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Diskuse O Budoucnosti Evropy V Evropském Parlamentu V Letech 2018–2019

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Diskuse O Budoucnosti Evropy V Evropském Parlamentu V Letech 2018–2019 Diskuse o budoucnosti Evropy v2018 Evropském–2019 parlamentu v letech Syntéza projevů hlav států a předsedů vlád EU PODROBNÁ ANALÝZA EPRS | Výzkumná služba Evropského parlamentu Vedoucí autoři: Ralf Drachenberg a Silvia Kotanidis PE 637.948 – květen 2019 CS Účelem tohoto dokumentu je poskytnout informace o diskusích na téma budoucnosti Evropy, které proběhly na plenárních zasedáních Evropského parlamentu v období od ledna 2018 do dubna 2019. Společně jej vypracovali tito političtí analytici působící v EPRS: Suzana Anghel, Izabela Bacian, Angelos Delivorias, Ralf Drachenberg, Gregor Erbach, Silvia Kotanidis, Elena Lazarou, Nora Milotay, Anja Radjenovic, Magdalena Sapała, Simon Schroecker, Jana Titievskaia a Marko Vukovic. Grafika: Samy Chahri, Giulio Sabbati a autoři. Uzavírá řadu čtyř informačních dokumentů shrnujících diskuse o budoucnosti Evropy, které byly pravidelně zveřejňovány v letech 2018 a 2019: I – červen 2018; II – říjen 2018, III – leden 2019; IV – duben 2019. Autory můžete kontaktovat na e-mailové adrese: [email protected] JAZYKOVÁ ZNĚNÍ Originál: EN Překlady: DE, FR Rukopis byl dokončen v květnu 2019. PRÁVNÍ UPOZORNĚNÍ A AUTORSKÁ PRÁVA Tento dokument je připraven a určen pro poslance a zaměstnance Evropského parlamentu jako podkladový materiál na podporu jejich parlamentní činnosti. Za obsah tohoto dokumentu je výhradně odpovědný autor a jakékoli názory v něm vyjádřené by neměly být považovány za oficiální postoj Evropského parlamentu. Rozmnožování a překlady pro nekomerční účely jsou povoleny, pokud je uveden zdroj a Evropský parlament je předem upozorněn a obdrží kopii. Brusel © Evropská unie, 2019. Obrázek na titulní straně: © Evropská unie, 2019 – EP. PE 637.948 ISBN: 978-92-846-4906-8 DOI: 10.2861/69968 CAT: QA-03-19-336-CS-N [email protected] http://www.eprs.ep.parl.union.eu (intranet) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank (internet) http://epthinktank.eu (blog) Diskuse o budoucnosti Evropy v Evropském parlamentu v letech 2018–2019 Shrnutí Diskuse o budoucnosti Evropy, které proběhly v Evropském parlamentu, skýtaly jedinečnou příležitost pro hlavy států a předsedy vlád, aby představili své názory na to, kam by měla EU-27 v budoucnosti směřovat. Z této iniciativy na jedné straně vyplynulo, že odpovědi řečníků na otázku, které oblasti politiky mají zásadní význam, se liší, a na straně druhé, že na mnoho témat mají řečníci podobné názory. Bod, na němž se všichni řečníci shodli, je přidaná hodnota členství v EU, ať už z důvodu hospodářských přínosů, nebo přínosů v oblasti bezpečnosti, které z členství vyplývají. Všichni řečníci zastávali názor, že problémy 21. století nemohou členské státy vyřešit samy, a to bez ohledu na svou velikost či hospodářskou prosperitu. V tomto smyslu zdůraznili všichni řečníci, že je třeba, aby EU byla jednotná, přičemž poukázali i na hodnoty EU, které je třeba zachovat, ačkoli se má za to, že tyto hodnoty pocházejí z různých zdrojů. Někteří řečníci zdůraznili v zájmu uznání přidané hodnoty EU, že je třeba posílit vazbu mezi aparátem EU a evropskými občany. Další by uvítali, kdyby se občané ve větší míře zapojili do rozhodovacího procesu EU, a jiní by si přáli lepší informovanost občanů o úspěších EU. Z diskusí vyplynulo, že touha po reformách Smluv je malá, a proto by zlepšení mělo vycházet ze stávající právní úpravy. Pokud jde o zjištění potřeb v jednotlivých oblastech politiky, zmiňovali řečníci většinou migraci, změnu klimatu a bezpečnost jako tři prioritní oblasti. I zde, stejně jako v jiných oblastech politiky, se však řečníci rozcházejí v tom, do jaké míry by do nich EU měla zasahovat. Dalším sporným bodem zůstává otázka, zda upustit od zásady jednomyslnosti, a pokud ano, v jakých oblastech. Analýza rovněž ukázala, že výběr témat (např. nezaměstnanost) někdy ovlivnila nejen konkrétní politická příslušnost řečníka, ale také obecné události na mezinárodní scéně (např. obchodní spor s USA) nebo téma, které bylo aktuálně projednáváno na úrovni EU (např. téma vedoucích kandidátů). Diskuse rovněž hlavám států a předsedům vlád poskytly příležitost k předložení jejich vlastních návrhů. Od řečníků tak vzešly nové – třebaže potenciálně protichůdné – myšlenky v oblastech souvisejících s politikou i myšlenky týkající se širších institucionálních otázek. Pokud jde o nejdůležitější oblasti politiky, jichž se tento dokument dotýká, přetrvávají v oblasti HMU stále rozdíly mezi přístupy založenými na snižování rizika (např. vyvážené rozpočty a zdravý bankovní systém) a postoji zdůrazňujícími potřebu solidarity mezi členskými státy. Ukazuje se, že migrace je jednoznačně oblastí, v níž je nutné přijmout společnou strategii EU, i když přetrvává nejednotnost ohledně reformy společného evropského azylového systému a rozpor mezi postoji zdůrazňujícími solidaritu či flexibilitu. Co se týče sociálního rozměru, většina řečníků, kteří hovořili o tomto tématu, podpořila evropský pilíř sociálních práv. Řada řečníků uvedla, že sociální politika a politika sociálního zabezpečení by měly být na úrovni EU upřednostňovány, a někteří dokonce navrhli evropskou minimální mzdu nebo evropské pojištění pro případ nezaměstnanosti. V souvislosti s obchodem zdůraznila většina řečníků zabývajících se touto otázkou, že je nutné odvrátit protekcionismus nebo nacionalistické přístupy a zároveň lépe chránit strategické zájmy EU a dodržovat sociální a environmentální normy. Pokud jde o víceletý finanční rámec (VFR), byl mezi řečníky zabývajícími se výší rozpočtu EU přibližně stejný počet zastánců jeho snížení, zvýšení i obecně jeho přizpůsobení potřebám EU. I v tomto bodě panovaly rozdílné názory na to, zda by výdaje na strukturální politiku a politiku soudržnosti měly zůstat nezměněné. Řečníci byli do značné míry zajedno, pokud jde o potřebu bezpečnosti a obrany, a to z důvodu vnějších hrozeb, kterým EU čelí. Zatímco transatlantický vztah a multilateralismus jsou i nadále významnými faktory, většina vedoucích představitelů zdůraznila též význam stálé strukturované spolupráce (PESCO) a Evropského obranného fondu. Institucionální aspekty bezpečnosti a obrany však zůstávají sporné. I EPRS | Výzkumná služba Evropského parlamentu Postoje vedoucích představitelů v souvislosti se změnou klimatu a energetikou svědčí o tom, že tyto problémy jsou nadnárodní povahy. Vedle diskusí o nutnosti podporovat energii z obnovitelných zdrojů, diverzifikovat dodávky energie a zvýšit energetickou účinnost proběhly i diskuse o snížení emisí uhlíku a o dosažení uhlíkově neutrální ekonomiky do roku 2050. Pokud jde o institucionální aspekty, řečníci zdůrazňovali potřebu většího zapojení občanů. Názory na to, zda je třeba „více“, či „méně“ Evropy, byly smíšené. II Diskuse o budoucnosti Evropy v Evropském parlamentu v letech 2018–2019 Obsah Shrnutí ________________________________________________________________________ I 1. Úvod _______________________________________________________________________ 1 2. Tendence, podobnosti a rozdíly v diskusích o budoucnosti Evropy _________________ 2 2.1. Společná poselství __________________________________________________________ 2 Členství v EU je důležité ________________________________________________________ 2 Společně čelit problémům _____________________________________________________ 2 Zachování jednoty EU _________________________________________________________ 3 Obrana hodnot EU ____________________________________________________________ 3 Důležitá úloha občanů EU ______________________________________________________ 3 Reforma EU ve stávajícím rámci stanoveném Smlouvami _____________________________ 3 2.2. Hlavní výzvy pro Evropu _____________________________________________________ 6 2.3. Hlavní témata a priority ______________________________________________________ 7 Počet a hloubka témat, jimiž se řečník zabýval ______________________________________ 7 Celková frekvence a pozornost věnovaná tématům _________________________________ 8 2.4. Možná vysvětlení rozdílného množství času věnovaného jednotlivým tématům každým z řečníků ____________________________________________________________________ 10 2.5. Příležitost předložit nové návrhy _____________________________________________ 11 3. Hodnocení diskuse o klíčových oblastech politiky _______________________________ 12 3.1. Hospodářská a měnová unie _________________________________________________ 12 Vývoj politiky _______________________________________________________________ 12 Hodnocení debaty v Parlamentu ________________________________________________ 14 3.2. Migrace _________________________________________________________________ 15 Vývoj politiky _______________________________________________________________ 15 Hodnocení debaty v Parlamentu ________________________________________________ 17 III EPRS | Výzkumná služba Evropského parlamentu 3.3. Sociální rozměr ___________________________________________________________ 17 Vývoj politiky _______________________________________________________________ 17 Hodnocení debaty v Parlamentu ________________________________________________ 18 3.4. Obchod _________________________________________________________________ 19 Vývoj politiky _______________________________________________________________ 19 Hodnocení debaty v Parlamentu ________________________________________________ 20 3.5. Víceletý finanční rámec _____________________________________________________ 21 Vývoj politiky _______________________________________________________________ 21 Hodnocení debaty v Parlamentu ________________________________________________ 23 3.6. Bezpečnost a obrana _______________________________________________________
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