiadenyu. Both of VIP building and

reception center could entertain more than 100 people. The four receptive

zones in Jiadenyu totally have more than 3000 beds, which place a solid

foundation for the shift between landscape zone and life zones.

There are no tourism infrastructure in the project villages. In 2008, a horse breeding farm is built so as to improve the quality of horse leasing service for tourism offered by the local farmers and herdsmen.

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4.1.3 Tourism economy development

In 2008, due to the road construction in the landscape park, the tourist volume is 376, 000 people,(including: 90,000 in Hemu, 65,000 in Baihaba) , reducing by 42.77%; ticket income 38,000,000 yuan, reducing by 40.93%; tourism income 3,900,000,000 yuan, reducing by 51.85%.

The tourism industry there is still in the primitive and launching phase.

Among the factors regarding tourism such as dining, accommodation, transport, travel, shopping and entertainment, the first three ones are more weighed. The degree of the local residents’ participation in tourism management, only in house leasing, horse leasing, sale of diary products and craft arts, etc. And the project villages , because of poor infrastructure, cannot meet the need of tourism development and tourists.

4.2 Husbandry development

4.2.1 General view

Husbandry in Hemu Village, Tiereketi Village, and Arkehaba South and

North Villages in the Project Area are the major industry and income source of farmers and herdsmen. But the way of breeding livestock in these villages is still traditionally coarse, a big gap away from the modern husbandry and breeding.

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4.2.2 Husbandry development and policy

The main livestock types in the villages are the big ones like cattle, horses, sheep and goats. In 2008, the number of the unbutchered livestock is 16410, the number per household is 25, the number per capita 7; pasture area 1123.33 hectares, 1.72 hec. per household, 0.07 hec. per livestock. Such favorable natural conditions provide the guarantee for the local farmers and herdsmen to breed livestock. In 2008 the total income of Hemu Township is 9,640,000 yuan, including 3,250,000 yuan from husbandry, accounting for 33.71%。

To support and protect the husbandry development in the Project Area, the two townships in the landscape park increase the investment on husbandry infrastructure and technology. In 2008 Tiereketi Township invests 300,000 on the construction of a 210m2 animal disease prevention station, introduce a

Yili horse with nice breed in order to improve the quality of the local livestock.

Also the townships grant a subsidy with 500 yuan each livestock for those household having more than 10 quality cows. 124 households in these 2 townships have been financially supported.

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5 Culture, Education and Health Development in the Project Area

5.1 Culture and Education Development in the Project Area

5.1.1 Basic situation of culture, education and health

5.1.1.1 Hemu Kanas Nationality Township

In 2008 there are two schools in Hemu Kanas Nationality Township, namely, Middle School of Hemu Kanas Nationality Township (junior middle school of nine-year compulsory education) and Kanas Primary School. Both schools are located in Hemu village, and taught by two languages, Mongolia and Kazak. There are 249 students and a staff of 46, among which one graduated from regular college, from junior college for professional training and

8 from secondary specialized school. Educational facilities are far behind the times, without audio-visual classrooms and music teachers. Some classrooms, offices and dormitories are seriously damaged. There are 160 resident students, but the school can only arrange 80 students.

Currently, there is a township health center and a village clinic, with 5 beds, a staff of 14, (10 authorized forces, 4 temporary workers) and 10 doctors and nurses, most of which graduated from local medical school. On average,

100 people share 0.25 bed and 0.5 doctors and nurses.

5.1.1.2 Tiereketi Township

In 2008 there are 5 schools in Tiereketi Township, 2 junior middle schools

and 3 primary schools. There are 415 students and a staff of 76. There is a

library, reading rooms and audio-visual classrooms in Junior Middle School of

29 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Tiereketi. Educational facilities of other schools are far behind the times.

There is a township health center and 3 village clinics which are equipped with B–ultrasonic machines and X-ray machines. In all, there is a staff of 16, 14 doctors and nurses, 5 beds. 4000 people go to hospital a year, with 170719 yuan expenses for medicine. 100 people share 0.6 doctors and nurses on average.

5.1.2 Developing level of culture, education and health

Judging from basic situation of culture, education and health in Altay prefecture, Burqin County, Habahe County, Hemu Kanas Nationality Township and Tiereketi Township, it is almost the same with the 2 townships, on average poorer than Altay prefecture, Burqin County and Habahe County, and lower than the average level of Altay prefecture. The specific situation is presented in

Table5-1. Besides, the educational infrastructure in the Project Area is poor.

Almost half of the classrooms are concrete and brick structure and the others are wood structure and seriously damaged. The medical and health are developing slowly and the medical infrastructure is far behind times, lack of sickbeds, operating rooms. Since medical equipments are simple, they can only perform some simple and easy operations, such as delivering a child and stitching up a cut. Doctors and nurses are not good at their jobs and prices of medicines are high. Many illnesses need to be cured at the county hospitals and hospitals of

Altay prefecture.

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Table 5-1 contrast of culture, education and health in 2008

Altay Burqin Habahe Hemu Kanas Tiereketi items unit prefecture County County nationality township township

I. culture and education

1.average students of each school persons 348 502 473 125 76

junior middle school persons 381 485 325 194 47 primary school persons 476 515 661 55 95 2.average teacher numbers persons 38 54 37 23 15 of each school middle school teachers persons 38 57 28 34 25 primary school teachers persons 56 52 50 12 9 3. ratio of teacher to student % 11 11 8 18 20 II. health 1.average number of doctors and persons 6 21 40 5 4 nurses of each medical institute doctors persons 5 13 26 4 3 nurses persons 2 8 15 1 1 2.average number of sickbeds of each beds 3 27 24 3 2 medical institute 3.average number of sickbeds per beds 28 38 20 25 26 10,000 people 4.average number of doctors per persons 74 47 44 50 60 10,000 people Data resource: statistic annals of Altay in 2008, statistic annals of Burqin County in 2008, statistic annals of Habahe County in 2008, statistic department of Kanas scenic spot

5.2 Training Situation in the Project Area

5.2.1 Training Situation

In 2008 Hemu Kanas Nationality Township has trained 1200 person-times,

60% of the whole population of the township. 82% of the labor forces accept training. Among them, 50 women, organized by Hemu village, are trained by township government for free, which improves their tourist service of horse-renting. Tiereketi Township employed bi-language teachers and skill-training teachers all the year and ran three sessions of training classes. 500

31 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

person-times have been trained, making up 21.29% of the whole population of

the township.

In 2008, government of the Project Area reimbursed traveling expenses in

other prefectures for professionals, including the training of doctors and nurses,

further education of teachers, which greatly stiffened their initiative.

5.2.2 Training forms and contents

At present, mainly financed by government, training is free for farmers and herdsmen in the Project Area. Fundamentally, experts or technicians are invited to teach them Chinese and professional skills, mainly including tourism and livestock breeding. With regard to the training of tourism, they mainly train tourist service, production and sales of tourist crafts and local specialty. Training of livestock breeding includes improvement, epidemic prevention and skills of livestock breeding. Besides, the Project Area also trained some professionals so as to improve their service ability.

32 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

6 Production and Living Conditions of the ethnic groups in the Project Area

6.1 A Survey of the Ethnic Groups in the Project Area

6.1.1 Situation of the ethnic groups’ population, labor forces and cultural quality

6.1.1.1 Situation of population and labor forces

According to the sample survey to 148 ethnic households, farmers’ families are parents-centered. Every household of the 4 villages are short of labor forces.

The ethnic groups’ population and labor forces situation in the Project Area is presented in 6-1. Sample household’s average number of population is 3.91.

Southern Akehaba village has the largest population number, with 4.29 on average.

Northern Akehaba village has the smallest population number, with 3.56 on average. There is no significant difference among the villages, relatively higher than the average number of Altay prefecture, Burqin County and Habahe County.

The largest gap between male and female labor forces in Hemu village is 28, and the smallest in Northern Akehaba village being 16. The average number of labor forces is 1.84 in each household in the Project Area. Northern Akehaba village has the largest average number of labor forces, being 2.18 and Northern Akehaba village has the smallest, being 1.68. Table 6-1 population and labor forces situation in the Project Area in 2008 unit: person items Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba total household number 68 35 28 17 148 family population 262 138 120 57 577 male 126 70 55 29 280 female 136 68 65 28 297 under 16 73 21 32 15 141 average population 3.85 3.94 4.29 3.56 3.91 labor forces 126 59 47 37 269 male labor forces 77 41 28 21 167 female labor forces 49 18 19 16 102 average labor forces 1.91 1.69 1.68 2.18 1.84

33 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

6.1.1.2 Labor forces’ cultural quality

According to a survey to the labor forces’ cultural education, the overall cultural quality of the labors is poor, junior middle school and below it making up

76.59%. The details are presented in Chart 6-1. Among the 4 villages, Southern

Akehaba village has the highest cultural quality, senior high school and beyond it reaching 34.04%. Tiereketi village has the lowest, senior high school and beyond it being only 8.47%. The ethnic labor forces’ cultural level is presented in Table 6-2.

Technical secondary Illiterate and school and above semiliterate 13% 2% Elementary school Senior high school 24% 10%

Junior high school 51%

Chart 6-1 situation of labor forces’ education

Table 6-2 sample households’ education in the Project Areas in 2008 unit: person, % illiterate primary junior middle Senior high Polytechnicschool name of the labor half-illiterate school school school and beyond it project village forces ps % ps % ps % ps % ps % Hemu village 126 1 0.79 24 19.05 70 55.56 16 12.70 15 11.90 Tiereketi village 59 2 3.39 23 38.98 29 49.15 0 0.00 5 8.47 S. Akehaba 47 1 2.13 13 27.66 17 36.17 8 17.02 8 17.02 N. Akehaba 37 1 2.70 4 10.81 22 59.46 4 10.81 6 16.22 total 269 5 1.86 64 23.79 138 51.30 28 10.41 34 12.64 attention: “ps” refers to persons

6.1.2 Financial Situation of ethnic families

According to a survey to 148 households, the sample households mainly live on livestock breeding and have heavy family burden and low income. In the Project

Area, the overall situation of Tiereketi village is relatively poor, while the situation

34 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan is relatively better. Basic family situation of the sample households in the Project

Area is presented in Table 6-3. Table 6-3 sample households’ basic family situation in the Project Area in 2008 items Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba total village village village village Households surveyed 68 35 28 17 148 labor force population 2.08 2.34 2.55 1.54 2.14 per capita cultivated land 0 1.71 0.48 0.35 0.66 per capita labor force cultivated land 0 4.00 0.99 0.54 1.42 per capita livestock 4.39 6.16 8.78 10.96 6.38 per capita labor force livestock 8.97 14.41 22.43 16.89 13.60 per capita housing area (m2) 30.67 20.70 17.92 17.01 21.58 per capita household income (yuan) 27761 14128 20833 24943 22734 per capita income (yuan) 7205 3583 4861 7002 5831

6.1.3 Nationality situation of ethnic groups and women’s situation

6.1.3.1 situation of nationality

The 4 villages of the Project Area are a compact community for ethnic groups.

There are 68 households, 262 people in Hemu village. Among them, 55

households, 202 people are Tuwa Mongolian people, making up 77.10% of the

village population, 11 Kazak households, 50 people, making up 19.08% and 2 Hui

households, 10 people, making up 3.82%.

There are 35 sample households, 138 people. Among them, there are 34 Kazak

households, 134 people, making up 97.10% of the village population, 1 Hui

household, 4 people, making up 2.90% of the sample population.

There are 28 sample households, 120 people in Southern Akehaba village, all of whom are Kazak people. There are 17 sample households in Southern Akehaba village, 57 people, all of whom are Tuwa Mongolian people. The specific distribution of the ethnic groups is presented in Table 6-4.

35 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-4 sample households’ distribution and sex situation in the project villages unit: households, persons, % Kazak Tuwa Mongolian Hui project village name items number % number % number % Hemu village households 11 16.18 55 80.88 2 2.94 population 50 19.08 202 77.10 10 3.82 male 30 11.45 90 34.35 6 2.29 female 20 7.63 112 42.75 4 1.53 Tiereketi village households 34 97.14 － － 1 2.86 population 134 97.10 － － 4 2.90 male 68 49.28 － － 2 1.45 female 66 47.83 － － 2 1.45 S. Akehaba village households 28 100 － － － － population 120 100 － － － － male 55 45.83 － － － － female 65 54.17 － － － － N. Akehaba village households － － 17 100 － － population － － 57 100 － － male － － 29 50.88 － － female － － 28 49.12 － －

6.1.3.2 Sex of the ethnic groups and women’s family and social status

‹ Sex proportion

For the proportion of men to women, the Tuwa Mongolian people and the

Kazak people are relatively in the proportion of 100: 85 and 100: 101. The sex of the Mongolian Tuwa people is out of proportion. Comparing the sex of the ethnic groups of the four villages, the sex proportion of Hemu village is seriously out of proportion, while the situation in Tiereketi village is better than the average proportion of Altay. (The rate of Altay is 103.2, Burqin 102.1, and Habahe 103.15.)

The details are listed in Table 6-5.

36 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-5 sex proportion of sample households in the Project Area in 2008 project village name Kazak Mongolian Tuwa people Hui People total Hemu village 1.50 0.80 1.50 0.93 Tiereketi village 1.03 1 - 1.03 Southern Akehaba village 0.85 - - 0.85 Northern Akehaba village - 1.04 - 1.04 total 1.01 0.85 1.33 0.94 Attention: All the statistics are proportion of men to women ‹ Women’s status

According to the survey on site, women’s family and social status of both

Tuwa Mongolian and Kazak women are in harmony with their division of labor and the power of decision-making. Women are in charge of most of the house work, including bring-up children, preparing diet, sewing, washing and taking care of the aged, etc. Men rarely do the house work. As to decision-making in family life, they are almost equal. In family production, women take part in few activities but collect wild vegetables and fruits. Men are main labors, taking charge of raising livestock and agriculture, etc. In social lives, women are subordinate to men. They rarely participate in social activities. Men take part in social activities of their village and make decisions. Generally speaking, women don not interfere in men’s social activities.

6.1.4 Age structure of the ethnic groups

Through a survey to 577 persons of the sample households, there are 160 persons younger than 16 and older than 60, which make up 27.73% of the total sample households. In this proportion, 131 persons are under 16, which make up

22.7%; 29 persons are beyond 60, which make up 5.03%. From these figures, it can be known that local age structure relatively keeps a balance, which is favorable to balanced population increase for local ethnic groups. In the four villages, Tiereketi village is the worst in age structure, while the other three villages are better in age

37 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan structure. (The details are listed in Table 6-6.) Table 6-6 sample household’s age structure in the Project Area in 2008 unit: person, % beyond 60 under 16 total project village name sample population persons % persons % persons % Hemu village 262 7 2.67 73 27.86 80 30.53 Tiereketi village 138 7 5.07 11 7.97 18 13.04 Southern Akehaba village 120 11 9.17 32 26.67 43 35.83 Northern Akehaba village 57 4 7.02 15 26.32 19 33.33 total 577 29 5.03 131 22.70 160 27.73

6.2 Sample Households’ Production Situation in the Project Area

6.2.1 Agricultural production conditions and profits

6.2.1.1 Agricultural production conditions

‹ The usage and situation of agriculture-use fields

According to the survey of the sample households, 97% of the fields are

grassland, while arable land, garden plot, woodland takes few proportion.(Chart

6-2) The field usage of the sample households in the 4 project villages are almost

the same, but there are some differences. The grassland in Hemu village almost

makes up all the fields and it is the largest grassland without cultivated land.

Tiereketi village has, relatively, more arable land, which makes up 14.26% of the

contracted fields. There are 42 mu(a traditional unit of area, equal to 0.0667

hectare) arable land and 50 mu woodland in the Southern Akehaba village, totally

making up 6.15% of the fields. Northern Akehaba village has the least grassland,

which makes up 64.04% of the contracted fields. The details are listed in Table 6-7.

The project villages are mainly engaged in breeding and the fields are mainly used

to develop livestock breeding.

38 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Area of cultivated land Area of garden plots 2% Area of wasteland Area of woodland 1%

Area of grassland 97%

Chart 6-2 fields usage structure of the sample households in the Project Area

Table 6-7 sample households’ agriculture-use land area in the sample village in 2008 unit: mu(a traditional unit of area, equaling to 0.0667 hectare)

Project village average arable garden wood grass Waste contracted area name household area land area plot area land area land area land area

Hemu village 8076.30 118.77 0.00 1.00 0 8075.30 0

Tiereketi village 677.60 19.36 96.60 0 0 581.00 0 S. Akehaba village 1587.00 56.68 42.00 0 50.00 1495.00 0 N. Akehaba village 554.33 32.61 39.33 0 0 355.00 160.00 total 10895.23 73.62 177.93 1.00 50.00 10506.30 160.00

‹ Crops growing structure

Judging from the growing structure of the sample households in the project villages, planted species are monotonous, mainly growing wheat and vegetables with a small scale. There is no cultivated land in Hemu village and the other 3 villages together, with an average planting area of 1.2 mu, grow wheat and vegetables with an area of 177.93 mu, among which wheat area makes up 67.12%, vegetables 32.88%. Judging from the planting situation in the villages, it can be seen that Tiereketi village mainly grows wheat, with an area of 86.8 mu, which makes up 72.51% of the wheat planting area. The southern Akehaba village mainly

39 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan grows vegetables, with an area of 42 mu, which makes up 71.79%. The details are listed in Table 6-8. Table 6-8 sample households’ crops planting structure in the project villages in 2008 unit: mu items Tiereketi village Southern Akehaba village Northern Akehaba village total growing area 96.6 42 39.33 177.93 wheat 86.60 0.00 32.83 119.43 vegetables 10.00 42.00 6.50 58.50

‹ Possession of agricultural means of production

Agricultural facilities are necessary for modern agricultural production. In the

Project Area, modern farm facilities coexist with traditional agricultural tools. It is still in a transitional stage. The ethnic groups in the Project Area mainly go in for animal husbandry and rarely grow crops. They own few agricultural means of production. Currently, agricultural machines and tools are mainly used for fodder harvest and planting. According to a survey to the sample households in the project villages, farmers and herdsmen own 74 farm implements and animal-driven carts with an average number of 0.5 for each household. Besides the animal-forced carts, farmers and herdsmen own all sorts of 56 agricultural machines and tools, with an average number of 0.38 for each household. Possession of agricultural means of production for the sample households in each village is presented in Table 6-9. Table 6-9 possession of agricultural means of production for the sample villagers in 2008 Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba total items village village village village Agricultural number 3 1 3 0 7 carrying trucks average number for a family 0.04 0.03 0.11 0 0.05 number 12 14 7 3 36 tractors average number for a family 0.18 0.4 0.25 0.18 0.24 number 2 8 0 3 13 harvester Average number for a family 0.03 0.23 0 0.18 0.09 animal-driven number 11 0 3 4 18 carts average number for a family 0.16 0 0.11 0.24 0.12

40 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

6.2.1.2 Crops profits situation

Since most of the sample households in the project villages are herdsmen and they grow wheat and vegetables not for sales but eat for themselves, the villagers do not have sales income. The cost for growing wheat is 78.28 yuan per mu and vegetables 160 yuan per mu.

6.2.2 Livestock breeding and profits

6.2.2.1 Livestock breeding

Livestock breeding is the main productive activity and income source for most farmers and herdsmen of the 4 villages. According to the survey to the sample households, the farmers and herdsmen raise 3679 heads of livestock, with an average number of 253679 for each household, among which 82 heads of livestock are purchased this year, making up 2.23%. It shows that herdsmen mainly accumulate livestock by breeding rather than purchasing to enlarge their breeding scale. The sorts of livestock they raise include cattle, sheep, horses and small amount of donkeys. The sample households raise 1040 heads of cattle, making up

28.42% of all the livestock, and 1782 heads of sheep, making up 48.7%, 825 heads of horses, making up 22.55%.

Comparing the situation of each village, the sample households of Southern

Akehaba village raise the most on average, up to 38 heads. Hemu village is at the bottom, with 17 on average. The average amount from the most to the least is sheep, horses and cattle. The possession situation of sheep, cattle and horses is listed in

Table 6-10.

What’s more, some farmers and herdsmen raise poultry on a small scale,

41 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan mainly eating for them but not for sale. The total number is 739, with an average possession of 5 for each household. In the total number, Hemu village raises 616 poultry, making up 83%. Table 6-10 possession of livestock for sample households in the project villages in 2008 unit: head Hemu village Tiereketi village S. Akehaba village N. Akehaba village average Average average average items number number number number number number number number for a family for a family for a family for a family cattle 361 5.31 265 7.57 261 9.32 153 9 sheep 399 5.87 445 12.71 582 20.79 356 20.94 livestock Horse 370 5.44 128 3.66 211 7.54 116 6.82 donkey 0 0 12 0.34 0 0 0 0 total 1130 16.62 850 24.29 1054 37.64 625 36.76 livestock purchased 82 1.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 Number of poultry 616 9.06 16 0.46 107 3.82 0 0

6.2.2.2 Profits of livestock breeding

As to the profits of livestock breeding, the total income of the sample households is 1876611 yuan, and 12680 yuan on average for each household, and

3252 yuan per capita on average. Comparing the 4 villages, Tiereketi village is at the top with 3659 yuan per capita on average and Northern Akehaba village at the bottom with 1645 yuan. The specific profits for livestock breeding are presented in

Table 6-11. Table 6-11 profits for livestock breeding in the project villages in 2008 unit: yuan Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba Project items village village village village Area total income of livestock breeding 915162 504900 362769 93780 1876611 per capita household income of 13458 14426 12956 5516 12680 livestock breeding per capita income of livestock breeding 3493 3659 3023 1645 3252 Attention: the Project Area refers to the 4 sample project villages and the following is the same.

42 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

6.2.3 Family income

6.2.3.1 Income situation

Judging from the survey to the sample households, the income level is relatively low in the Project Area, with per capita income of 6091 yuan. Comparing the difference of per capita income, Hemu village is at the top, with an average income of 6823 yuan, while Northern Akehaba village is at the bottom, with 2791 yuan. The details are presented in Table 6-12. Table 6-12 sample households’ average individual income in project villages in 2008 unit: household, person, yuan. number of persons Total income per capita household per capita income project village name households income Hemu village 68 262 1787732 26290 6823 Tiereketi village 35 138 794480 22699 5757 S. Akehaba village 28 120 773336 27619 6444 N. Akehaba village 17 57 159092 9358 2791 Project Area 148 577 3514640 23748 6091

The farmers and herdsmen are divided into groups according to their average household income and the income gap is large. 62.16% people’s income is between

8000 and 23000 yuan. The income details of each village are presented in Table

6-13. Table 6-13 average household income group in the project villages in 2008 unit: household, %. Number of households income group Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba village N. Akehaba village total formation village village under 8000 11 9 3 5 28 18.92 8000-13000 7 2 4 7 20 13.51 13000-18000 16 11 6 3 36 24.32 18000-23000 18 9 8 1 36 24.32 beyond 23000 16 4 7 1 28 18.92 total 68 35 28 17 148 100

6.2.3.2 Income source

The sample households in the Project Area have many income sources.

43 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Judging from the per capita income, farmers profit almost nothing from planting, because their planting is mainly to eat for themselves, while livestock breeding profit them the most, with a per capita income up to 3252 yuan. Tourism comes the next, with a per capita income of 1061yuan. Seeing from the 4 villages, livestock breeding is the main source of per capita income. The details are presented in Table

6-14. Table6-14 the source of per capita income for sample households in 2008 unit: yuan Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba project income source village village village village region livestock breeding income 3493 3659 3023 1645 3252 forestry and fruit income 0 0 950 51 203 salary income 707 639 367 1218 670 tabor-invest income 205 101 92 88 145 Trans situation income 77 0 0 0 35 property income 356 0 575 239 305 tourism income 1970 0 685 246 1061 store management income 132 294 242 902 270 other income 265 1064 595 860 583 total 7205 5757 6528 5247 6525

The leading industry in the Project Area is livestock breeding, which holds the first of the of the sample house, up to 49.85%. Tourism holds the second place, up to 16.27%. The situation of per capita income for farmers and herdsmen is presented in Table 6-13. It can be seen from Table 6-13 that there is a big gap in the specific income situation proportion. The per capita income of livestock breeding in

Tiereketi village makes up 63.55% of the whole per capita income, while Northern

Akehaba village is only 31.35%. The per capita income of tourism in Hemu village makes up 27.34%, while Northern Akehaba village is only 4.68%.

44 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-15 sample households’ per capita income situation in 2008 unit: % Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba Hemu village Project Area items village village village percentage percentage percentage percentage percentage per capita income 100 100 100 100 100 livestock breeding 48.48 63.55 46.31 31.35 49.85 income forestry and fruit 0 0 14.55 0.97 3.11 income salary income 9.81 11.10 5.62 23.20 10.27 tabor-invest income 2.84 1.75 1.40 1.67 2.22 Trans situation 0 0 0 1.07 0.54 income property income 4.95 0 8.81 4.55 4.68 tourism income 27.34 0 10.49 4.68 16.27 store management 1.83 5.11 3.70 17.19 4.13 income other income 3.67 18.49 9.11 16.39 8.94

6.3 Living Conditions of the Ethnic Groups in the Project Area

6.3.1 Living Conditions of the Sample Households

6.3.1.1 Housing condition

Looking into the housing conditions of the sample households, the ethnic groups follow their tradition in architectural style and materials. They have a housing area of 21.43m2 per person. There are few differences between the 4 villages, among which Hemu village has the largest housing area, up to 23.50 m2 per person, while Tiereketi village has the smallest housing area, being 17.01 m2 per person. The details are listed in Table 6-16. Table 6-16 sample household’s housing area in the project villages in 2008 unit: m2 number of housing building Average housing area per project village name population households area area housing area person Hemu village 68 262 6158 6158 90.56 23.50 Tiereketi village 35 138 2348 2348 67.09 17.01 S. Akehaba village 28 120 2680 2680 95.71 22.33 N. Akehaba village 17 57 1180 1180 69.41 20.70 total 148 577 12366 12366 83.55 21.43

45 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

6.3.1.2 Family living conditions

Comparatively speaking, the inner family living conditions of Hemu village are better than other villages, and Southern Akehaba village is the worst, but the outer living conditions of Hemu village are the worst. As to drinking water,

63.24% of the sample households of Hemu village drink tap water and it has the highest proportion. Concerning the drainage, only Hemu village provides drainage, but the proportion is as low as 2.94%. Electricity has reached every sample household in Hemu village, but there is no electricity connection in both Southern

Akehaba village and Northern Akehaba village. Judging from the distance from farmers’ houses to hospitals, schools and other living facilities, the condition of

Hemu village is worse than the other three project villages. The living conditions of the 4 project villages are presented in Table 6-17 and Table 6-18. Table 6-17 sample household’s living conditions in the project villages in 2008 unit: household ,%. Hemu village Tiereketi village S. Akehaba N. Akehaba total village village items house- house- house- house- house- % % % % % holds holds holds holds holds tap water 43 63.24 5 14.29 0 0 0 0 48 32.43 well water 1 1.47 0 0 8 28.57 2 11.76 11 7.43 drinking water river water 4 5.88 30 85.71 20 71.43 15 88.24 69 46.62 Water-logged water 20 29.41 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 13.51 tap water and drainage 2 2.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.35 Access to power supply 34 50.00 35 100 0 0 0 0 69 46.62 Access to fuel gas 1 1.47 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.68 steam heat-connected 1 1.47 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.68 Access to cable TV 6 8.82 0 0 0 0 1 5.88 7 4.73 Access to Internet 4 5.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2.70 separate kitchen 23 33.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 15.54 separate WC 11 16.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 7.43 Bus service avaliable 34 50.00 35 100 28 100 15 88.24 112 75.68

46 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-18 sample household’s outer living conditions in the project villages in 2008 unit: km Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba living conditions norms village village village village average distance to the 1.26 0.2 0.2 － nearest village clinic average distance to the Hospital 1.23 0.2 0.2 0.2 nearest township clinic average distance to the 174.87 70 110 110 nearest county clinic average distance to the 1.5 - － － nearest kindergarten average distance to the Education 1.56 0.3 0.36 0.3 nearest primary school average distance to the 1.55 0.3 1 － nearest middle school average distance to the 0.85 0.1 0.23 0.1 nearest shop Shopping average distance to the 1.21 0.1 0.24 0.3 nearest vegetable market average distance to the Traffic 1.39 0.5 0.4 0.3 nearest bus stop

6.3.2 Sample households’ level of consumption

6.3.2.1 Households’ overall level of consumption

According to an overall survey to 148 sample households, per capita expenditure on consumption is 3699.74 yuan. There are differences among villages and families in consumption. There are no significant differences in food, medical and health care and traffic but great differences in living conditions, household equipments, service, culture, education and entertainment. The following Table shows that Hemu village has the highest per capita expenditure on consumption, with 4359.25 yuan, and Northern Akehaba village has the lowest, with 2918.60 yuan. The details are presented in Table 6-19.

47 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-19 sample household’s yearly per capita expenditure on consumption in 2008 unit: yuan/person Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba items of expenditure Hemu village total village village village clothes 446.95 565.94 266.67 307.02 424.09 food 1249.60 1153.92 981.88 1107.54 1157.00 living 610.69 0 2.75 0 277.87 included: housing 73.36 0 0.00 0 33.31 water and electricity 143.59 117.61 2.75 0 93.90 fuel 274.81 0 0 0 124.78 household equipments, 444.62 56.88 777.46 120.00 389.04 and service medical and health 706.30 706.01 633.75 835.44 703.90 care education 319.85 215.94 268.33 198.25 272.27 traffic 341.41 221.09 256.38 233.51 284.29 communication 233.36 205.58 100.75 115.61 187.50 Culture, education and 6.49 2.32 0.75 1.23 3.78 entertainment total 4359.25 3127.69 3288.72 2918.60 3699.74

6.3.2.2 Households’ consumption level on durable goods

Consumer durables reflect sample household’s living situation and income level. Overall, there are significant differences in the number and popularization of durable goods among families in different villages. Among the durable goods, the possession of carpets and tapestries rank the top, with 179.05 ones /100 families.

Cell phones comes next, with 145.27/100 families. Grease pumps are at the bottom, with 1.35/100 families. The number of durable goods for 100 families and the popularization are listed in Table 6-20.

48 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-20 the number of durable goods and the popularization in 2008 Hemu village Tiereketi village S. Akehaba N. Akehaba total name of village village consumer goods popular popular popular popular popular number number number number number rate rate rate rate rate household car 1 1.47 3 8.57 3 10.71 1 5.88 8 5.41 computer 3 4.41 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 2.03 sound box 8 11.76 2 5.71 1 3.57 0 0.00 11 7.43 color TV 62 91.18 35 100.00 26 92.86 16 94.12 139 93.92 Black-and-white 1 1.47 0 0.00 3 10.71 2 11.76 6 4.05 TV grease pumps 2 2.94 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 1.35 refrigerator 50 73.53 26 74.29 12 42.86 0 0.00 88 59.46 Washing 40 58.82 14 40.00 8 28.57 0 0.00 62 41.89 machine video recorder 9 13.24 3 8.57 8 28.57 1 5.88 21 14.19 radio-tape 7 10.29 7 20.00 9 32.14 5 29.41 28 18.92 recorder radio 22 32.35 17 48.57 18 64.29 7 41.18 64 43.24 motorcycle 41 60.29 22 62.86 11 39.29 8 47.06 82 55.41 cell phone 101 148.53 40 114.29 56 200.00 18 105.88 215 145.27 fixed-line phone 26 38.24 26 74.29 9 32.14 1 5.88 62 41.89 carpet and 116 170.59 55 157.14 73 260.71 21 123.53 265 179.05 tapestry

6.3.2.3 Households’ food consumption level

The Kazak and Tuwa Mongolian people live in a compact community in the

Project Area. Because of their consuming preference, they consume a lot of meat and milk, and relatively, spend a lot on them. Specific consumption and expenditure are listed in Table6-22 and 6-22. Table 6-21 sample household’s per capita consumption on food in 2008 unit: kg/person items Hemu village Tiereketi village S. Akehaba N. Akehaba Project Area village village stable food 216.10 261.16 198.44 208.60 221.07 cooking oil 60.15 19.45 34.19 17.88 32.92 meat 83.08 68.21 78.13 57.77 71.80 egg 35.48 15.35 46.44 14.79 28.01 milk 239.71 232.75 259.54 205.26 234.32

49 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-22 sample households’ per capita expenditure on food in 2008 unit: yuan/person items Hemu village Tiereketi village S. Akehaba N. Akehaba Project Area village village stable food 219 277 219 320 243 cooking oil 120 123 113 112 118 meat 1080 350 299 263 662 egg 40 132 93 98 79 milk 207 164 126 191 178 cigarette and wine 157 109 132 123 137 total 1822 1154 982 1108 1417

6.3.3 Sample household’s living expenditure structure

6.3.3.1 Household’s overall expenditure structure

Concerning the overall situation of the sample households in the Project Area, per capita expenditure on food and health care consumption makes up 50%. There are differences in per capita expenditure among the 4 villages, but the consuming structure tends to be the same and per capita expenditure on food makes a high proportion. The details are presented in Chart 6-3 and Table 6-23.

Culture, education and recreation

8% Others 5% Clothes 11% Traffic and Communication 7% Food 31%

Medical care 19%

Household equipment Housing Chart 6-3 sample11% households’ per capita expenditure structure8%

50 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Table 6-23 sample households’ per capita expenditure structure in 2008 unit: % Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba project items village % village% village% village% region% per capita expenditure 100 100 100 100 100 I. clothing 10.25 18.09 8.11 10.52 11.46 II. food 28.67 36.89 29.86 37.95 31.27 III. housing 14.01 0.00 0.08 0.00 7.51 IV. household implement 10.20 1.82 23.64 4.11 10.52 V. medical and health care 16.20 22.57 19.27 28.62 19.03 VI. traffic and communication 7.34 6.90 8.16 6.79 7.36 VII. culture, education and entertainment 7.83 7.07 7.80 8.00 7.68 VIII. others 5.35 6.57 3.06 3.96 5.07

6.3.3.2 Household’s food consumption structure Judging from the overall situation in the Project Area, the households’ food consumption structure is mainly classified into 6 categories, among which meat expenditure makes up the highest percent, up to 46.73% of per capita expenditure on food, and stable food comes next, and makes up 17.15%. There are significant differences in consumption in the 4 villages, among which Hemu village’s per capita expenditure on meat makes up 59.28% of food expenditure, while the proportion in Northern Akehaba village is 23.73%. (Details are listed in Table 6-24) Table 6-24 sample households’ per capita expenditure structure in 2008 unit: %

Hemu Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba project items village % village% village% village% region% per capita expenditure on food 100 100 100 100 100 stable food 12.03 24.00 22.30 28.92 17.15 cooking oil 6.56 10.64 11.52 10.12 8.34 meat 59.28 30.33 30.42 23.73 46.73 egg 2.18 11.40 9.45 8.87 5.54 milk 11.34 14.17 12.86 17.27 12.57 cigarette and wine 8.62 9.45 13.46 11.09 9.67

6.3.4 Sample households’ attitude towards living conditions

Currently, there is only one construction project which provides tap water and drainage carried out in Hemu village. Other projects have not been carried out.

Therefore, only people in this village show their attitude towards present living conditions, and the details are presented in Table 6-25. From the answers to the questionnaire for villagers of Tiereketi, it can be seen that there are more farmers and herdsmen who are satisfied with traditional life, with a proportion of

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64.28%.There are relatively a high proportion of people who are not satisfied with their income and public facilities, namely 70.37% and 74.07%. The satisfied and unsatisfied attitude towards living environment makes half and half. It shows that most of the farmers and herdsmen are positive with lives and hope to further increase their income, and improve public service and facilities and their living environment. Table 6-25 sample households’ satisfaction with living conditions in Tiereketi in 2008 unit: % very Satisfied not very not Questions satisfied on the whole satisfied satisfied % % % % Are you satisfied with present life? 7.14 57.14 25.00 10.71 Are you satisfied with present income? 3.70 25.93 37.04 33.33 Are you satisfied with current living environment? 4.35 52.17 26.09 17.39 Are you satisfied with public facilities? 0 25.93 29.63 44.44

6.3.5 Basic judgment on sample households’ production and living conditions

6.3.5.1 Poor production conditions and backward mode of production

Livestock breeding and tourism are the pillar industry in the Project Area.

Influenced by traditional mode of production in livestock breeding, the production conditions for farmers and herdsmen are pretty poor. The development of tourism has just begun, so people of the Project Area have a low level of participation and management on tourism.

6.3.5.2 low level of income and single source of income

The per capita income of the farmers in the Project Area in 2008 is almost the same with that of Xinjiang in 2007, with a level of 6068.79. Livestock breeding is the main source of income for local people, but at a low level and a low speed.

However, there is still room for increasing income, because the development of

52 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan tourism will increase farmers’ income.

6.3.5.3 Harsh basic living conditions and low level of consumption

There are few basic facilities and poor traffic conditions. Medical and health care, school and shopping facilities are badly needed. In houses, public service and living amenities can not meet basic need for lives. Because of the poor living conditions and high price, farmers are short of consuming ability and most of them are at a low level of consumption. They aim to solve the problem of food, clothing and housing, their living quality being poor.

6.4 Sample Households’ Recognition and Attitude towards the Project

6.4.1 Sample households’ recognition and satisfaction with the project

According to the survey to the sample households, 40.63% farmers and herdsmen know about the project, through different ways. Among them, 37.93% sample households know about it through government’s publicity campaign,

13.79% through media, and 17.24% through discussion among neighborhoods. The contents they know about are different as well. Among the farmers and herdsmen,

23.53% sample households know about the subsidy measures for vulnerable groupss. 35.29% of them know about the measures for developing livestock breeding and tourism. 17.65% of them know about the measures for ethnic groups to participate in project construction.

Looking into the survey to the sample households’ satisfaction with the project implementation, 56.52% think that the project will improve their lives. 21.74% people think that the project will not change their lives. 21.74% people think that

53 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Minority Development Plan the project will make their lives worse. 59.09% people think that the project will make their production better. 22.73% people think that the project will not change their production and 18.18% people think that the project will make their production worse.

6.4.2 Ethnic groups’ basic judgment on the project implementation

According to the statistical figures, because of the narrow publicity of the

project, the sample households hold a poor recognition of the project. Only 12%

sample households know about the plan for ethnic groups’ development, 59.38%

of them even knowing nothing about it. As to their attitude towards it, 57.78%

sample households agree and think that the project will make their lives and

production better. 22.22% of them think that the project will not influence their

production and lives. 20% sample households think that the project will make

their production and lives worse.

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7 Vulnerable groups and Consultation Situation in the Project Area

7.1 situation of vulnerable groups

7.1.1 Basic situation of vulnerable groups

According to the survey to the sample households, vulnerable groups is defined as people whose per capita income is below 1200 yuan a year and those whose family has disabled people and whose family only have senior citizen beyond 60 years of old.

Through the survey to the Project Area and sieve analysis on the collected data, the scale of vulnerable groups is certain. In the 4 villages of the Project

Area, there are 167 disadvantaged households, 426 people, which makes up

25.57％and 16.97％ respectively of the 4 villages. Since almost all the villagers are ethnic groups in the 4 villages, the proportion of vulnerable groups is high.

The specific situation of vulnerable groups is presented in Table 7-1.

Table 7-1 scale of vulnerable groups in Project Area in 2008 unit: household, person

family with poverty disabled total old man village house- house- house- house- persons persons persons persons holds holds holds holds Hemu village 35 120 36 36 12 19 83 175 Tiereketi village 19 89 3 8 2 4 24 101 S. Akehaba village 17 62 1 5 8 14 26 81 N. Akehaba village 24 52 4 8 6 9 34 69 total 95 323 44 57 28 46 167 426

7.1.2.Reasons for poverty of vulnerable groups

Through investigation, the main reasons for the poverty of vulnerable

groups in the 4 sample villages are health expenditure and no source of income.

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Other factors include without labor forces and means of production, weak

economic accumulation and low literacy, leading to lack of means to become

rich. Besides, there are no social security system for the poor, the old and

widowers and the childless in the 4 villages, so most of vulnerable groups are

in a poor situation.

7.1.3 Support to vulnerable groups

The main support given by the government of the Project Area is cash and real objects. In 2008, people of the needy family are given support according to the standard— 50 yuan per person a month and vulnerable groups 42 yuan per person a month as the lowest living security money. Meanwhile, the local government coordinates counter-regions (a policy that is organized by government to ask developed regions to give support to underdeveloped regions) to help the needy families to build houses and help them apply for discount loans. Besides, they distribute relief supplies to vulnerable groups who badly need support.

7.2 Public Consultation Situation in the Project Area

Currently, organizations for public consultation in the Project Area are

Villagers’ Committee, Villagers’ conference, and People’s Mediation Committee of the 4 villages. The main methods of public consultation include village affairs handled one by one through mediation, and villagers’ personal and family affairs handled by Villagers’ Committee or People’s Mediation

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Committee. At present, the consultation situation in the Project Area is poor.

64% villagers do not know who they should consult and 42% villagers hold that the problems they consult are difficult to be solved.

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8 Conclusion

Kanas scenic spot is a very beautiful natural spot. The 4 villages in the

Project Area, an important part of Kanas, surround the whole scenic spot.

The Tuwa Mongolian people and Kazak people in the region are the principal

nationalities, and they live in a high compact community, almost a nationality

a village. Because the ethnic groups keep their tradition in production and

living customs, the economic development in the Project Area is rather slow.

Besides, the natural conditions are relatively harsh and infrastructure

construction falls behind. Local production and living environment need to be

further improved for the farmers and herdsmen.

The economic level is relatively low; not only lower than the average level of Burqin and Habahe, but also lower than the average level of Altay prefecture.

Livestock breeding is the dominant industry in the Project Area.

Farmers and herdsmen’s income depends on the number of livestock. Though every village is rich in tourism resources and is developing it, tourism has not become a local industry with its own characteristics. Farmers and herdsmen are on low incomes.

Consumption mainly on food and clothing is the central feature.

A lot of people belong to vulnerable groups. Women’s traditional role is prominent.

Farmers and herdsmen are optimistic about lives and expect that lives

58 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Group Development Program can be improved.

This project construction will have positive influence on development of tourism and livestock breeding, improvement of the ethnic groups’ production conditions and living environment. It is advised to strengthen publicity, to let more farmers and herdsmen of the Project Area know about the content and purpose of the development plan for ethnic groups, to strengthen organizations of implementation so as to improve their efficiency and service awareness and to enhance participation proportion to make sure that the project can hit its target as it is expected.

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Attachment: Attachment-1 Summary of contrast of sample households’ basic family situation Tiereketi Arkehaba South Arkehaba North Indicator Unit Hemu Village Total Village Village Village Number of households house-holds 68 35 28 17 148 1、family population Person 262 138 120 57 577 inc：male Person 126 70 55 29 280 female Person 136 68 65 28 297 under 16 Person 73 21 32 15 141 2、Number of minority households Person 262 138 120 57 577 inc: Kazak Person 50 134 120 0 304 Mongolians Person 202 0 0 57 259 Hui Person 10 4 0 0 14 3、labor forces number 126 59 47 37 269 inc：male labor forces number 77 41 28 21 167 female labor forces number 49 18 19 16 102 illiterate number 1 2 1 1 5 half-illiterate primary number 24 23 13 4 64 4、 labor school junior middle forces’ number 70 29 17 22 138 education school Senior high school number 16 0 8 4 28

Polytechnicschool number 15 5 8 6 34 and beyond it 5、housing area ㎡ 6158 2348 2680 1180 12366

60 Baseline Year Investigation Report on Kanas Ethnic Group Development Program

Attachment-2 Summary of contrast of possession of agricultural means of production Indicator unit Hemu village Hemu village Hemu village Hemu village Hemu village 1、contracted area mu 8076.3 677.6 1587 554.33 10895.23 inc：arable land area mu 0 96.6 42 39.33 177.93 garden plot area mu 1 0 0 0 1 wood land area mu 0 0 50 0 50 grass land area mu 8075.3 581 1495 355 10506.3 Waste land area mu 0 0 0 160 160 2、growing area mu 0 96.6 42 39.33 177.93 inc：wheat mu 0 86.6 0 32.83 119.43 vegetables mu 0 10 42 6.5 58.5 cattle head 361 265 261 153 1040 sheep number 399 445 582 356 1782 3、live stock Horse number 370 128 211 116 825 donkey head 0 12 0 0 12 4、livestock purchased head 82 0 0 0 82 5、Number of poultry number 616 16 107 0 739 Hemu village number 3 12 2 11 28 6、 Tiereketi village number 1 14 8 0 23 agricultural machines and S. Akehaba village number 3 7 0 3 13 tools N. Akehaba village number 0 3 3 4 10

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Attachment-3 Summary of contrast of sample household’ s capita expenditure on living consumption Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba Indicator unit Hemu village Project Area village village village stable food kg 216 261 198 209 884 1、per cooking oil kg 60 19 34 18 132 capita meat kg 83 68 78 58 287 consumption egg kg 35 15 46 15 112 on food milk yuan 240 233 260 205 937 stable food yuan 219 277 219 320 243 2、per cooking oil yuan 120 123 113 112 118 capita meat yuan 1080 350 299 263 662 expenditure egg yuan 40 132 93 98 79 on food milk yuan 207 164 126 191 178 cigarette and wine yuan 157 109 132 123 137 clothing yuan 446.95 565.94 266.67 307.02 424.09 food yuan 1249.6 1153.92 981.88 1107.54 1157 housing yuan 610.69 0 2.75 0 277.87 household yuan 444.62 56.88 777.46 120 389.04 implement 3 、 per medical and health yuan 706.3 706.01 633.75 835.44 703.9 capita care expenditure education yuan 319.85 215.94 268.33 198.25 272.27 traffic yuan 341.41 221.09 256.38 233.51 284.29 communication yuan 233.36 205.58 100.75 115.61 187.5 culture, education and yuan 6.49 2.32 0.75 1.23 3.78 entertainment

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Attachment-4 Summary of contrast of sample household’s sample households’ per capita income situation and the number of durable goods Tiereketi S. Akehaba N. Akehaba Indicator unit Hemu village Project Area village village village livestock breeding yuan 3493 3659 3023 1645 3252 income salary income yuan 707 639 367 1218 670 1、per tabor-invest income yuan 205 101 92 88 145 capita property income yuan 356 0 575 239 305 income tourism income yuan 1970 0 685 246 1061 store management yuan 132 294 242 902 270 income other income yuan 265 1064 595 860 583 household car number 1 3 3 1 8 computer number 3 0 0 0 3 sound box number 8 2 1 0 11 color TV number 62 35 26 16 139 Black-and-white TV number 1 0 3 2 6 2、the refrigerator number 50 26 12 0 88 number of Washing machine number 40 14 8 0 62 durable video recorder number 9 3 8 1 21 goods radio-tape recorder number 7 7 9 5 28 radio number 22 17 18 7 64 motorcycle number 41 22 11 8 82 cell phone number 101 40 56 18 215 fixed-line phone number 26 26 9 1 62 carpet and tapestry ones 116 55 73 21 265

63 Table 7-1 Attitudes of Sample Households to Resettlement Unit: person, % A B C No answer Question Options Number % Number % Number % Number % 1. Would you resettle? A. Yes B. No 39 68.42 16 28.07 － － 2 3.51 2. Are you satisfied with the resettle A. satisfied B. unsatisfied 13 22.81 11 19.3 18 31.57 15 26.32 point? C. satisfied basically 3. Do you worry about your living A. Yes B. No 38 66.67 7 12.28 10 17.54 2 3.351 after resettlement? C. Yes, a little 4. Do you know resettlement policy? A. Yes B. No C. Yes, a little 11 19.3 36 63.16 7 12.28 3 5.26 5. Do you approve of this project? A. Yes B. No C. indifferent 48 84.21 6 10.53 － － 3 5.26 6. Who will benefit from this project? A. collectivity B. residents 38 31.15 54 44.26 27 21.31 3 2.46 C. government 7. Are you satisfied with land A. satisfied B. satisfied basically 9 15.79 5 8.77 24 42.11 19 33.33 requisition and compensation? C. unsatisfied Data source: 1. survey data 2. Question 6 is a multiple-choice question.

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